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Pfeifer CW, Walsh JT, Santeford A, Lin JB, Beatty WL, Terao R, Liu YA, Hase K, Ruzycki PA, Apte RS. Dysregulated CD200-CD200R signaling in early diabetes modulates microglia-mediated retinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308214120. [PMID: 37903272 PMCID: PMC10636339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308214120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurovascular complication of diabetes. Recent investigations have suggested that early degeneration of the neuroretina may occur prior to the appearance of microvascular changes; however, the mechanisms underlying this neurodegeneration have been elusive. Microglia are the predominant resident immune cell in the retina and adopt dynamic roles in disease. Here, we show that ablation of retinal microglia ameliorates visual dysfunction and neurodegeneration in a type I diabetes mouse model. We also provide evidence of enhanced microglial contact and engulfment of amacrine cells, ultrastructural modifications, and transcriptome changes that drive inflammation and phagocytosis. We show that CD200-CD200R signaling between amacrine cells and microglia is dysregulated during early DR and that targeting CD200R can attenuate high glucose-induced inflammation and phagocytosis in cultured microglia. Last, we demonstrate that targeting CD200R in vivo can prevent visual dysfunction, microglia activation, and retinal inflammation in the diabetic mouse. These studies provide a molecular framework for the pivotal role that microglia play in early DR pathogenesis and identify a potential immunotherapeutic target for treating DR in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Pfeifer
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - James T. Walsh
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Joseph B. Lin
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Ryo Terao
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo1138665, Japan
| | - Yizhou A. Liu
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Keitaro Hase
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Philip A. Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
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Exosomal Mir-3613-3p derived from oxygen-glucose deprivation-treated brain microvascular endothelial cell promotes microglial M1 polarization. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:18. [PMID: 36870962 PMCID: PMC9985860 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) injury can affect neuronal survival by modulating immune responses through the microenvironment. Exosomes are important vehicles of transport between cells. However, the regulation of the subtypes of microglia by BMECs through the exosome transport of microRNAs (miRNAs) has not been established. METHODS In this study, exosomes from normal and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-cultured BMECs were collected, and differentially expressed miRNAs were analyzed. BMEC proliferation, migration, and tube formation were analyzed using MTS, transwell, and tube formation assays. M1 and M2 microglia and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. miRNA expression was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and IL-1β, iNOS, IL-6, IL-10, and RC3H1 protein concentrations were analyzed using western blotting. RESULTS We found that miR-3613-3p was enriched in BMEC exosome by miRNA GeneChip assay and RT-qPCR analysis. miR-3613-3p knockdown enhanced cell survival, migration, and angiogenesis in the OGD-treated BMECs. In addition, BMECs secrete miR-3613-3p to transfer into microglia via exosomes, and miR-3613-3p binds to the RC3H1 3' untranslated region (UTR) to reduce RC3H1 protein levels in microglia. Exosomal miR-3613-3p promotes microglial M1 polarization by inhibiting RC3H1 protein levels. BMEC exosomal miR-3613-3p reduces neuronal survival by regulating microglial M1 polarization. CONCLUSIONS miR-3613-3p knockdown enhances BMEC functions under OGD conditions. Interfering with miR-3613-3p expression in BMSCs reduced the enrichment of miR-3613-3p in exosomes and enhanced M2 polarization of microglia, which contributed to reduced neuronal apoptosis.
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Dey S, Murmu N, Mondal T, Saha I, Chatterjee S, Manna R, Haldar S, Dash SK, Sarkar TR, Giri B. Multifaceted entrancing role of glucose and its analogue, 2-deoxy-D-glucose in cancer cell proliferation, inflammation, and virus infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wang X, Chen G, Wan B, Dong Z, Xue Y, Luo Q, Wang D, Lu Y, Zhu L. NRF1-mediated microglial activation triggers high-altitude cerebral edema. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6608944. [PMID: 35704676 PMCID: PMC9486928 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a potentially fatal encephalopathy associated with a time-dependent exposure to the hypobaric hypoxia of altitude. The formation of HACE is affected by both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema. The over-activated microglia potentiate the damage of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbate cytotoxic edema. In light with the activation of microglia in HACE, we aimed to investigate whether the over-activated microglia were the key turning point of acute mountain sickness to HACE. In in vivo experiments, by exposing mice to hypobaric hypoxia (7000 m above sea level) to induce HACE model, we found that microglia were activated and migrated to blood vessels. Microglia depletion by PLX5622 obviously relieved brain edema. In in vitro experiments, we found that hypoxia induced cultured microglial activation, leading to the destruction of endothelial tight junction and astrocyte swelling. Up-regulated nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) accelerated pro-inflammatory factors through transcriptional regulation on nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in activated microglia under hypoxia. NRF1 also up-regulated phagocytosis by transcriptional regulation on caveolin-1 (CAV-1) and adaptor-related protein complex 2 subunit beta (AP2B1). The present study reveals a new mechanism in HACE: hypoxia over-activates microglia through up-regulation of NRF1, which both induces inflammatory response through transcriptionally activating NF-κB p65 and TFAM, and enhances phagocytic function through up-regulation of CAV-1 and AP2B1; hypoxia-activated microglia destroy the integrity of BBB and release pro-inflammatory factors that eventually induce HACE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guijuan Chen
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Baolan Wan
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Qianqian Luo
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yapeng Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Correspondence to: Li Zhu, E-mail:
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Yu W, He J, Cai X, Yu Z, Zou Z, Fan D. Neuroimmune Crosstalk Between the Peripheral and the Central Immune System in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:890958. [PMID: 35592701 PMCID: PMC9110796 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.890958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by the degeneration and death of motor neurons. Systemic neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of ALS. The proinflammatory milieu depends on the continuous crosstalk between the peripheral immune system (PIS) and central immune system (CIS). Central nervous system (CNS) resident immune cells interact with the peripheral immune cells via immune substances. Dysfunctional CNS barriers, including the blood–brain barrier, and blood–spinal cord barrier, accelerate the inflammatory process, leading to a systemic self-destructive cycle. This review focuses on the crosstalk between PIS and CIS in ALS. Firstly, we briefly introduce the cellular compartments of CIS and PIS, respectively, and update some new understanding of changes specifically occurring in ALS. Then, we will review previous studies on the alterations of the CNS barriers, and discuss their crucial role in the crosstalk in ALS. Finally, we will review the moveable compartments of the crosstalk, including cytokines, chemokines, and peripheral immune cells which were found to infiltrate the CNS, highlighting the interaction between PIS and CIS. This review aims to provide new insights into pathogenic mechanisms and innovative therapeutic approaches for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Yu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji He
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiying Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangyu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Fan,
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Machado-Pereira M, Saraiva C, Bernardino L, Cristóvão AC, Ferreira R. Argonaute-2 protects the neurovascular unit from damage caused by systemic inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:11. [PMID: 34991639 PMCID: PMC8740421 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain vasculature plays a pivotal role in the inflammatory process by modulating the interaction between blood cells and the neurovascular unit. Argonaute-2 (Ago2) has been suggested as essential for endothelial survival but its role in the brain vasculature or in the endothelial-glial crosstalk has not been addressed. Thus, our aim was to clarify the significance of Ago2 in the inflammatory responses elicited by these cell types. METHODS Mouse primary cultures of brain endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia were used to evaluate cellular responses to the modulation of Ago2. Exposure of microglia to endothelial cell-conditioned media was used to assess the potential for in vivo studies. Adult mice were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (2 mg/kg) followed by three daily intraperitoneal injections of Ago2 (0.4 nM) to assess markers of endothelial disruption, glial reactivity and neuronal function. RESULTS Herein, we demonstrated that LPS activation disturbed the integrity of adherens junctions and downregulated Ago2 in primary brain endothelial cells. Exogenous treatment recovered intracellular Ago2 above control levels and recuperated vascular endothelial-cadherin expression, while downregulating LPS-induced nitric oxide release. Primary astrocytes did not show a significant change in Ago2 levels or response to the modulation of the Ago2 system, although endogenous Ago2 was shown to be critical in the maintenance of tumor necrosis factor-α basal levels. LPS-activated primary microglia overexpressed Ago2, and Ago2 silencing contained the inflammatory response to some extent, preventing interleukin-6 and nitric oxide release. Moreover, the secretome of Ago2-modulated brain endothelial cells had a protective effect over microglia. The intraperitoneal injection of LPS impaired blood-brain barrier and neuronal function, while triggering inflammation, and the subsequent systemic administration of Ago2 reduced or normalized endothelial, glial and neuronal markers of LPS damage. This outcome likely resulted from the direct action of Ago2 over the brain endothelium, which reestablished glial and neuronal function. CONCLUSIONS Ago2 could be regarded as a putative therapeutic agent, or target, in the recuperation of the neurovascular unit in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Machado-Pereira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Saraiva
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Present Address: Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Cristóvão
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- NeuroSoV, UBImedical, EM506, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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Wang Y, Sun L, He G, Gang X, Zhao X, Wang G, Ning G. Cerebral perfusion alterations in type 2 diabetes mellitus - a systematic review. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 62:100916. [PMID: 33957174 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to abnormal brain structure and function, increasing the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. We systematically reviewed the published literature focusing on cerebral perfusion in patients with T2DM. Although no significant difference was found in global cerebral blood flow (CBF) between the T2DM group and the healthy control group, the regional cerebral perfusion in T2DM was significantly reduced in multiple locations, including the occipital lobe, domains involved in the default mode network and the cerebellum. The decline in regional CBF was associated with a wide range of cognitive disorders in T2DM, including learning, memory, attention, and executive processing, as well as visual function. In addition, diabetes-related biochemical indicators, such as glycated hemoglobin and insulin resistance, were negatively correlated with regional CBF. In general, these functional perfusion imaging studies indicate that decreased CBF in T2DM may be a potential cause of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangyu He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Barić A, Dobrivojević Radmilović M. Microglia and bradykinin cross talk in poststroke cognitive impairment in diabetes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C613-C618. [PMID: 33502951 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00402.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and the leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. Although cognitive impairment is a common consequence of stroke, the underlying pathophysiological processes that lead to it are still poorly understood. Recently, more studies have shown evidence of the involvement of diabetes in producing a chronic neuroinflammatory state, which ultimately alters the recovery of function and cognition after stroke. To better understand the impact of diabetes on poststroke recovery, here we highlight the recent insights on the role of diabetes in neuroinflammation, especially regarding its effect on microglial function, and the emerging data on the involvement of kinins in both diabetes and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Barić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Dobrivojević Radmilović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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