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Wang H, Chen X, Meng X, Cao Y, Han S, Liu K, Zhao X, Zhao X, Zhang X. The pathogenic mechanism of syndactyly type V identified in a Hoxd13Q50R knock-in mice. Bone Res 2024; 12:21. [PMID: 38561387 PMCID: PMC10984994 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Syndactyly type V (SDTY5) is an autosomal dominant extremity malformation characterized by fusion of the fourth and fifth metacarpals. In the previous publication, we first identified a heterozygous missense mutation Q50R in homeobox domain (HD) of HOXD13 in a large Chinese family with SDTY5. In order to substantiate the pathogenicity of the variant and elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanism causing limb malformation, transcription-activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) was employed to generate a Hoxd13Q50R mutant mouse. The mutant mice exhibited obvious limb malformations including slight brachydactyly and partial syndactyly between digits 2-4 in the heterozygotes, and severe syndactyly, brachydactyly and polydactyly in homozygotes. Focusing on BMP2 and SHH/GREM1/AER-FGF epithelial mesenchymal (e-m) feedback, a crucial signal pathway for limb development, we found the ectopically expressed Shh, Grem1 and Fgf8 and down-regulated Bmp2 in the embryonic limb bud at E10.5 to E12.5. A transcriptome sequencing analysis was conducted on limb buds (LBs) at E11.5, revealing 31 genes that exhibited notable disparities in mRNA level between the Hoxd13Q50R homozygotes and the wild-type. These genes are known to be involved in various processes such as limb development, cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Our findings indicate that the ectopic expression of Shh and Fgf8, in conjunction with the down-regulation of Bmp2, results in a failure of patterning along both the anterior-posterior and proximal-distal axes, as well as a decrease in interdigital programmed cell death (PCD). This cascade ultimately leads to the development of syndactyly and brachydactyly in heterozygous mice, and severe limb malformations in homozygous mice. These findings suggest that abnormal expression of SHH, FGF8, and BMP2 induced by HOXD13Q50R may be responsible for the manifestation of human SDTY5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Department of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiumin Chen
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaolu Meng
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yixuan Cao
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shirui Han
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Keqiang Liu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Ximeng Zhao
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Xue Zhang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Kelly RG. Cardiac Development and Animal Models of Congenital Heart Defects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:77-85. [PMID: 38884705 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The major events of cardiac development, including early heart formation, chamber morphogenesis and septation, and conduction system and coronary artery development, are briefly reviewed together with a short introduction to the animal species commonly used to study heart development and model congenital heart defects (CHDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Kelly
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Dévelopment de Marseille, Marseille, France.
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3
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Zheng R, Zhang L, Parvin R, Su L, Chi J, Shi K, Ye F, Huang X. Progress and Perspective of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology in Translational Medicine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300195. [PMID: 37356052 PMCID: PMC10477906 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Translational medicine aims to improve human health by exploring potential treatment methods developed during basic scientific research and applying them to the treatment of patients in clinical settings. The advanced perceptions of gene functions have remarkably revolutionized clinical treatment strategies for target agents. However, the progress in gene editing therapy has been hindered due to the severe off-target effects and limited editing sites. Fortunately, the development in the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system has renewed hope for gene therapy field. The CRISPR-Cas9 system can fulfill various simple or complex purposes, including gene knockout, knock-in, activation, interference, base editing, and sequence detection. Accordingly, the CRISPR-Cas9 system is adaptable to translational medicine, which calls for the alteration of genomic sequences. This review aims to present the latest CRISPR-Cas9 technology achievements and prospect to translational medicine advances. The principle and characterization of the CRISPR-Cas9 system are firstly introduced. The authors then focus on recent pre-clinical and clinical research directions, including the construction of disease models, disease-related gene screening and regulation, and disease treatment and diagnosis for multiple refractory diseases. Finally, some clinical challenges including off-target effects, in vivo vectors, and ethical problems, and future perspective are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Zheng
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Division of Pulmonary MedicineThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Lexiang Zhang
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain Health); Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain Health); Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Lihuang Su
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Division of Pulmonary MedicineThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Junjie Chi
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Keqing Shi
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain Health); Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Division of Pulmonary MedicineThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000P. R. China
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Yarra SS, Ashok G, Mohan U. "Toehold Switches; a foothold for Synthetic Biology". Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:932-952. [PMID: 36527224 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Toehold switches are de novo designed riboregulators that contain two RNA components interacting through linear-linear RNA interactions, regulating the gene expression. These are highly versatile, exhibit excellent orthogonality, wide dynamic range, and are highly programmable, so can be used for various applications in synthetic biology. In this review, we summarized and discussed the design characteristics and benefits of toehold switch riboregulators over conventional riboregulators. We also discussed applications and recent advancements of toehold switch riboregulators in various fields like gene editing, DNA nanotechnology, translational repression, and diagnostics (detection of microRNAs and some pathogens). Toehold switches, therefore, furnished advancement in synthetic biology applications in various fields with their prominent features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sumanjali Yarra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ganapathy Ashok
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Utpal Mohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Miura K, Ogura A, Kobatake K, Honda H, Kaminuma O. Progress of genome editing technology and developmental biology useful for radiation research. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:i53-i63. [PMID: 33978171 PMCID: PMC8114227 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Following the development of genome editing technology, it has become more feasible to create genetically modified animals such as knockout (KO), knock-in, and point-mutated animals. The genome-edited animals are useful to investigate the roles of various functional genes in many fields of biological science including radiation research. Nevertheless, some researchers may experience difficulty in generating genome-edited animals, probably due to the requirement for equipment and techniques for embryo manipulation and handling. Furthermore, after obtaining F0 generation, genome-edited animals generally need to be expanded and maintained for analyzing the target gene function. To investigate genes essential for normal birth and growth, the generation of conditional KO (cKO) animals in which a tissue- or stage-specific gene mutation can be introduced is often required. Here, we describe the basic principle and application of genome editing technology including zinc-finger nuclease, transcription-activator-like effector nuclease, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein (Cas) systems. Recently advanced developmental biology methods have enabled application of the technology, especially CRISPR/Cas, to zygotes, leading to the prompt production of genome-edited animals. For pre-implantation embryos, genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery has been developed as an embryo manipulation- or handling-free method. Examining the gene function at F0 generation is becoming possible by employing triple-target CRISPR technology. This technology, in combination with a blastocyst complementation method enables investigation of even birth- and growth-responsible genes without establishing cKO strains. We hope that this review is helpful for understanding and expanding genome editing-related technology and for progressing radiation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Miura
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kohei Kobatake
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaminuma
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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6
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Leidy-Davis T, Cheng K, Goodwin LO, Morgan JL, Juan WC, Roca X, Ong ST, Bergstrom DE. Viable Mice with Extensive Gene Humanization (25-kbp) Created Using Embryonic Stem Cell/Blastocyst and CRISPR/Zygote Injection Approaches. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15028. [PMID: 30301924 PMCID: PMC6177426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe an expansion of the typical DNA size limitations associated with CRISPR knock-in technology, more specifically, the physical extent to which mouse genomic DNA can be replaced with donor (in this case, human) DNA at an orthologous locus by zygotic injection. Driving our efforts was the desire to create a whole animal model that would replace 17 kilobase pairs (kbp) of the mouse Bcl2l11 gene with the corresponding 25-kbp segment of human BCL2L11, including a conditionally removable segment (2.9-kbp) of intron 2, a cryptic human exon immediately 3' of this, and a native human exon some 20 kbp downstream. Using two methods, we first carried out the replacement by employing a combination of bacterial artificial chromosome recombineering, classic embryonic stem cell (ESC) targeting, dual selection, and recombinase-driven cassette removal (ESC/Blastocyst Approach). Using a unique second method, we employed the same vector (devoid of its selectable marker cassettes), microinjecting it along with redundant single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and Cas9 mRNA into mouse zygotes (CRISPR/Zygote Approach). In both instances, we were able to achieve humanization of Bcl2l11 to the extent designed, remove all selection cassettes, and demonstrate the functionality of the conditionally removable, loxP-flanked, 2.9-kbp intronic segment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Cheng
- Genetic Resource Science, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Genetically Engineered Models and Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, USA
| | - Leslie O Goodwin
- Genetic Resource Science, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Judith L Morgan
- Genetic Resource Science, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Center for Biometric Analysis, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, USA
| | - Wen Chun Juan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- MSD Pharma (Singapore) Private Limited, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xavier Roca
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - S Tiong Ong
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Signature Research Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David E Bergstrom
- Genetic Resource Science, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- Cancer Center, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
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7
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Leist SR, Baric RS. Giving the Genes a Shuffle: Using Natural Variation to Understand Host Genetic Contributions to Viral Infections. Trends Genet 2018; 34:777-789. [PMID: 30131185 PMCID: PMC7114642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse has proved an invaluable model to identify host factors that regulate the progression and outcome of virus-induced disease. The paradigm is to use single-gene knockouts in inbred mouse strains or genetic mapping studies using biparental mouse populations. However, genetic variation among these mouse strains is limited compared with the diversity seen in human populations. To address this disconnect, a multiparental mouse population has been developed to specifically dissect the multigenetic regulation of complex disease traits. The Collaborative Cross (CC) population of recombinant inbred mouse strains is a well-suited systems-genetics tool to identify susceptibility alleles that control viral and microbial infection outcomes and immune responses and to test the promise of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; https://sph.unc.edu/adv_profile/ralph-s-baric-phd/
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Landgraf M, McGovern JA, Friedl P, Hutmacher DW. Rational Design of Mouse Models for Cancer Research. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:242-251. [PMID: 29310843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse is widely considered as a valid and affordable model organism to study human disease. Attempts to improve the relevance of murine models for the investigation of human pathologies led to the development of various genetically engineered, xenograft and humanized mouse models. Nevertheless, most preclinical studies in mice suffer from insufficient predictive value when compared with cancer biology and therapy response of human patients. We propose an innovative strategy to improve the predictive power of preclinical cancer models. Combining (i) genomic, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches for rational design of mouse models with (ii) rapid prototyping and computational benchmarking against human clinical data will enable fast and nonbiased validation of newly generated models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Landgraf
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacqui A McGovern
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Friedl
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Post 283, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Genitourinary Medical Oncology-Research, Houston, TX, USA; Cancer Genomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Abstract
The system-level identification and analysis of molecular networks in mammals can be accelerated by 'next-generation' genetics, defined as genetics that does not require crossing of multiple generations of animals in order to achieve the desired genetic makeup. We have established a highly efficient procedure for producing knock-in (KI) mice within a single generation, by optimizing the genome-editing protocol for KI embryonic stem (ES) cells and the protocol for the generation of fully ES-cell-derived mice (ES mice). Using this protocol, the production of chimeric mice is eliminated, and, therefore, there is no requirement for the crossing of chimeric mice to produce mice that carry the KI gene in all cells of the body. Our procedure thus shortens the time required to produce KI ES mice from about a year to ∼3 months. Various kinds of KI ES mice can be produced with a minimized amount of work, facilitating the elucidation of organism-level phenomena using a systems biology approach. In this report, we describe the basic technologies and protocols for this procedure, and discuss the current challenges for next-generation mammalian genetics in organism-level systems biology studies.
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Spratley SJ, Deane JE. New therapeutic approaches for Krabbe disease: The potential of pharmacological chaperones. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1203-19. [PMID: 27638604 PMCID: PMC5031207 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Missense mutations in the lysosomal hydrolase β‐galactocerebrosidase (GALC) account for at least 40% of known cases of Krabbe disease (KD). Most of these missense mutations are predicted to disrupt the fold of the enzyme, preventing GALC in sufficient amounts from reaching its site of action in the lysosome. The predominant central nervous system (CNS) pathology and the absence of accumulated primary substrate within the lysosome mean that strategies used to treat other lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are insufficient in KD, highlighting the still unmet clinical requirement for successful KD therapeutics. Pharmacological chaperone therapy (PCT) is one strategy being explored to overcome defects in GALC caused by missense mutations. In recent studies, several small‐molecule inhibitors have been identified as promising chaperone candidates for GALC. This Review discusses new insights gained from these studies and highlights the importance of characterizing both the chaperone interaction and the underlying mutation to define properly a responsive population and to improve the translation of existing lead molecules into successful KD therapeutics. We also highlight the importance of using multiple complementary methods to monitor PCT effectiveness. Finally, we explore the exciting potential of using combination therapy to ameliorate disease through the use of PCT with existing therapies or with more generalized therapeutics, such as proteasomal inhibition, that have been shown to have synergistic effects in other LSDs. This, alongside advances in CNS delivery of recombinant enzyme and targeted rational drug design, provides a promising outlook for the development of KD therapeutics. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Spratley
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Pathology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janet E Deane
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Pathology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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11
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Baumgart AK, Beyer M. Genetic engineering as a tool for the generation of mouse models to understand disease phenotypes and gene function. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 48:228-233. [PMID: 28704794 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The usage of mouse models has been vital for biomedical research over the last decades, yet the generation of these models has been extremely difficult and labor-intensive. The identification and generation of nucleases able to introduce site-specific DNA double-strand breaks, particularly the CRIPSR/Cas system, is a major breakthrough for this field as the endogenous DNA repair machinery can be hijacked to specifically introduce genome modifications at these sites. This allows for the time-efficient and cost-efficient generation of mouse models by delivery of designer nucleases together with donor DNA into fertilized oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Baumgart
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Beyer
- Molecular Immunology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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12
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Abstract
Organism-level systems biology in mammals aims to identify, analyze, control, and design molecular and cellular networks executing various biological functions in mammals. In particular, system-level identification and analysis of molecular and cellular networks can be accelerated by next-generation mammalian genetics. Mammalian genetics without crossing, where all production and phenotyping studies of genome-edited animals are completed within a single generation drastically reduce the time, space, and effort of conducting the systems research. Next-generation mammalian genetics is based on recent technological advancements in genome editing and developmental engineering. The process begins with introduction of double-strand breaks into genomic DNA by using site-specific endonucleases, which results in highly efficient genome editing in mammalian zygotes or embryonic stem cells. By using nuclease-mediated genome editing in zygotes, or ~100% embryonic stem cell-derived mouse technology, whole-body knock-out and knock-in mice can be produced within a single generation. These emerging technologies allow us to produce multiple knock-out or knock-in strains in high-throughput manner. In this review, we discuss the basic concepts and related technologies as well as current challenges and future opportunities for next-generation mammalian genetics in organism-level systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, , Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Hideki Ukai
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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13
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Josa S, Seruggia D, Fernández A, Montoliu L. Concepts and tools for gene editing. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:1-7. [DOI: 10.1071/rd16396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing is a relatively recent concept in the molecular biology field. Traditional genetic modifications in animals relied on a classical toolbox that, aside from some technical improvements and additions, remained unchanged for many years. Classical methods involved direct delivery of DNA sequences into embryos or the use of embryonic stem cells for those few species (mice and rats) where it was possible to establish them. For livestock, the advent of somatic cell nuclear transfer platforms provided alternative, but technically challenging, approaches for the genetic alteration of loci at will. However, the entire landscape changed with the appearance of different classes of genome editors, from initial zinc finger nucleases, to transcription activator-like effector nucleases and, most recently, with the development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas). Gene editing is currently achieved by CRISPR–Cas-mediated methods, and this technological advancement has boosted our capacity to generate almost any genetically altered animal that can be envisaged.
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Wensel TG, Zhang Z, Anastassov IA, Gilliam JC, He F, Schmid MF, Robichaux MA. Structural and molecular bases of rod photoreceptor morphogenesis and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 55:32-51. [PMID: 27352937 PMCID: PMC5112133 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rod cell has an extraordinarily specialized structure that allows it to carry out its unique function of detecting individual photons of light. Both the structural features of the rod and the metabolic processes required for highly amplified light detection seem to have rendered the rod especially sensitive to structural and metabolic defects, so that a large number of gene defects are primarily associated with rod cell death and give rise to blinding retinal dystrophies. The structures of the rod, especially those of the sensory cilium known as the outer segment, have been the subject of structural, biochemical, and genetic analysis for many years, but the molecular bases for rod morphogenesis and for cell death in rod dystrophies are still poorly understood. Recent developments in imaging technology, such as cryo-electron tomography and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, in gene sequencing technology, and in gene editing technology are rapidly leading to new breakthroughs in our understanding of these questions. A summary is presented of our current understanding of selected aspects of these questions, highlighting areas of uncertainty and contention as well as recent discoveries that provide new insights. Examples of structural data from emerging imaging technologies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Wensel
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Zhixian Zhang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ivan A Anastassov
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jared C Gilliam
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Feng He
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F Schmid
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Robichaux
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Mojica FJ, Montoliu L. On the Origin of CRISPR-Cas Technology: From Prokaryotes to Mammals. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:811-820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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An integrated miRNA functional screening and target validation method for organ morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23215. [PMID: 26980315 PMCID: PMC4793243 DOI: 10.1038/srep23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative ease of identifying microRNAs and their increasing recognition as important regulators of organogenesis motivate the development of methods to efficiently assess microRNA function during organ morphogenesis. In this context, embryonic organ explants provide a reliable and reproducible system that recapitulates some of the important early morphogenetic processes during organ development. Here we present a method to target microRNA function in explanted mouse embryonic organs. Our method combines the use of peptide-based nanoparticles to transfect specific microRNA inhibitors or activators into embryonic organ explants, with a microRNA pulldown assay that allows direct identification of microRNA targets. This method provides effective assessment of microRNA function during organ morphogenesis, allows prioritization of multiple microRNAs in parallel for subsequent genetic approaches, and can be applied to a variety of embryonic organs.
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Diet-Gene Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Crohn’s Disease: the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) Metabolic Pathway as a Prototype. Curr Nutr Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-015-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
A rare disease is defined as a condition that affects less than 1 in 2000 individuals. Currently more than 7000 rare diseases have been documented, and most are thought to be of genetic origin. Rare diseases primarily affect children, and congenital craniofacial syndromes and disorders constitute a significant proportion of rare diseases, with over 700 having been described to date. Modeling craniofacial disorders in animal models has been instrumental in uncovering the etiology and pathogenesis of numerous conditions and in some cases has even led to potential therapeutic avenues for their prevention. In this chapter, we focus primarily on two general classes of rare disorders, ribosomopathies and ciliopathies, and the surprising finding that the disruption of fundamental, global processes can result in tissue-specific craniofacial defects. In addition, we discuss recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of an extremely rare and specific craniofacial condition known as syngnathia, based on the first mouse models for this condition. Approximately 1% of all babies are born with a minor or major developmental anomaly, and individuals suffering from rare diseases deserve the same quality of treatment and care and attention to their disease as other patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annita Achilleos
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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