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van Puijenbroek PJTM, Beusen AHW, Bouwman AF, Ayeri T, Strokal M, Hofstra N. Quantifying future sanitation scenarios and progress towards SDG targets in the shared socioeconomic pathways. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 346:118921. [PMID: 37738725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Two main targets of SDG 6 (Sustainable Development Goal), clean water and sanitation, are SDG 6.2, to achieve universal and equitable access to improved sanitation and to phase out unimproved sanitation (include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines, bucket latrines and open defecation) and SDG 6.3, to halve the proportion of untreated wastewater by 2030. We compiled a global sanitation database for 200 countries. Starting from recent trends, we constructed a wide spectrum of contrasting future scenarios, i.e. the five Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP1-5) whereby the SSP2 scenario is 'middle of the road' scenario. The sanitation scenarios differ due to contrasting pathways for population growth and urbanization, economic growth and the SSP narratives. Our results indicate that it will be difficult to achieve the SDG 6 target. Target 6.2 on improved sanitation is expected to be achieved between 2070 and 2090 in SSP1, SSP2 and SSP5, while the target will not be achieved by 2100 in SSP3 and SSP4. Unimproved sanitation is projected to be phased out by 2070 in SSP1 and SSP5, or beyond 2100 in SSP3 and SSP4. The percentage of households with sewerage connection will be between 51% in SSP3 and 75% in SSP5 in 2050, and respectively 60% and 95% in 2100. Target SDG 6.3 on improving wastewater treatment will be reached by 2030 only in SSP1, followed by SSP2 and SSP5 between 2040 and 2050, while in SSP3 and SSP4 this target is not reached by 2100. The developments in wastewater treatment, expressed as percentage nutrient removal, showed an increase from 14% in 2015 to 45% in 2050 and 80% in 2100 in SSP1. But in SSP3, the global percentage is expected to have hardly changed by 2050 and have declined to 12% by 2100 due to the population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is a major contrast between countries and regions. In the period between 2000 and 2015, although globally the percentage of people with unimproved sanitation declined, in 7% of the 200 countries the number of people with unimproved sanitation increased. Also, wastewater treatment globally improved, but in 16 countries it deteriorated. This inequality is particularly important in SSP3 and SSP4 where the lack of improved sanitation will continue till 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J T M van Puijenbroek
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500, GH The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - A H W Beusen
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500, GH The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80021, 3508, TA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A F Bouwman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80021, 3508, TA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T Ayeri
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, 6500, GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Strokal
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - N Hofstra
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Rai M, Breitner S, Wolf K, Peters A, Schneider A, Chen K. Future temperature-related mortality considering physiological and socioeconomic adaptation: a modelling framework. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e784-e792. [PMID: 36208641 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the climate changes, it is crucial to focus not only on mitigation measures but also on building climate change resilience by developing efficient adaptation strategies. Although population adaptation is a major determinant of future climate-related health burden, it is not well accounted for in studies that project the health impact of climate change. We propose a methodological framework for temperature-related mortality that incorporates two simultaneous adaptation-sensitivity pathways: the physiological pathway, considering both heat adaptation and cold sensitivity, and the socioeconomic pathway, which is influenced by changes in future adaptive capacities. To demonstrate its utility we apply the framework to a case study mortality time-series dataset from Bavaria, Germany. METHODS In this modelling framework, we used extrapolated location-specific and age-specific baseline exposure-response functions and propose different future scenarios of cold sensitivity and heat adaptation on the basis of varying slopes of these exposure-response functions. We also incorporated future socioeconomic adaptation in the exposure-response functions using projections of gross domestic product under the respective shared socioeconomic pathways. Future adaptable fractions, representing the deaths avoided under each of the future scenarios, are projected under combinations of two climate change scenarios (shared socioeconomic pathway [SSP]1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0) and the respective plausible population projection scenarios (SSP1 and SSP3), also incorporating the future changes in demographic age structure and mortality. The case study for this framework was done for five districts in Bavaria, for both total non-accidental mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality. The baseline data was obtained for the period 1990-2006, and the future period was defined as 2083-99. FINDINGS In our Bavaria case study, average temperature was projected to increase by 2099 by an average of 1·1°C under SSP1-2.6 and by 4·1°C under SSP3-7.0. We observed the adaptable fraction to be largely influenced by socioeconomic adaptation for both total mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality, and for both climate change scenarios. For example, for total mortality, the highest adaptable fraction of 18·56% (95% empirical CI 10·77-23·67) was observed under the SSP1-2.6 future scenario, in the presence of socioeconomic adaptation and under the highest heat adaptation (10%) provided the cold sensitivity remains 0%. The cold adaptable fraction is lower than the heat adaptable fraction under all scenarios. In the absence of socioeconomic adaptation, population ageing will lead to higher temperature-related mortality. INTERPRETATION Our developed framework helps to systematically understand the effectiveness of adaptation mechanisms. In the future, socioeconomic adaptation is estimated to play a major role in determining temperature-related excess mortality. Furthermore, cold sensitivity might outweigh heat adaptation in the majority of locations worldwide. Similarly, population ageing is projected to continue to determine future temperature-related mortality. FUNDING EU Horizon 2020 (EXHAUSTION).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masna Rai
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Wolf
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Research Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner-Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Hess JJ, Ranadive N, Boyer C, Aleksandrowicz L, Anenberg SC, Aunan K, Belesova K, Bell ML, Bickersteth S, Bowen K, Burden M, Campbell-Lendrum D, Carlton E, Cissé G, Cohen F, Dai H, Dangour AD, Dasgupta P, Frumkin H, Gong P, Gould RJ, Haines A, Hales S, Hamilton I, Hasegawa T, Hashizume M, Honda Y, Horton DE, Karambelas A, Kim H, Kim SE, Kinney PL, Kone I, Knowlton K, Lelieveld J, Limaye VS, Liu Q, Madaniyazi L, Martinez ME, Mauzerall DL, Milner J, Neville T, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Pachauri S, Perera F, Pineo H, Remais JV, Saari RK, Sampedro J, Scheelbeek P, Schwartz J, Shindell D, Shyamsundar P, Taylor TJ, Tonne C, Van Vuuren D, Wang C, Watts N, West JJ, Wilkinson P, Wood SA, Woodcock J, Woodward A, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Ebi KL. Guidelines for Modeling and Reporting Health Effects of Climate Change Mitigation Actions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:115001. [PMID: 33170741 PMCID: PMC7654632 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modeling suggests that climate change mitigation actions can have substantial human health benefits that accrue quickly and locally. Documenting the benefits can help drive more ambitious and health-protective climate change mitigation actions; however, documenting the adverse health effects can help to avoid them. Estimating the health effects of mitigation (HEM) actions can help policy makers prioritize investments based not only on mitigation potential but also on expected health benefits. To date, however, the wide range of incompatible approaches taken to developing and reporting HEM estimates has limited their comparability and usefulness to policymakers. OBJECTIVE The objective of this effort was to generate guidance for modeling studies on scoping, estimating, and reporting population health effects from climate change mitigation actions. METHODS An expert panel of HEM researchers was recruited to participate in developing guidance for conducting HEM studies. The primary literature and a synthesis of HEM studies were provided to the panel. Panel members then participated in a modified Delphi exercise to identify areas of consensus regarding HEM estimation. Finally, the panel met to review and discuss consensus findings, resolve remaining differences, and generate guidance regarding conducting HEM studies. RESULTS The panel generated a checklist of recommendations regarding stakeholder engagement: HEM modeling, including model structure, scope and scale, demographics, time horizons, counterfactuals, health response functions, and metrics; parameterization and reporting; approaches to uncertainty and sensitivity analysis; accounting for policy uptake; and discounting. DISCUSSION This checklist provides guidance for conducting and reporting HEM estimates to make them more comparable and useful for policymakers. Harmonization of HEM estimates has the potential to lead to advances in and improved synthesis of policy-relevant research that can inform evidence-based decision making and practice. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Hess
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chris Boyer
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Susan C. Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kristin Aunan
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine Belesova
- Department of Public Health, Environments, and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michelle L. Bell
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sam Bickersteth
- Rockefeller Foundation Economic Council on Planetary Health, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Marci Burden
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum
- Department of Environment Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Carlton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Guéladio Cissé
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francois Cohen
- Smith School for Enterprise and the Environment and Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hancheng Dai
- Laboratory of Energy & Environmental Economics and Policy (LEEEP), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Alan David Dangour
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Purnamita Dasgupta
- Environmental and Resource Economics Unit, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, India
| | | | - Peng Gong
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Robert J. Gould
- Center for Climate Change Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Andy Haines
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon Hales
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ian Hamilton
- UCL Energy Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tomoko Hasegawa
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daniel E. Horton
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Ho Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Satbyul Estella Kim
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Patrick L. Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Inza Kone
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Université Félix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Kim Knowlton
- Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Dept. of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Qiyong Liu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Madaniyazi
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Paediatric Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Micaela Elvira Martinez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Denise L. Mauzerall
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Milner
- Department of Public Health, Environments, and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Frederica Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Helen Pineo
- Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Justin V. Remais
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rebecca K. Saari
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jon Sampedro
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
| | - Pauline Scheelbeek
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Drew Shindell
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Timothy J. Taylor
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall, UK
| | - Cathryn Tonne
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Detlef Van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas Watts
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - J. Jason West
- Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Public Health, Environments, and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stephen A. Wood
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James Woodcock
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alistair Woodward
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristie L. Ebi
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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