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James BC, Cox AJ, Lewohl JM. Current trends in the role of neuroinflammation & α-synuclein in alcohol use disorder: A systematic quantitative literature review. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:1209-1220. [PMID: 38724887 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative effects alcohol use disorder (AUD) have been well characterized and are likely due to the long-term effects of alcohol on the brain. The molecular events that underlie regional neuronal loss are a focus of current research. Chronic inflammation in the central nervous system, termed neuroinflammation, contributes to the progressive loss of neurons in the brain. Using data from genome-wide association studies and genetic and gene expression data, α-synuclein was identified as a gene of interest for AUD almost 10 years ago. Despite this and the well-recognized role of α-synuclein in mediating neuroinflammation in other neurodegenerative diseases, its role in alcohol-induced brain damage and AUD is yet to be elucidated. This systematic literature review quantifies and analyzes relationships between AUD, α-synuclein, and neuroinflammation. The review identified fewer studies focused on the role in AUD of α-synuclein (30) than on neuroinflammation (177), with published studies heavily centered on the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-dependent toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway. The systematic review revealed that no original literature investigates the roles of α-synuclein and neuroinflammation in AUD and that there are significantly fewer published articles on the role of α-synuclein in AUD than in other neuroinflammatory conditions. Studies of the role of neuroinflammation in AUD are largely centered on the TLR4 signaling cascade, followed by TLR2 and TLR3, and soluble cytokines such as IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Key research themes identified in other neurodegenerative disorders provide new insights for further investigation in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C James
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda J Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne M Lewohl
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Guo X, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Wang L, Xu X, Wei Z, Zhang Y, Chen K, Wang Z, Lu X, Liang Q. Whole Genome Sequencing Highlights the Pathogenic Profile in Nocardia Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:26. [PMID: 38502137 PMCID: PMC10959193 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nocardia keratitis is a serious and sight-threatening condition. This study aims to reveal the virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profile of Nocardia strains using whole genome sequencing. Methods Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 23 cornea-derived Nocardia strains. Together with genomic data from the respiratory tract and the environment, 141 genomes were then utilized for phylogenetic and pan-genome analyses, followed by virulence and antibiotic resistance analysis. The correlations between virulence genes and pathogenicity were experimentally validated, including the characteristics of Nocardia colonies and clinical and histopathological evaluations of Nocardia keratitis mice models. Results Whole-genome sequencing of 141 Nocardia strains revealed a mean of 220 virulence genes contributed to bacterial pathogenesis. The mce gene family analysis led to the categorization of strains from the cornea into groups A, B, and C. The colonies of group C had the largest diameter, height, and fastest growth rate. The size of corneal ulcers and the clinical scores showed a significant increase in mouse models induced by group C. The relative expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (CD4, IFN-γ, IL-6Rα, and TNF-α) in the lesion area exhibited an increasing trend from group A to group C. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) spanned nine distinct drug classes, four resistance mechanisms, and seven primary antimicrobial resistance gene families. Conclusions Whole genome sequencing highlights the pathogenic role of mce gene family in Nocardia keratitis. Its distribution pattern may contribute to the distinct characteristics of the growth of Nocardia colonies and the clinical severity of the mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Guo
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiankun Chen
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Leying Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xizhan Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wei
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Lu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfeng Liang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Gruol DL, Calderon D, Huitron-Resendiz S, Cates-Gatto C, Roberts AJ. Impact of Elevated Brain IL-6 in Transgenic Mice on the Behavioral and Neurochemical Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Exposure. Cells 2023; 12:2306. [PMID: 37759527 PMCID: PMC10527024 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption activates the neuroimmune system of the brain, a system in which brain astrocytes and microglia play dominant roles. These glial cells normally produce low levels of neuroimmune factors, which are important signaling factors and regulators of brain function. Alcohol activation of the neuroimmune system is known to dysregulate the production of neuroimmune factors, such as the cytokine IL-6, thereby changing the neuroimmune status of the brain, which could impact the actions of alcohol. The consequences of neuroimmune-alcohol interactions are not fully known. In the current studies we investigated this issue in transgenic (TG) mice with altered neuroimmune status relative to IL-6. The TG mice express elevated levels of astrocyte-produced IL-6, a condition known to occur with alcohol exposure. Standard behavioral tests of alcohol drinking and negative affect/emotionality were carried out in homozygous and heterozygous TG mice and control mice to assess the impact of neuroimmune status on the actions of chronic intermittent alcohol (ethanol) (CIE) exposure on these behaviors. The expressions of signal transduction and synaptic proteins were also assessed by Western blot to identify the impact of alcohol-neuroimmune interactions on brain neurochemistry. The results from these studies show that neuroimmune status with respect to IL-6 significantly impacts the effects of alcohol on multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L. Gruol
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Delilah Calderon
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Cates-Gatto
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA (A.J.R.)
| | - Amanda J. Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA (A.J.R.)
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Nonoguchi HA, Jin M, Narreddy R, Kouo TWS, Nayak M, Trenet W, Mandyam CD. Progenitor Cells Play a Role in Reinstatement of Ethanol Seeking in Adult Male and Female Ethanol Dependent Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12233. [PMID: 37569609 PMCID: PMC10419311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Female and male glial fibrillary acidic protein-thymidine kinase (GFAP-TK) transgenic rats were made ethanol dependent via a six-week chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (CIE) and ethanol drinking (ED) procedure. During the last week of CIE, a subset of male and female TK rats was fed valcyte to ablate dividing progenitor cells and continued the diet until the end of this study. Following week six, all CIE rats experienced two weeks of forced abstinence from CIE-ED, after which they experienced relapse to drinking, extinction, and reinstatement of ethanol seeking sessions. CIE increased ED in female and male rats, with females having higher ethanol consumption during CIE and relapse sessions compared with males. In both sexes, valcyte reduced the levels of Ki-67-labeled progenitor cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and did not alter the levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Valcyte increased ED during relapse, increased lever responses during extinction and, interestingly, enhanced latency to extinguish ethanol-seeking behaviors in males. Valcyte reduced the reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behaviors triggered by ethanol cues in females and males. Reduced seeking by valcyte was associated with the normalization of cytokines and chemokines in plasma isolated from trunk blood, indicating a role for progenitor cells in peripheral inflammatory responses. Reduced seeking by valcyte was associated with increases in tight junction protein claudin-5 and oligodendrogenesis in the dentate gyrus and reduction in microglial activity in the dentate gyrus and mPFC in females and males, demonstrating a role for progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus in dependence-induced endothelial and microglial dysfunction. These data suggest that progenitor cells born during withdrawal and abstinence from CIE in the dentate gyrus are aberrant and could play a role in strengthening ethanol memories triggered by ethanol cues via central and peripheral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Jin
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wulfran Trenet
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Chitra D. Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Grigsby KB, Mangieri RA, Roberts AJ, Lopez MF, Firsick EJ, Townsley KG, Beneze A, Bess J, Eisenstein TK, Meissler JJ, Light JM, Miller J, Quello S, Shadan F, Skinner M, Aziz HC, Metten P, Morrisett RA, Crabbe JC, Roberto M, Becker HC, Mason BJ, Ozburn AR. Preclinical and clinical evidence for suppression of alcohol intake by apremilast. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e159103. [PMID: 36656645 PMCID: PMC10014105 DOI: 10.1172/jci159103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have minimally advanced since 2004, while the annual deaths and economic toll have increased alarmingly. Phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) is associated with alcohol and nicotine dependence. PDE4 inhibitors were identified as a potential AUD treatment using a bioinformatics approach. We prioritized a newer PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, as ideal for repurposing (i.e., FDA approved for psoriasis, low incidence of adverse events, excellent safety profile) and tested it using multiple animal strains and models, as well as in a human phase IIa study. We found that apremilast reduced binge-like alcohol intake and behavioral measures of alcohol motivation in mouse models of genetic risk for drinking to intoxication. Apremilast also reduced excessive alcohol drinking in models of stress-facilitated drinking and alcohol dependence. Using site-directed drug infusions and electrophysiology, we uncovered that apremilast may act to lessen drinking in mice by increasing neural activity in the nucleus accumbens, a key brain region in the regulation of alcohol intake. Importantly, apremilast (90 mg/d) reduced excessive drinking in non-treatment-seeking individuals with AUD in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. These results demonstrate that apremilast suppresses excessive alcohol drinking across the spectrum of AUD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolter B. Grigsby
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Regina A. Mangieri
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda J. Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marcelo F. Lopez
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Evan J. Firsick
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kayla G. Townsley
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alan Beneze
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jessica Bess
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Toby K. Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jenny Miller
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Susan Quello
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Farhad Shadan
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael Skinner
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Heather C. Aziz
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Pamela Metten
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard A. Morrisett
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John C. Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Howard C. Becker
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara J. Mason
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Angela R. Ozburn
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Akin M, Sieweke JT, Garcheva V, Martinez CS, Adel J, Plank P, Zandian P, Sühs KW, Bauersachs J, Schäfer A. Additive Impact of Interleukin 6 and Neuron Specific Enolase for Prognosis in Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest – Experience From the HAnnover COoling REgistry. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:899583. [PMID: 35711345 PMCID: PMC9194609 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.899583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPatients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) are at increased risk for mortality and poor neurological outcome. We assessed the additive impact of interleukin 6 (IL-6) at admission to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) at day 3 for prognosis of 30-day mortality and long-term neurological outcome in OHCA patients.MethodsA total of 217 patients from the HAnnover COoling REgistry with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after OHCA and IL-6 measurement immediately after admission during 2017–2020 were included to investigate the prognostic value and importance of IL-6 in addition to NSE obtained on day 3. Poor neurological outcome was defined by cerebral performance category (CPC) ≥ 3 after 6 months.ResultsPatients with poor outcome showed higher IL-6 values (30-day mortality: 2,224 ± 524 ng/l vs 186 ± 15 ng/l, p < 0.001; CPC ≥ 3 at 6 months: 1,440 ± 331 ng/l vs 180 ± 24 ng/l, p < 0.001). IL-6 was an independent predictor of mortality (HR = 1.013/ng/l; 95% CI 1.007–1.019; p < 0.001) and poor neurological outcome (HR = 1.004/ng/l; 95% CI 1.001–1.007; p = 0.036). In ROC-analysis, AUC for IL-6 was 0.98 (95% CI 0.96–0.99) for mortality, but only 0.76 (95% CI 0.68–0.84) for poor neurological outcome. The determined cut-off value for IL-6 was 431 ng/l for mortality (NPV 89.2%). In patients with IL-6 > 431 ng/l, the combination with NSE < 46 μg/l optimally identified those individuals with potential for good neurological outcome (CPC ≤ 2).ConclusionElevated IL-6 levels at admission after ROSC were closely associated with 30-day mortality. The combination of IL-6 and NSE provided clinically important additive information for predict poor neurological outcome at 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muharrem Akin
- Cardiac Arrest Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Muharrem Akin,
| | - Jan-Thorben Sieweke
- Cardiac Arrest Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Vera Garcheva
- Cardiac Arrest Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Carolina Sanchez Martinez
- Cardiac Arrest Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - John Adel
- Cardiac Arrest Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Pia Plank
- Cardiac Arrest Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paris Zandian
- Cardiac Arrest Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Johann Bauersachs
- Cardiac Arrest Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- Cardiac Arrest Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Pairing Binge Drinking and a High-Fat Diet in Adolescence Modulates the Inflammatory Effects of Subsequent Alcohol Consumption in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105279. [PMID: 34067897 PMCID: PMC8157004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol binge drinking (BD) and poor nutritional habits are two frequent behaviors among many adolescents that alter gut microbiota in a pro-inflammatory direction. Dysbiotic changes in the gut microbiome are observed after alcohol and high-fat diet (HFD) consumption, even before obesity onset. In this study, we investigate the neuroinflammatory response of adolescent BD when combined with a continuous or intermittent HFD and its effects on adult ethanol consumption by using a self-administration (SA) paradigm in mice. The inflammatory biomarkers IL-6 and CX3CL1 were measured in the striatum 24 h after BD, 3 weeks later and after the ethanol (EtOH) SA. Adolescent BD increased alcohol consumption in the oral SA and caused a greater motivation to seek the substance. Likewise, mice with intermittent access to HFD exhibited higher EtOH consumption, while the opposite effect was found in mice with continuous HFD access. Biochemical analyses showed that after BD and three weeks later, striatal levels of IL-6 and CX3CL1 were increased. In addition, in saline-treated mice, CX3CL1 was increased after continuous access to HFD. After oral SA procedure, striatal IL-6 was increased only in animals exposed to BD and HFD. In addition, striatal CX3CL1 levels were increased in all BD- and HFD-exposed groups. Overall, our findings show that adolescent BD and intermittent HFD increase adult alcohol intake and point to neuroinflammation as an important mechanism modulating this interaction.
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Gruol DL, Melkonian C, Ly K, Sisouvanthong J, Tan Y, Roberts AJ. Alcohol and IL-6 Alter Expression of Synaptic Proteins in Cerebellum of Transgenic Mice with Increased Astrocyte Expression of IL-6. Neuroscience 2020; 442:124-137. [PMID: 32634532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that neuroimmune factors, including the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), play a role in the CNS actions of alcohol. The cerebellum is a sensitive target of alcohol, but few studies have examined a potential role for neuroimmune factors in the actions of alcohol on this brain region. A number of studies have shown that synaptic transmission, and in particular inhibitory synaptic transmission, is an important cerebellar target of alcohol. IL-6 also alters synaptic transmission, although it is unknown if IL-6 targets are also targets of alcohol. This is an important issue because alcohol induces glial production of IL-6, which could then covertly influence the actions of alcohol. The persistent cerebellar effects of both IL-6 and alcohol typically involve chronic exposure and, presumably, altered gene and protein expression. Thus, in the current studies we tested the possibility that proteins involved in inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the cerebellum are common targets of alcohol and IL-6. We used transgenic mice that express elevated levels of astrocyte produced IL-6 to model persistently elevated expression of IL-6, as would occur in alcohol use disorders, and a chronic intermittent alcohol exposure/withdrawal paradigm (CIE/withdrawal) that is known to produce alcohol dependence. Multiple cerebellar synaptic proteins were assessed by Western blot. Results show that IL-6 and CIE/withdrawal have both unique and common actions that affect synaptic protein expression. These common targets could provide sites for IL-6/alcohol exposure/withdrawal interactions and play an important role in cerebellar symptoms of alcohol use such as ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Gruol
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Claudia Melkonian
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristine Ly
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jasmin Sisouvanthong
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yvette Tan
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Gruol DL, Hernandez RV, Roberts A. Alcohol Enhances Responses to High Frequency Stimulation in Hippocampus from Transgenic Mice with Increased Astrocyte Expression of IL-6. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1299-1310. [PMID: 32562098 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that alcohol exposure can induce glial production of neuroimmune factors in the CNS. Of these, IL-6 has gained attention because it is involved in a number of important physiological and pathophysiological processes that could be affected by alcohol-induced CNS production of IL-6, particularly under conditions of excessive alcohol use. For example, IL-6 has been shown to play a role in hippocampal behaviors and synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation; LTP) associated with memory and learning. Surprisingly, in our in vitro studies of LTP at the Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal neuron synapse in hippocampus from transgenic mice that express elevated levels of astrocyte produced IL-6 (TG), LTP was not altered by the increased levels of IL-6. However, exposure to acute alcohol revealed neuroadaptive changes that served to protect LTP against the alcohol-induced reduction of LTP observed in hippocampus from non-transgenic control mice (WT). Here we examined the induction phase of LTP to assess if presynaptic neuroadaptive changes occurred in the hippocampus of TG mice that contributed to the resistance of LTP to alcohol. Results are consistent with a role for IL-6-induced neuroadaptive effects on presynaptic mechanisms involved in transmitter release in the resistance of LTP to alcohol in hippocampus from the TG mice. These actions are important with respect to a role for IL-6 in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the CNS and in CNS actions of alcohol, especially when excessive alcohol used is comorbid with conditions associated with elevated levels of IL-6 in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Gruol
- Neuroscience Department, SR301, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Ruben V Hernandez
- Neuroscience Department, SR301, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Amanda Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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