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Wu HM, Chen LH, Chiu WJ, Tsai CL. Kisspeptin Regulates Cell Invasion and Migration in Endometrial Cancer. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae001. [PMID: 38264268 PMCID: PMC10805434 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (a product of the KISS1 gene and its receptor) plays an important role in obstetrics, gynecology, and cancer cell metastasis and behavior. In hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and placentation, Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin receptor affects hormone release and represses trophoblast invasion into maternal deciduae. Endometrial cancer is one of the common gynecological cancers and is usually accompanied by metastasis, the risk factor that causes death. Recently, research has demonstrated that Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin receptor expression in aggressive-stage endometrial cancer tissues. However, the detailed mechanism of Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin receptor in regulating the motility of endometrial cancers is not well understood. In this study, we use endometrial cancer cell lines RL95-2, Ishikawa, HEC-1-A, and HEC-1-B as models to explore the molecular mechanism of Kisspeptin on cell motility. First, we discovered that Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin receptor was expressed in endometrial cancer cells, and Kisspeptin significantly regulated the migration and invasion of endometrial cancer cells. Furthermore, we explored the epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression and the underlying signals were regulated on Kisspeptin treatment. In conclusion, we suggest that Kisspeptin regulates endometrial cancer cell motility via FAK and Src expression and the ERK1/2, N-Cadherin, E-Cadherin, beta-Catenin, Twist, and matrix metalloproteinase signaling pathways. We expect these molecules could be candidates for the development of new approaches and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Liang-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Wei-Jung Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chia-Lung Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan R.O.C
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2
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Megino-Luque C, Bravo-Cordero JJ. Metastasis suppressor genes and their role in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1147-1154. [PMID: 37982987 PMCID: PMC10842895 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The metastatic cascade is a complex process with multiple factors contributing to the seeding and growth of cancer cells at metastatic sites. Within this complex process, several genes have been identified as metastasis suppressors, playing a role in the inhibition of metastasis. Interestingly, some of these genes have been shown to also play a role in regulating the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we comment on the recent developments in the biology of metastasis suppressor genes and their crosstalk with the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Megino-Luque
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Harihar S, Welch DR. KISS1 metastasis suppressor in tumor dormancy: a potential therapeutic target for metastatic cancers? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:183-196. [PMID: 36720764 PMCID: PMC10103016 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Present therapeutic approaches do not effectively target metastatic cancers, often limited by their inability to eliminate already-seeded non-proliferative, growth-arrested, or therapy-resistant tumor cells. Devising effective approaches targeting dormant tumor cells has been a focus of cancer clinicians for decades. However, progress has been limited due to limited understanding of the tumor dormancy process. Studies on tumor dormancy have picked up pace and have resulted in the identification of several regulators. This review focuses on KISS1, a metastasis suppressor gene that suppresses metastasis by keeping tumor cells in a state of dormancy at ectopic sites. The review explores mechanistic insights of KISS1 and discusses its potential application as a therapeutic against metastatic cancers by eliminating quiescent cells or inducing long-term dormancy in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Danny R. Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
- The University of Kansas Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. Kansas City, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Abdelkareem AO, Gebril SM, AbdelHafez FF, Terry J, Bedaiwy MA. Kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor immunoreactivity in euploid and aneuploid choriodecidual tissues of recurrent pregnancy losses. F&S SCIENCE 2023; 4:56-64. [PMID: 36243398 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study choriodecidual immunoreactivity of kisspeptin (KISS1) and its receptor (KISS1R) in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) due to aneuploidy (AnE) and unexplained (UE) RPL in comparison to control elective abortions (EAbs). DESIGN This is a case-control study. SETTING Tertiary care facility and affiliated research institute. PATIENT(S) Patients with either UE RPL (n = 10) or RPL due to AnE (n = 10) vs. a control group of patients who underwent EAb (n = 10). INTERVENTION(S) Immunohistochemistry of archived choriodecidual tissue samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Histoscores of KISS1 and KISS1R immunoreactivity in the syncytiotrophoblast (SyT), cytotrophoblast (CyT), decidual glands (DeGs), and decidual stroma (DeS) across the 3 study groups. RESULT(S) There was no difference in both maternal and gestational ages among the 3 groups. Kisspeptin immunoreactivity was similar in the SyT, CyT, DeGs, and DeS of all groups. Similarly, KISS1R expression was not different in the DeGs or DeS among all study groups. In addition, there was no difference in KISS1R immunoreactivity in the SyTs and CyTs between patients with RPL due to AnE and those with UE RPL. However, KISS1R was significantly lower in the SyT and CyT of patients with RPL due to AnE and UE RPL than in those who underwent EAb. CONCLUSION(S) The expression of KISS1R is lower in the chorionic tissues of euploid (unexplained) and aneuploid RPLs than in the control group. The current results broaden our understanding of the role played by KISS1 and KISS1R in early placentation. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether KISS1 activity is the cause or a sequel of defective placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr O Abdelkareem
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Gebril
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Faten F AbdelHafez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jefferson Terry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mohamed A Bedaiwy
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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5
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Regulation of Metastatic Tumor Dormancy and Emerging Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213931. [PMID: 36430404 PMCID: PMC9698240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer recurrence and metastasis, following successful treatment, constitutes a critical threat in clinical oncology and are the leading causes of death amongst cancer patients. This phenomenon is largely attributed to metastatic tumor dormancy, a rate-limiting stage during cancer progression, in which disseminated cancer cells remain in a viable, yet not proliferating state for a prolonged period. Dormant cancer cells are characterized by their entry into cell cycle arrest and survival in a quiescence state to adapt to their new microenvironment through the acquisition of mutations and epigenetic modifications, rendering them resistant to anti-cancer treatment and immune surveillance. Under favorable conditions, disseminated dormant tumor cells 're-awake', resume their proliferation and thus colonize distant sites. Due to their rarity, detection of dormant cells using current diagnostic tools is challenging and, thus, therapeutic targets are hard to be identified. Therefore, unraveling the underlying mechanisms required for keeping disseminating tumor cells dormant, along with signals that stimulate their "re-awakening" are crucial for the discovery of novel pharmacological treatments. In this review, we shed light into the main mechanisms that control dormancy induction and escape as well as emerging therapeutic strategies for the eradication of metastatic dormant cells, including dormancy maintenance, direct targeting of dormant cells and re-awakening dormant cells. Studies on the ability of the metastatic cancer cells to cease proliferation and survive in a quiescent state before re-initiating proliferation and colonization years after successful treatment, will pave the way toward developing innovative therapeutic strategies against dormancy-mediated metastatic outgrowth.
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Lack of Oestrogen Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer Cells Does Not Correlate with Kisspeptin Signalling and Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158744. [PMID: 35955878 PMCID: PMC9368979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin is an anti-metastatic mediator in many cancer types, acting through its receptor, KISS1R. However, controversy remains regarding its role in breast cancer since both pro- and anti-metastatic roles have been ascribed to it. In KISS1R overexpressing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, stimulation has been associated with increased invasion and MMP-9 expression, leading to the suggestion that hormone receptor status determines the metastatic effects of kisspeptin. To assess the veracity of this claim, we compared endogenous KISS1R signalling and physiological output in the hormone receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 and BT-20 cell lines after KP-10 (shortest active kisspeptin peptide) stimulation. MDA-MB-231 cells are metastatic when implanted in mice while BT-20 are not and remain epithelial-like. We show that both cell lines express KISS1R mRNA and respond to KP-10 by elevating calcium mobilisation. However, KP-10 stimulation induced migration of MDA-MB-231, but not BT-20 cells, in a calcium-dependent manner. Moreover, only BT-20 cells responded to KP-10 by increasing ERK phosphorylation in a β-arrestin-dependent manner. Interestingly, both cell lines displayed different complements of β-arrestin 1 and 2 expression. Overall, our data shows that, in TNBC, it is not universally true that kisspeptin/KISS1R stimulate migration or pro-metastatic behaviour, as divergent responses were observed in the two TNBC lines tested. Whether this divergence is related to the observed differences in β-arrestin complements warrants further investigation and may enable further stratification of the ability of kisspeptin to influence breast tumour behaviour.
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7
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Black JD, Affandi T, Black AR, Reyland ME. PKCα and PKCδ: Friends and Rivals. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102194. [PMID: 35760100 PMCID: PMC9352922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PKC comprises a large family of serine/threonine kinases that share a requirement for allosteric activation by lipids. While PKC isoforms have significant homology, functional divergence is evident among subfamilies and between individual PKC isoforms within a subfamily. Here, we highlight these differences by comparing the regulation and function of representative PKC isoforms from the conventional (PKCα) and novel (PKCδ) subfamilies. We discuss how unique structural features of PKCα and PKCδ underlie differences in activation and highlight the similar, divergent, and even opposing biological functions of these kinases. We also consider how PKCα and PKCδ can contribute to pathophysiological conditions and discuss challenges to targeting these kinases therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
| | - Trisiani Affandi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
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Aramini B, Masciale V, Arienti C, Dominici M, Stella F, Martinelli G, Fabbri F. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and Their Interplay with Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs): A New World of Targets and Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102408. [PMID: 35626011 PMCID: PMC9139858 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The world of small molecules in solid tumors as cancer stem cells (CSCs), circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) continues to be under-debated, but not of minor interest in recent decades. One of the main problems in regard to cancer is the development of tumor recurrence, even in the early stages, in addition to drug resistance and, consequently, ineffective or an incomplete response against the tumor. The findings behind this resistance are probably justified by the presence of small molecules such as CSCs, CTCs and CAFs connected with the tumor microenvironment, which may influence the aggressiveness and the metastatic process. The mechanisms, connections, and molecular pathways behind them are still unknown. Our review would like to represent an important step forward to highlight the roles of these molecules and the possible connections among them. Abstract The importance of defining new molecules to fight cancer is of significant interest to the scientific community. In particular, it has been shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cells within tumors with capabilities of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity; on the other side, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) seem to split away from the primary tumor and appear in the circulatory system as singular units or clusters. It is becoming more and more important to discover new biomarkers related to these populations of cells in combination to define the network among them and the tumor microenvironment. In particular, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the tumor microenvironment with different functions, including matrix deposition and remodeling, extensive reciprocal signaling interactions with cancer cells and crosstalk with immunity. The settings of new markers and the definition of the molecular connections may present new avenues, not only for fighting cancer but also for the definition of more tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Aramini
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES of the Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, G.B. Morgagni—L. Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Masciale
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41122 Modena, Italy; (V.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Chiara Arienti
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (C.A.); (G.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41122 Modena, Italy; (V.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Franco Stella
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES of the Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, G.B. Morgagni—L. Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (C.A.); (G.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Fabbri
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (C.A.); (G.M.); (F.F.)
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9
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Metabolic Features of Tumor Dormancy: Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030547. [PMID: 35158815 PMCID: PMC8833651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor recurrence still represents a major clinical challenge for cancer patients. Cancer cells may undergo a dormant state for long times before re-emerging. Both intracellular- and extracellular-driven pathways are involved in maintaining the dormant state and the subsequent awakening, with a mechanism that is still mostly unknown. In this scenario, cancer metabolism is emerging as a critical driver of tumor progression and dissemination and have gained increasing attention in cancer research. This review focuses on the metabolic adaptations characterizing the dormant phenotype and supporting tumor re-growth. Deciphering the metabolic adaptation sustaining tumor dormancy may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches to prevent tumor recurrence based on combined metabolic drugs. Abstract Tumor relapse represents one of the main obstacles to cancer treatment. Many patients experience cancer relapse even decades from the primary tumor eradication, developing more aggressive and metastatic disease. This phenomenon is associated with the emergence of dormant cancer cells, characterized by cell cycle arrest and largely insensitive to conventional anti-cancer therapies. These rare and elusive cells may regain proliferative abilities upon the induction of cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors, thus fueling tumor re-growth and metastasis formation. The molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of resistant dormant cells and their awakening are intriguing but, currently, still largely unknown. However, increasing evidence recently underlined a strong dependency of cell cycle progression to metabolic adaptations of cancer cells. Even if dormant cells are frequently characterized by a general metabolic slowdown and an increased ability to cope with oxidative stress, different factors, such as extracellular matrix composition, stromal cells influence, and nutrient availability, may dictate specific changes in dormant cells, finally resulting in tumor relapse. The main topic of this review is deciphering the role of the metabolic pathways involved in tumor cells dormancy to provide new strategies for selectively targeting these cells to prevent fatal recurrence and maximize therapeutic benefit.
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10
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Singh N, Hutson R, Milton NGN, Javid FA. Ovarian cancer and KiSS-1 gene expression: A consideration of the use of Kisspeptin plus Kisspeptin aptamers in diagnostics and therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 917:174752. [PMID: 35026192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gynaecological cancers continue to present a significant health burden upon the health of the global female population. This deficit is most prominent with ovarian cancer which possesses the lowest survival rate compared to all other cancers occurring within this anatomical region, with an annual UK-mortality of 7,300. The poor tolerability and selectively of the treatment options that are currently available is likely to have contributed to this high mortality rate thus, demonstrating the need for the development of enhanced therapeutic approaches. Aptamer technology would involve the engineering of specifically sequenced oligonucleotide chains, which bind to macromolecular targets with a high degree of affinity and selectively. Recent in-vitro studies conducted upon the clinical utility of this technique have supported its superiority in targeting individual therapeutic drug targets compared to various other targeting moieties currently within therapeutic use such as, monoclonal antibodies. For this reason, the employment of this technique is likely to be favourable in reducing the incidence of non-specific, chemotherapy-associated adverse effects. Kisspeptin is a naturally expressed polypeptide with an established role in the development of the reproductive system and other proposed roles in influencing the ability of ovarian cancer growths to exhibit the metastasis hallmark. This distinctive feature would indicate the potential for the manipulation of this pathway through the application of aptamer structures in developing a novel prophylactic strategy and improve the long-term outcome for ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navinder Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Hutson
- St James's Leeds University Teaching Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel G N Milton
- Centre for Biomedical Science Research, School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE, United Kingdom
| | - Farideh A Javid
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
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Lin Y, Sidthipong K, Ma J, Koide N, Umezawa K, Kubota T. The designed NF-κB inhibitor, DHMEQ, inhibits KISS1R-mediated invasion and increases drug-sensitivity in mouse plasmacytoma SP2/0 cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1092. [PMID: 34504546 PMCID: PMC8383752 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoma is one of the most difficult types of leukemia to treat, and it often invades the bone down to the marrow resulting in the development of multiple myeloma. NF-κB is often constitutively activated, and promotes metastasis and drug resistance in neoplastic cells. The present study assessed the cellular anticancer activity of an NF-κB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), on mouse plasmacytoma SP2/0 cells. Cellular invasion was measured by Matrigel chamber assay, and apoptosis was assessed by detecting caspase-3 cleavage and by flow cytometric analysis with Annexin V. DHMEQ inhibited constitutively activated NF-κB at nontoxic concentrations. DHMEQ was also shown to inhibit cellular invasion of SP2/0 cells, as well as human myeloma KMS-11 and RPMI-8226 cells. The metastasis PCR array indicated that DHMEQ induced a decrease in KISS1 receptor (KISS1R) expression in SP2/0 cells. Knockdown of KISS1R by small interfering RNA suppressed cellular invasion, suggesting that KISS1R may serve an essential role in the invasion of SP2/0 cells. Furthermore, DHMEQ enhanced cytotoxicity of the anticancer agent melphalan in SP2/0 cells. Notably, DHMEQ inhibited the expression of NF-κB-dependent anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-XL, FLIP, and Bfl-1. In conclusion, inhibition of constitutively activated NF-κB by DHMEQ may be useful for future anti-metastatic and anticancer strategies for the treatment of plasmacytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhi Lin
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kulrawee Sidthipong
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Wanhe Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Naoki Koide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kubota
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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12
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Tumor Dormancy: Implications for Invasion and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094862. [PMID: 34064392 PMCID: PMC8124645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor dormancy refers to a critical stage of cancer development when tumor cells are present, but cancer does not progress. It includes both the concept of cellular dormancy, indicating the reversible switch of a cancer cell to a quiescent state, and that of tumor mass dormancy, indicating the presence of neoplastic masses that have reached cell population equilibrium via balanced growth/apoptosis rates. Tumor dormancy provides the conceptual framework, potentially explaining a major challenge in clinical oncology, tumor recurrence, which may occur years after cancer diagnosis. The mechanisms by which tumors are kept dormant, and what triggers their reawakening, are fundamental questions in cancer biology. It seems that a plethora of intracellular pathways and extracellular factors are involved in this process, rewiring the cells to plastically alter their metabolic and proliferative status. This phenomenon is highly dynamic in space and time. Mechanistic insights into both cellular and tumor dormancy have provided the rationale for targeting this otherwise stable period of cancer development, in order to prevent recurrence and maximize therapeutic benefit.
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13
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Black AR, Black JD. The complexities of PKCα signaling in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100769. [PMID: 33307285 PMCID: PMC8141086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the PKC family of serine/threonine kinases with diverse functions in normal and neoplastic cells. Early studies identified anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing functions for PKCα in some normal tissues (e.g., regenerating epithelia) and pro-proliferative effects in others (e.g., cells of the hematopoietic system, smooth muscle cells). Additional well documented roles of PKCα signaling in normal cells include regulation of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration, and PKCα can function as a survival factor in many contexts. While a majority of tumors lose expression of PKCα, others display aberrant overexpression of the enzyme. Cancer-related mutations in PKCα are uncommon, but rare examples of driver mutations have been detected in certain cancer types (e. g., choroid gliomas). Here we review the role of PKCα in various cancers, describe mechanisms by which PKCα affects cancer-related cell functions, and discuss how the diverse functions of PKCα contribute to tumor suppressive and tumor promoting activities of the enzyme. We end the discussion by addressing mutations and expression of PKCα in tumors and the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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14
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In vivo selection of highly metastatic human ovarian cancer sublines reveals role for AMIGO2 in intra-peritoneal metastatic regulation. Cancer Lett 2021; 503:163-173. [PMID: 33524500 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The majority of women with ovarian cancer are diagnosed with metastatic disease, therefore elucidating molecular events that contribute to successful metastatic dissemination may identify additional targets for therapeutic intervention and thereby positively impact survival. Using two human high grade serous ovarian cancer cell lines with inactive TP53 and multiple rounds of serial in vivo passaging, we generated sublines with significantly accelerated intra-peritoneal (IP) growth. Comparative analysis of the parental and IP sublines identified a common panel of differentially expressed genes. The most highly differentially expressed gene, upregulated by 60-65-fold in IP-selected sublines, was the type I transmembrane protein AMIGO2. As the role of AMIGO2 in ovarian cancer metastasis remains unexplored, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to reduce AMIGO2 expression, followed by in vitro and in vivo functional analyses. Knockdown of AMIGO2 modified the sphere-forming potential of ovarian cancer cells, reduced adhesion and invasion in vitro, and significantly attenuated IP metastasis. These data highlight AMIGO2 as a new target for a novel anti-metastatic therapeutic approach aimed at blocking cohesion, survival, and adhesion of metastatic tumorspheres.
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15
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Wang Y, Jiang R, Wang Q, Li Y, Sun Z, Zhao H. Silencing LINC01021 inhibits gastric cancer through upregulation of KISS1 expression by blocking CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of CDX2. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:832-844. [PMID: 34026327 PMCID: PMC8121629 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains one of the most dangerous cancers, bringing suffering and economic burden to people worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exhibit great potentials for targeted therapy of various cancers. In this investigation, we tested mechanisms by which LINC01021 may regulate gastric cancer progression. We collected gastric cancer tissues and procured cell lines to explore the potential factors by which LINC01021 had effects on angiogenesis, invasion, and migration, by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Transwell assay, and western blot analysis. Relationships among LINC01021, Caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX2), and KISS1 were validated by dual-luciferase gene reporter, RNA pull-down, and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Additionally, a murine model was developed to further explore the impact of LINC01021 on tumors in vivo. LINC01021 was upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and cells. LINC01021 regulated KISS1 through CDK2, which promoted phosphorylation and nuclear export in CDX2. Inhibition of LINC01021 suppressed the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer. Further, silencing LINC01021 exerted an inhibitory effect on cancer cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis by promoting the binding between CDX2 and KISS1, while inhibiting that between CDK2 and CDX2. Taken altogether, high LINC01021 expression in gastric cancer promotes malignant cell migration and angiogenesis by downregulation of KISS1 through CDK2-mediated CDX2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Rongke Jiang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Ziqian Sun
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Hongying Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
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16
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Badia-Ramentol J, Linares J, Gómez-Llonin A, Calon A. Minimal Residual Disease, Metastasis and Immunity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:130. [PMID: 33498251 PMCID: PMC7909268 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression from localized to metastatic disease requires cancer cells spreading to distant organs through the bloodstream. Only a small proportion of these circulating tumor cells (CTCs) survives dissemination due to anoikis, shear forces and elimination by the immune system. However, all metastases originate from CTCs capable of surviving and extravasating into distant tissue to re-initiate a tumor. Metastasis initiation is not always immediate as disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) may enter a non-dividing state of cell dormancy. Cancer dormancy is a reversible condition that can be maintained for many years without being clinically detectable. Subsequently, late disease relapses are thought to be due to cancer cells ultimately escaping from dormant state. Cancer dormancy is usually associated with minimal residual disease (MRD), where DTCs persist after intended curative therapy. Thus, MRD is commonly regarded as an indicator of poor prognosis in all cancers. In this review, we examine the current understanding of MRD and immunity during cancer progression to metastasis and discuss clinical perspectives for oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexandre Calon
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (J.B.-R.); (J.L.); (A.G.-L.)
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17
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Mallone F, Sacchetti M, Lambiase A, Moramarco A. Molecular Insights and Emerging Strategies for Treatment of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2761. [PMID: 32992823 PMCID: PMC7600598 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular cancer. In recent decades, major advances have been achieved in the diagnosis and prognosis of UM allowing for tailored treatments. However, nearly 50% of patients still develop metastatic disease with survival rates of less than 1 year. There is currently no standard of adjuvant and metastatic treatment in UM, and available therapies are ineffective resulting from cutaneous melanoma protocols. Advances and novel treatment options including liver-directed therapies, immunotherapy, and targeted-therapy have been investigated in UM-dedicated clinical trials on single compounds or combinational therapies, with promising results. Therapies aimed at prolonging or targeting metastatic tumor dormancy provided encouraging results in other cancers, and need to be explored in UM. In this review, the latest progress in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of UM in adjuvant and metastatic settings are discussed. In addition, novel insights into tumor genetics, biology and immunology, and the mechanisms underlying metastatic dormancy are discussed. As evident from the numerous studies discussed in this review, the increasing knowledge of this disease and the promising results from testing of novel individualized therapies could offer future perspectives for translating in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Lambiase
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.M.)
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18
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Abstract
The significance of KISS1 goes beyond its original discovery as a metastasis suppressor. Its function as a neuropeptide involved in diverse physiologic processes is more well studied. Enthusiasm regarding KISS1 has cumulated in clinical trials in multiple fields related to reproduction and metabolism. But its cancer therapeutic space is unsettled. This review focuses on collating data from cancer and non-cancer fields in order to understand shared and disparate signaling that might inform clinical development in the cancer therapeutic and biomarker space. Research has focused on amino acid residues 68-121 (kisspeptin 54), binding to the KISS1 receptor and cellular responses. Evidence and counterevidence regarding this canonical pathway require closer look at the covariates so that the incredible potential of KISS1 can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc Ly
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. - MS1071, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. - MS1071, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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19
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Deka SJ, Trivedi V. Potentials of PKC in Cancer Progression and Anticancer Drug Development. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 16:135-147. [PMID: 29468974 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180219113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PKC is a family of serine-threonine kinases which play crucial roles in the regulation of important signal transduction pathways in mammalian cell-biology. These enzymes are themselves regulated by various molecules that can serve as ligands to the regulatory domains and translocate PKC to membrane for activity. The role of PKC in the modulation of both proliferative and apoptotic signaling in cancer has become a subject of immense interest after it was discovered that PKC regulates a myriad of enzymes and transcription factors involved in carcinogenic signaling. Therefore, PKC has served as an attractive target for the development of newer generation of anti-cancer drugs. The following review discusses the potential of PKC to be regarded as a target for anti-cancer therapy. We also review all the molecules that have been discovered so far to be regulators/activators/inhibitors of PKC and also how far these molecules can be considered as potential candidates for anti-cancer drug development based on PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman J Deka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
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20
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Reduced Kiss‑1 expression is associated with clinical aggressive feature of gastric cancer patients and promotes migration and invasion in gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1149-1157. [PMID: 32705229 PMCID: PMC7388581 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) causes high morbidity and mortality in patients largely due to its invasion and metastasis. Kiss‑1 has been shown to be a metastasis suppressor in various malignancies. However, its clinical significance and biological functions in GC have not been thoroughly investigated. The present study investigated the association between Kiss‑1 expression and its methylation status and clinicopathological features in GC. Kiss‑1 expression was reduced in GC and its low expression was associated with poor histological grade, lymph node metastasis and TNM III+IV stage. Kiss‑1 overexpression in AGS GC cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. Kiss‑1 knockdown promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of HGC‑27 cells. In summary, the data demonstrated that a low expression of Kiss‑1 played a suppressive role for the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells. Its expression and methylation levels were associated with the clinical progression of GC. Thus, Kiss‑1 is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker as well as a new target for the treatment of GC.
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21
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Hu KL, Chang HM, Zhao HC, Yu Y, Li R, Qiao J. Potential roles for the kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor system in implantation and placentation. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 25:326-343. [PMID: 30649364 PMCID: PMC6450039 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initially identified as suppressors of metastasis in various types of cancer, kisspeptins are a family of neuropeptides that are key regulators of the mammalian reproductive axis. Accumulating evidence has shown that kisspeptin is able to control both the pulsatile and surge GnRH release, playing fundamental roles in female reproduction, which include the secretion of gonadotropins, puberty onset, brain sex differentiation, ovulation and the metabolic regulation of fertility. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of the kisspeptin system in the processes of implantation and placentation. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the pathophysiological role and utility of these local placental regulatory factors as potential biomarkers during the early human gestation. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE A successful pregnancy, from the initiation of embryo implantation to parturition, is a complex process that requires the orchestration of a series of events. This review aims to concisely summarize what is known about the role of the kisspeptin system in implantation, placentation, early human pregnancy and pregnancy-related disorders, and to develop strategies for predicting, diagnosing and treating these abnormalities. SEARCH METHODS Using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, we performed comprehensive literature searches in the English language describing the advancement of kisspeptins and the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) in implantation, placentation and early pregnancy in humans, since its initial identification in 1996 and ending in July 2018. OUTCOMES Recent studies have shown the coordinated spatial and temporal expression patterns of kisspeptins and KISS1R during human pregnancy. The experimental data gathered recently suggest putative roles of kisspeptin signaling in the regulation of trophoblast invasion, embryo implantation, placentation and early pregnancy. Dysregulation of the kisspeptin system may negatively affect the processes of implantation as well as placentation. Clinical studies indicate that the circulating levels of kisspeptins or the expression levels of kisspeptin/KISS1R in the placental tissues may be used as potential diagnostic markers for women with miscarriage and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Comprehensive research on the pathophysiological role of the kisspeptin/KISS1R system in implantation and placentation will provide a dynamic and powerful approach to understanding the processes of early pregnancy, with potential applications in observational and analytic screening as well as the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of implantation failure and early pregnancy-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lun Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Cui Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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22
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Harihar S, Ray S, Narayanan S, Santhoshkumar A, Ly T, Welch DR. Role of the tumor microenvironment in regulating the anti-metastatic effect of KISS1. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:209-223. [PMID: 32088827 PMCID: PMC7339126 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
KISS1, a metastasis suppressor gene, has been shown to block metastasis without affecting primary tumor formation. Loss of KISS1 leads to invasion and metastasis in multiple cancers, which is the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. The discovery of KISS1 has provided a ray of hope for early clinical diagnosis and for designing effective treatments targeting metastatic cancer. However, this goal requires greater holistic understanding of its mechanism of action. In this review, we go back into history and highlight some key developments, from the discovery of KISS1 to its role in regulating multiple physiological processes including cancer. We discuss key emerging roles for KISS1, specifically interactions with tissue microenvironment to promote dormancy and regulation of tumor cell metabolism, acknowledged as some of the key players in tumor progression and metastasis. We finally discuss strategies whereby KISS1 might be exploited clinically to treat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Srijit Ray
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Samyukta Narayanan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Anirudh Santhoshkumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Thuc Ly
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- The University Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- The University Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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23
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Immunoreactivity of Kisspeptin and Kisspeptin Receptor in Eutopic and Ectopic Endometrial Tissue of Women With and Without Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1731-1741. [PMID: 32072605 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissues. Mechanisms of tissue dissemination in endometriosis may be similar to those involved in tumor metastasis. We hypothesize that dysregulation of kisspeptin (KISS1), a metastasis suppressor in endometrial carcinoma, may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. In this study, we characterized the immunoreactivity of kisspeptin and its receptor, KISS1R, in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue of women with and without endometriosis, in proliferative and secretory menstrual cycle phases. Immunohistochemistry was performed using KISS1 and KISS1R antibodies on samples from women with (n = 35) and without (n = 14) endometriosis. Samples from women with endometriosis included eutopic endometrium (n = 20) samples, superficial endometriotic implants (SUP, n = 10) deep infiltrating endometriotic implants (DIE, n = 15), and ovarian endometriomas (OMA, n = 15). Immunoreactivity was quantified using histoscores. KISS1 and KISS1R immunoreactivity was significantly lower in eutopic endometrial stroma of women with versus without endometriosis, regardless of the menstrual cycle phase (P = 0.001 and P = 0.015 respectively). In endometriotic implants, KISS1 levels were significantly lower in both glandular and stromal components of DIE (P < 0.01) and OMA (P < 0.01) compared to SUP. KISS1R immunoreactivity was lower in the glandular component of OMA (P = 0.035) compared to SUP. KISS1 and KISS1R levels are lower in eutopic endometrial stroma from women with versus without endometriosis, consistent with a role for decreased KISS1 expression in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. As deeply invasive lesions showed lower KISS1 levels than superficial lesions, downregulation of KISS1 levels may contribute to implant invasiveness.
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24
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Ulasov IV, Borovjagin AV, Timashev P, Cristofanili M, Welch DR. KISS1 in breast cancer progression and autophagy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:493-506. [PMID: 31705228 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressors are cellular proteins typically expressed in normal (non-cancer) cells that not only regulate such cellular functions as proliferation, migration and adhesion, but can also be secreted into extracellular space and serve as biomarkers for pathological conditions or tumor progression. KISS1, a precursor for several shorter peptides, known as metastin (Kisspeptin-54), Kisspeptin-14, Kisspeptin-13 and Kisspeptin-10, is one of those metastasis suppressor proteins, whose expression is commonly downregulated in the metastatic tumors of various origins. The commonly accepted role of KISS1 in metastatic tumor progression mechanism is the ability of this protein to suppress colonization of disseminated cancer cells in distant organs critical for the formation of the secondary tumor foci. Besides, recent evidence suggests involvement of KISS1 in the mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, autophagy and apoptosis regulation, suggesting a possible role in both restricting and promoting cancer cell invasion. Here, we discuss the role of KISS1 in regulating metastases, the link between KISS1 expression and the autophagy-related biology of cancer cells and the perspectives of using KISS1 as a potential diagnostic marker for cancer progression as well as a new anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Anton V Borovjagin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Massimo Cristofanili
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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25
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Neophytou CM, Kyriakou TC, Papageorgis P. Mechanisms of Metastatic Tumor Dormancy and Implications for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246158. [PMID: 31817646 PMCID: PMC6940943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, a multistep process during which tumor cells disseminate to secondary organs, represents the main cause of death for cancer patients. Metastatic dormancy is a late stage during cancer progression, following extravasation of cells at a secondary site, where the metastatic cells stop proliferating but survive in a quiescent state. When the microenvironmental conditions are favorable, they re-initiate proliferation and colonize, sometimes years after treatment of the primary tumor. This phenomenon represents a major clinical obstacle in cancer patient care. In this review, we describe the current knowledge regarding the genetic or epigenetic mechanisms that are activated by cancer cells that either sustain tumor dormancy or promote escape from this inactive state. In addition, we focus on the role of the microenvironment with emphasis on the effects of extracellular matrix proteins and in factors implicated in regulating dormancy during colonization to the lungs, brain, and bone. Finally, we describe the opportunities and efforts being made for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat metastatic cancer, by targeting the dormancy stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana M. Neophytou
- European University Research Centre, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
- Department of Life Science, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | | | - Panagiotis Papageorgis
- European University Research Centre, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
- Department of Life Science, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
- Correspondence:
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26
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Qiu JJ, Lin XJ, Tang XY, Zheng TT, Zhang XY, Hua KQ. Long noncoding RNA TC0101441 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in epithelial ovarian cancer metastasis by downregulating KiSS1. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:2588-2598. [PMID: 31577838 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is a critical feature and clinical challenge in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). We previously identified a novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA, TC0101441) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) using microarrays. However, the impact of TC0101441 on EOC metastasis and prognosis remains unclear. TC0101441 expression in EOC tissues and its correlation with clinicopathological factors and prognosis were examined. A series of in vitro and in vivo assays were performed to elucidate the roles and mechanism of TC0101441 in EOC metastasis. We found that TC0101441 levels were elevated in EOC tissues compared with those in normal controls and significantly correlated with an advanced clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. TC0101441 was determined to be an independent prognostic predictor of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Furthermore, loss-of-function assays showed that TC0101441 promoted the invasive and metastatic capacities of EOC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the prometastatic effects of TC0101441 were linked to the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Importantly, KiSS1 was identified as a downstream target gene of TC0101441 and was downregulated by TC0101441 in EOC cells. After TC0101441 was silenced, the corresponding phenotypes of EOC cell invasion and EMT were reversed by the overexpression of KiSS1. Taken together, our data suggest that TC0101441 functions as a potential promigratory/invasive oncogene by promoting EMT and metastasis in EOC through downregulation of KiSS1, which may represent a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Qiu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Lin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Yin Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Qin Hua
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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27
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Stathaki M, Stamatiou ME, Magioris G, Simantiris S, Syrigos N, Dourakis S, Koutsilieris M, Armakolas A. The role of kisspeptin system in cancer biology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 142:130-140. [PMID: 31401420 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins are a family of neuropeptides that are known to be critical in puberty initiation and ovulation. Apart from that kisspeptin derived peptides (KPs) are also known for their antimetastatic activities in several malignancies. Herein we report recent evidence of the role of kisspeptins in cancer biology and we examine the prospective of targeting the kisspeptin pathways leading to a better prognosis in patients with malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Stathaki
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Evanthia Stamatiou
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Magioris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Simantiris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Syrigos
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Dourakis
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine Hippokration General Hospital Athens Greece, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Yang H, Dai H, Li L, Wang X, Wang P, Song F, Zhang B, Chen K. Age at menarche and epithelial ovarian cancer risk: A meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization study. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4012-4022. [PMID: 31145551 PMCID: PMC6639189 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Age at menarche (AAM) was found to be associated with ovarian cancer risk in previous observational studies. However, the causality of this association remains unclear. Here, after systematic meta-analyses, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to evaluate the causal effect of AAM in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) etiology. We performed meta-analyses including 11 410 cases and 1 163 117 noncases to quantitatively evaluate the association between AAM and ovarian cancer risk. In MR analyses, we used 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AAM for Chinese and 390 SNPs for Europeans as instrumental variables. MR estimates were calculated using inverse-variance weighted methods from 1044 cases and 1172 controls in a Chinese genome-wide association study and validated by the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium and Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 studies with 29 396 cases and 68 502 controls of European ancestry. In meta-analyses, we observed an inverse association (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.93 to 1.00, P = 0.036) between per year older AAM and ovarian cancer risk in case-control studies, but no association was observed in cohort studies. In MR analyses, the OR of EOC risk per year increase in AAM was 0.81 (95% CI = 0.67 to 0.97, P = 0.026) in Chinese and 0.94 (95% CI = 0.90 to 0.98, P = 0.003) in Europeans, respectively. Our study supports a causal association between AAM and EOC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongji Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lian Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peishan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengju Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ben Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, First Affiliated Hospital and Southwest School of Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Taniguchi-Ponciano K, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Marrero-Rodríguez D, Arreola-De la Cruz H, Huerta-Padilla V, Muñoz N, Gómez-Ortiz L, Ponce-Navarrete G, Rodríguez-Esquivel M, Mendoza-Rodríguez M, Gómez-Virgilio L, Peralta R, Serna L, Gómez G, Ortiz J, Mantilla A, Hernández D, Hernández Á, Bandala C, Salcedo M. The KISS1 gene overexpression as a potential molecular marker for cervical cancer cells. Cancer Biomark 2018; 22:709-719. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Taniguchi-Ponciano
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Marrero-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio 5 Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Arreola-De la Cruz
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Huerta-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Gómez-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodríguez-Esquivel
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mónica Mendoza-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
- Universidad Politécnico de Huatusco, Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Laura Gómez-Virgilio
- Laboratorio 5 Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Peralta
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Luis Serna
- Clínica de Displasias, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Gómez
- Clínica de Displasias, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ortiz
- Clínica de Displasias, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Mantilla
- Servicio de Patología, Hospital de Oncología CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Hernández
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ángeles Hernández
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Unidad de Apoyo a la Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Salcedo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
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Lysophospholipid Signaling in the Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070227. [PMID: 29987226 PMCID: PMC6071084 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the important cancer hallmarks, metabolism reprogramming, including lipid metabolism alterations, occurs in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). It plays an important role in tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. Lipids, and several lysophospholipids in particular, are elevated in the blood, ascites, and/or epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissues, making them not only useful biomarkers, but also potential therapeutic targets. While the roles and signaling of these lipids in tumor cells are extensively studied, there is a significant gap in our understanding of their regulations and functions in the context of the microenvironment. This review focuses on the recent study development in several oncolipids, including lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate, with emphasis on TME in ovarian cancer.
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Saedi S, Khoradmehr A, Mohammad Reza JS, Tamadon A. The role of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters on kisspeptin/kiss1r-signaling in female reproduction. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 92:71-82. [PMID: 30008384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive function is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonads (HPG) axis. Hypothalamic neurons synthesizing kisspeptin play a fundamental role in the central regulation of the timing of puberty onset and reproduction in mammals. Kisspeptin is a regulator of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In female rodent, the kisspeptin (encoded by kiss1 gene), neurokinin B (Tac3) and dynorphin neurons form the basis for the "KNDy neurons" in the arcuate nucleus and play a fundamental role in the regulation of GnRH/LH release. Furthermore, various factors including neurotransmitters and neuropeptides may cooperate with kisspeptin signaling to modulate GnRH function. Many neuropeptides including proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, and other neuropeptides, as well as neurotransmitters, dopamine, norepinephrine and γ-aminobutyric acid are suggested to control feeding and HPG axis, the underlying mechanisms are not well known. Nonetheless, to date, information about the neurochemical factors of kisspeptin neurons remains incomplete in rodent. This review is intended to provide an overview of KNDy neurons; major neuropeptides and neurotransmitters interfere in kisspeptin signaling to modulate GnRH function for regulation of puberty onset and reproduction, with a focus on the female rodent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Saedi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Arezoo Khoradmehr
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | | | - Amin Tamadon
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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Functional examination of novel kisspeptin phosphinic peptides. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195089. [PMID: 29614094 PMCID: PMC5882139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins acting on their cognate G protein-coupled receptor, kisspeptin receptor, play important roles in the suppression of cancer cell metastasis and regulation of the reproductive system, and therefore are important for therapeutic intervention. All native functional human kisspeptins (kisspeptin-54, kisspsptin-14 and kisspeptin-13) share the 10 amino acids of kisspeptin-10 at their C-terminus (45–54). However, they are inactivated rapidly by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) through the cleavage of the peptide bond between glycine51 and leucine52, which limits their clinical applications. Development of MMP-resistant analogues of kisspeptins may provide better therapeutic outputs. In the present study, two kisspeptin phosphinic peptides were designed and synthesized, and their ability to induce phosphorylation of ERK1/2 through kisspeptin receptor and their inhibition on MMP-2 and MMP-9 whose activity correlates with cancer metastasis were assessed. The results showed that one analogue, phosphinic kisspeptin R isomer (PKPR), exhibited kisspeptin receptor-agonistic activity and also inhibitory activity on MMP-2, indicating that PKPR may serve as a lead for the further development of kisspeptin analogues for therapeutic purpose.
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Docosahexaenoic Acid Modulates Invasion and Metastasis of Human Ovarian Cancer via Multiple Molecular Pathways. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2017; 26:994-1003. [PMID: 27258728 PMCID: PMC4920273 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells (A2780, HO8910, and SKOV-3). METHODS Cytotoxicity assay was performed to determine the optimal doses of DHA in this experiment. The effects of DHA on invasion ability were assessed by invasion assay. The expressions of messenger RNA and/or proteins associated with invasion or metastasis were detected by quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction or Western blot. The effect of DHA on cell metastasis was assessed in xenograft model of zebrafish. RESULTS Docosahexaenoic acid and α-linolenic acid could reduce the cell vitalities in dose-dependent manner. However, DHA inhibited the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells, but α-linolenic acid did not (**P < 0.01). Docosahexaenoic acid could downregulate the expressions of WAVE3, vascular endothelial cell growth factor, and MMP-9, and upregulate KISS-1, TIMP-1, and PPAR-γ, which negatively correlated with cell invasion and metastasis (*P < 0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid restrained the development of subintestinal vessels and cancer cell metastasis in xenograft model of zebrafish (**P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Docosahexaenoic acid inhibited the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo through the modulation of NF-κB signaling pathway, suggesting that DHA is a promising candidate for ovarian cancer therapy.
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Kaverina N, Borovjagin AV, Kadagidze Z, Baryshnikov A, Baryshnikova M, Malin D, Ghosh D, Shah N, Welch DR, Gabikian P, Karseladze A, Cobbs C, Ulasov IV. Astrocytes promote progression of breast cancer metastases to the brain via a KISS1-mediated autophagy. Autophagy 2017; 13:1905-1923. [PMID: 28981380 PMCID: PMC5788498 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1360466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of metastases, also known as cancer dissemination, is an important stage of breast cancer (BrCa) development. KISS1 expression is associated with inhibition of metastases development. Recently we have demonstrated that BrCa metastases to the brain exhibit low levels of KISS1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. By using multicolor immunofluorescence and coculture techniques here we show that normal adult astrocytes in the brain are capable of promoting metastatic transformation of circulating breast cancer cells localized to the brain through secretion of chemokine CXCL12. The latter was found in this study to downregulate KISS1 expression at the post-transcriptional level via induction of microRNA-345 (MIR345). Furthermore, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of KISS1 downregulates ATG5 and ATG7, 2 key modulators of autophagy, and works concurrently with autophagy inhibitors, thereby implicating autophagy in the mechanism of KISS1-mediated BrCa metastatic transformation. We also found that expression of KISS1 in human breast tumor specimens inversely correlates with that of MMP9 and IL8, implicated in the mechanism of metastatic invasion, thereby supporting the role of KISS1 as a potential regulator of BrCa metastatic invasion in the brain. This conclusion is further supported by the ability of KISS1, ectopically overexpressed from an adenoviral vector in MDA-MB-231Br cells with silenced expression of the endogenous gene, to revert invasive phenotype of those cells. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that human adult astrocytes can promote brain invasion of the brain-localized circulating breast cancer cells by upregulating autophagy signaling pathways via the CXCL12-MIR345- KISS1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Kaverina
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton V. Borovjagin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Health Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zaira Kadagidze
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Baryshnikov
- Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Baryshnikova
- Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Malin
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dhimankrishhna Ghosh
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nameeta Shah
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danny R. Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kansas University Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Patrik Gabikian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Apollon Karseladze
- Pathology, Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Charles Cobbs
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Ulasov
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Kim TH, Cho SG. Kisspeptin inhibits cancer growth and metastasis via activation of EIF2AK2. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7585-7590. [PMID: 28944853 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin is a protein encoded by the KISS1 gene, which has been reported to suppress the metastatic capabilities of various types of cancer cells, through the activation of its G‑protein coupled receptor GPR54. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of kisspeptin‑mediated signaling in the inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion have yet to be elucidated. The present in vitro cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays and in vivo experimental metastasis studies demonstrated that kisspeptin‑induced eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) activation suppressed the metastatic capabilities of several types of cancer cells. Kisspeptin was revealed to inhibit the migratory and invasive abilities of highly metastatic breast SK‑BR‑3, prostatic PC‑3 and colorectal adenocarcinoma LoVo human cancer cell lines, whereas its inhibitory effects were abolished following the silencing of EIF2AK2 expression using RNA interference. Similarly, kisspeptin failed to inhibit the migration and invasion of mouse embryonic fibroblasts following the deletion of the EIF2AK2 gene. Furthermore, kisspeptin was demonstrated to activate Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA)‑dependent signaling, and to phosphorylate EIF2AK2 via RhoA‑mediated pathways in various cancer cells. In addition, results obtained from nude mice bearing LoVo‑derived xenograft tumors revealed that kisspeptin inhibited tumor growth through an EIF2AK2‑dependent mechanism, and an in vivo metastasis assay identified kisspeptin‑activated EIF2AK2 signaling as critical for the suppression of distant metastasis. The present study concluded that kisspeptin represses cancer metastasis via EIF2AK2 signaling, thus clarifying the role of kisspeptin signaling in complicated cancer metastasis signaling network. Therefore, kisspeptin treatment may be a choice for blocking metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyong, Chungbuk 368‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gook Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyong, Chungbuk 368‑701, Republic of Korea
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Yu L, Zhu B, Wu S, Zhou L, Song W, Gong X, Wang D. Evaluation of the correlation of vasculogenic mimicry, ALDH1, KiSS-1, and MACC1 in the prediction of metastasis and prognosis in ovarian carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2017; 12:23. [PMID: 28253891 PMCID: PMC5335811 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-017-0612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence and metastasis are the usual manifestations of treatment failure of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Vasculogenic mimicry (VM; blood supply development often seen in highly aggressive cancers), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1, cancer stem cell biomarker), KiSS-1 (suppressor of tumor metastasis), and metastasis associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) are all useful predictive factors for metastasis and prognosis in various cancers. In this study, we analyzed associations among VM, ALDH1, KiSS-1, and MACC1 in EOC, and their respective correlations with clinicopathological characteristics and survival in EOC. METHODS Positive rates of VM, ALDH1, KiSS-1, and MACC1 in 207 whole EOC tissue samples were detected by immunohistochemistry. Patients' clinical data were also collected. RESULTS Levels of VM, ALDH1, and MACC1 were significantly higher, and levels of KiSS-1 significantly lower, in EOC tissues than in benign ovary tumors. Levels of VM, ALDH1, KiSS-1, and MACC1 were associated significantly with tumor/lymph node/metastasis (LNM) grade, implantation, and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, and with patients' overall survival (OS); whereas the KiSS-1+ subgroup had significantly longer OS than did the KiSS-1- subgroup. In multivariate analysis, high VM, ALDH1 or MACC1 levels, FIGO stage, implantation and low KiSS-1 levels were independently associated with shorter OS in patients with EOC. CONCLUSIONS VM and expressions of ALDH1, KiSS-1, and MACC1 represent promising markers for metastasis and prognosis, and potential therapeutic targets for EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shiwu Wu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wenqing Song
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaomeng Gong
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
| | - Danna Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
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Deka SJ, Roy A, Ramakrishnan V, Manna D, Trivedi V. Danazol has potential to cause PKC translocation, cell cycle dysregulation, and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:953-963. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Jyoti Deka
- Malaria Research Group; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati; Guwahati Assam India
| | - Ashalata Roy
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati; Guwahati Assam India
| | - Vibin Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Informatics & Design Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati; Guwahati Assam India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati; Guwahati Assam India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Malaria Research Group; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati; Guwahati Assam India
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Zhang Q, Madden NE, Wong AST, Chow BKC, Lee LTO. The Role of Endocrine G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Ovarian Cancer Progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:66. [PMID: 28439256 PMCID: PMC5383648 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women and the most lethal gynecological cancer, causing over 151,000 deaths worldwide each year. Dysregulated production of endocrine hormones, known to have pluripotent effects on cell function through the activation of receptor signaling pathways, is believed to be a high-risk factor for ovarian cancer. An increasing body of evidence suggests that endocrine G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in the progression and metastasis of ovarian neoplasms. GPCRs are attractive drug targets because their activities are regulated by more than 25% of all drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Therefore, understanding the role of endocrine GPCRs during ovarian cancer progression and metastasis will allow for the development of novel strategies to design effective chemotherapeutic drugs against malignant ovarian tumors. In this review, we address the signaling pathways and functional roles of several key endocrine GPCRs that are related to the cause, progression, and metastasis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Nadine Ellen Madden
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Alice Sze Tsai Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Leo Tsz On Lee
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
- *Correspondence: Leo Tsz On Lee,
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Hu KL, Zhao H, Chang HM, Yu Y, Qiao J. Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin Receptor System in the Ovary. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:365. [PMID: 29354093 PMCID: PMC5758547 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins are a family of neuropeptides that are critical for initiating puberty and regulating ovulation in sexually mature females via the central control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Recent studies have shown that kisspeptin and its receptor kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) are expressed in the mammalian ovary. Convincing evidence indicates that kisspeptins can activate a wide variety of signals via its binding to KISS1R. Experimental data gathered recently suggest a putative role of kisspeptin signaling in the direct control of ovarian function, including follicular development, oocyte maturation, steroidogenesis, and ovulation. Dysregulation or naturally occurring mutations of the kisspeptin/KISS1R system may negatively affect the ovarian function, leading to reproductive pathology or female infertility. A comprehensive understanding of the expression, actions, and underlying molecular mechanisms of this system in the human ovary is essential for novel approaches to therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in reproductive diseases and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lun Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongcui Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongcui Zhao, ; Yang Yu,
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongcui Zhao, ; Yang Yu,
| | - Jie Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Shin WJ, Cho YA, Kang KR, Kim JH, Hong SD, Lee JI, Hong SP, Yoon HJ. KiSS-1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic significance. APMIS 2016; 124:291-8. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wui-Jung Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Young-Ah Cho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyung-Rim Kang
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Seong-Doo Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jae-Il Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Sam-Pyo Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Yoon
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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WANG CHUNHUI, QIAO CHONG, WANG RUOCHEN, ZHOU WENPING. KiSS‑1‑mediated suppression of the invasive ability of human pancreatic carcinoma cells is not dependent on the level of KiSS‑1 receptor GPR54. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:123-9. [PMID: 26572251 PMCID: PMC4686058 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of local invasion and lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic cancer limits survival following surgical intervention and additional therapies. Reduced expression of KiSS‑1 in pancreatic cancer is associated with cancer metastasis. Previous studies have indicated that kisspeptin, the KiSS‑1 peptide, is able to bind to its receptor‑GPR54 (hOT7T175) and suppress the migration of PANC‑1 pancreatic cancer cells. Whether the metastatic suppression of KiSS‑1 is dependent on the levels of GPR54 in pancreatic cancer cell lines remains unclear. Human BxPC‑3 pancreatic carcinoma cells are highly differentiated without exhibiting metastasis, however PANC‑1 pancreatic carcinoma cells are poorly differentiated and exhibit local and lymph node metastasis. Compared with primary cultured trophoblasts, BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cells were observed to express low levels of KiSS‑1 mRNA and protein, measured using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. However, greater mRNA and protein expression levels of GPR54 were observed in PANC‑1 cells compared with BxPc‑3 cells. An MTT assay was used to investigate the effect of KiSS‑1 on BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cell proliferation. There were no significant differences in proliferation following transfection with KiSS‑1 in BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cells compared with the controls (P>0.05). A Transwell assay with chambers coated with Matrigel was used to evaluate the in vitro invasive ability of BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cells, with the invasion index of BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cells significantly reduced following 48 h of KiSS‑1 overexpression (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of KiSS‑1 were significantly increased in BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cells 48 h subsequent to transfection with KiSS‑1 (P<0.05), while GPR54 expression was not altered (P>0.05). KiSS‑1 is a metastasis suppressor gene of pancreatic cancer, and this suppression is not dependent on the expression levels of GPR54. Therefore, KiSS‑1 is potentially a novel target for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHUN-HUI WANG
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - CHONG QIAO
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - RUO-CHEN WANG
- Liaoning Province Shiyan High School, Shenyang, Liaoning 110841, P.R. China
| | - WEN-PING ZHOU
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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KISS1R signaling promotes invadopodia formation in human breast cancer cell via β-arrestin2/ERK. Cell Signal 2015; 28:165-176. [PMID: 26721186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptins (KPs), peptide products of the KISS1 gene are endogenous ligands for the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), a G protein-coupled receptor. In numerous cancers, KISS1R signaling plays anti-metastatic roles. However, we have previously shown that in breast cancer cells lacking the estrogen receptor (ERα), kisspeptin-10 stimulates cell migration and invasion by cross-talking with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), via a β-arrestin-2-dependent mechanism. To further define the mechanisms by which KISS1R stimulates invasion, we determined the effect of down-regulating KISS1R expression in triple negative breast cancer cells. We found that depletion of KISS1R reduced their mesenchymal phenotype and invasiveness. We show for the first time that KISS1R signaling induces invadopodia formation and activation of key invadopodia proteins, cortactin, cofilin and membrane type I matrix metalloproteases (MT1-MMP). Moreover, KISS1R stimulated invadopodia formation occurs via a new pathway involving a β-arrestin2 and ERK1/2-dependent mechanism, independent of Src. Taken together, our findings suggest that targeting the KISS1R signaling axis might be a promising strategy to inhibit invasiveness and metastasis.
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Noroozi A, Jafarzadeh Shirazi MR, Tamadon A, Moghadam A, Niazi A. Increased Litter Size and Suckling Intensity Stimulate mRNA of RFamide-related Peptide in Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2015; 9:380-6. [PMID: 26644862 PMCID: PMC4671385 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2015.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) inhibits gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in rats. This study evaluates the
effects of litter size and suckling intensity on RFRP mRNA expression in the dorsomedial
hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) of rats. Materials and Methods A total of 32 pregnant and 4 non-lactating ovariectomized
(control group) Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this experimental study. Lactating rats
were allotted to 8 equal groups. In 3 groups, the litter size was adjusted to 5, 10, or 15
pups upon parturition. Dams were allowed to suckle their pups continuously until 8 days
postpartum. In the other 3 groups, the litter size was adjusted to 5 pups following birth.
These pups were separated from the dams for 6 hours on day 8 postpartum, after which
the pups were allowed to suckle for 2.5, 5, or 7.5 minutes prior to killing the dams. In
2 groups, lactating rats with 10 and 15 pups were separated from their pups for 6 hours
on day 8 postpartum. In these groups, the pups were allowed to suckle their dams for 5
minutes before the dams were killed. All rats were killed on day 8 postpartum and the
DMH was removed from each rat. We evaluated RFRP mRNA expression using realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The expression of RFRP mRNA in the DMH increased with increased litter size
and suckling intensity compared to the controls. The effect of suckling intensity on the
expression of RFRP mRNA was more pronounced compared to the litter size. Conclusion Increased litter size and suckling intensity stimulated RFRP mRNA expression in the DMH which might contribute to lactation anestrus in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Noroozi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Amin Tamadon
- Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Moghadam
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Niazi
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Wahab F, Atika B, Shahab M, Behr R. Kisspeptin signalling in the physiology and pathophysiology of the urogenital system. Nat Rev Urol 2015; 13:21-32. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhu C, Takasu C, Morine Y, Bando Y, Ikemoto T, Saito Y, Yamada S, Imura S, Arakawa Y, Shimada M. KISS1 Associates with Better Outcome via Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Colorectal Liver Metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 Suppl 3:S1516-23. [PMID: 26471489 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer metastasis is a major contributor to patient death because of its systemic nature and resistance to therapeutic agents. KISS1, originally identified to be a metastasis suppressor, couples to its receptor KISS1R and plays a pivotal role in suppressing cancer metastasis. In this study, we investigated KISS1 and KISS1R expression in colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM), and analyzed their correlation with patients' clinicopathological variables, including prognosis. METHODS Overall, 55 patients with CRLM who underwent hepatectomy between 2003 and 2013 were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the protein expression of KISS1, KISS1R, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Clinicopathological variables, including prognosis, were compared between low- and high-expressing groups of KISS1 or KISS1R. We analyzed the correlation of KISS1 or KISS1R protein expression with MMP-9. RESULTS Expression of both KISS1 and KISS1R was significantly correlated with overall survival (p = 0.0283 and p = 0.0275, respectively). The 5-year overall survival rate of the KISS1 and KISS1R low groups was 44.3 and 39.3 %, and 73.7 and 67.9 % in the high groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that KISS1 low expression was an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.037, hazard ratio 0.20). Moreover, KISS1 low-expression patients had more frequent distant metastasis (p < 0.05). Furthermore, KISS1 low-expressing tumor tissues expressed more MMP-9 protein (p = 0.034), which was mainly expressed in neutrophils at the metastatic tumor edge. CONCLUSION KISS1 could be a promising prognostic and therapeutic marker in CRLM. KISS1 low expression may induce high MMP-9 expression in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhan Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Bando
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Satoru Imura
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Arakawa
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
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Golzar F, Javanmard SH, Bahrambeigi V, Rafiee L. The effect of Kisspeptin-10 on mesenchymal stem cells migration in vitro and in vivo. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:20. [PMID: 25709985 PMCID: PMC4333426 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.149851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kisspeptins (kp) activate a receptor coupled to a Gαq subunit (GPR54 or KiSS-1R) receptor to perform a variety of functions, including inhibition of cell motility, chemotaxis, and metastasis. In this study we have investigated whether kp-10, the most potent member of the kisspeptin family, can modulate CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4) expression and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migration that may influence the development of tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared the directional migration of MSCs treated with 10-100 or 500 nM kp-10 for 24 hours and no treated cells using an in vitro transmembrane migration assay. In addition, Chloromethylbenzamido Dialkylacarbocyanine (CM-Dil) labeled adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells treated with 10-100 or 500 nM kp-10 and no treated cells were transfused via the tail vein to the melanoma tumor bearing C57BL/6 mice. After 24 hours, the mice were scarified, the tumors were dissected, and the tumor cell suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry for detection of CM-Dil(+) MSCs. RESULTS We have found that kp-10 increased the MSCs migration at 100 nM, while it decreased the MSCs migration at 500 nM, both in vitro and in vivo, with a significant increase of CXCR4 expression at 100 nM kp-10 compared to the no treated cells, but it had no significant difference between the various concentrations of kp-10. CONCLUSION Thus, our data showed that kp-10 can differently affect MSCs migration in various concentrations, probably through different effects on CXCR4 expression in various concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Golzar
- Student's Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Physiology Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Bahrambeigi
- Physiology Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Laleh Rafiee
- Physiology Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Yi YW, Oh S. Comparative analysis of NRF2-responsive gene expression in AcPC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line. Genes Genomics 2014; 37:97-109. [PMID: 25540678 PMCID: PMC4269820 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
NRF2 is a nuclear transcription factor activated in response to oxidative stress and related with metabolizing of xenotoxic materials and ABC transporter mediated drug resistance. We studied the expression of mRNAs under the siRNA-mediated knockdown of NRF2 and tBHQ-treated condition in AsPC-1 metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line to understand the AsPC-1 specific role(s) of NRF2 and further to investigate the relationship between drug resistance and metastatic plasticity and mobility of AsPc1. Here we show that the genes of aldo–keto reductases, cytochrome P450 family, aldehyde dehydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase, ABC transporter and epoxide hydrolase responsible for drug metabolism or oxidative stress concisely responded to NRF2 stabilization and knockdown of NRF2. In addition the expression of PIR, a candidate of oncogene and KISS1, a suppressor of metastasis were affected by NRF2 stabilization and knockdown. Our result provide comprehensive understanding of NRF2 target genes of drug response, oxidative stress response and metastasis in AsPc-1 metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Graduate School, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Oh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714 Republic of Korea
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Development of a novel liposomal nanodelivery system for bioluminescence imaging and targeted drug delivery in ErbB2-overexpressing metastatic ovarian carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1225-32. [PMID: 25190023 PMCID: PMC4199413 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes as targeted drug delivery systems are an emerging strategy in the treatment of cancer to selectively target tumors or genes. In this study, we generated the recombinant protein, EC1-GLuc, by fusing the EC1 peptide, an artificial ligand of ErbB2, with Gaussia luciferase (GLuc). The purified EC1-GLuc was conjugated with a nickel-chelating liposome to construct the EC1-GLuc-liposome. In vitro experiments revealed that the EC1-GLuc-liposome selectively targeted and internalized into ErbB2-overexpressing SKOv3 cells for bioluminescence imaging. A cell-impermeable fluorescence dye (HPTS) encapsulated in the EC-GLuc-liposome was efficiently delivered into the SKOv3 cells. In addition, the EC1-GLuc-liposome also targeted metastatic SKOv3 tumors for bioluminescence imaging and effectively delivered HPTS into metastatic tumors in vivo. Therefore, the present study demonstrates the novel EC1-GLuc-liposome to be an effective theranostic system for monitoring and treating ErbB2-overexpressing metastatic ovarian carcinoma through a combination of targeted molecular imaging and DDS.
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Chen SQ, Chen ZH, Lin SY, Dai QB, Fu LX, Chen RQ. KISS1 methylation and expression as predictors of disease progression in colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10071-10081. [PMID: 25110434 PMCID: PMC4123336 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effect of aberrant methylation of the KISS1 promoter on the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and to investigate reversing aberrant methylation of the KISS1 promoter as a potential therapeutic target.
METHODS: KISS1 promoter methylation, mRNA expression and protein expression were detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting, respectively, in 126 CRC tissues and 142 normal colorectal tissues. Human CRC cells with KISS1 promoter hypermethylation and poor KISS1 expression were treated in vitro with 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR). After treatment, KISS1 promoter methylation, KISS1 mRNA and protein expression and cell migration and invasion were evaluated.
RESULTS: Hypermethylation of KISS1 occurred frequently in CRC samples (83.1%, 105/126), but was infrequent in normal colorectal tissues (6.34%, 9/142). Moreover, KISS1 methylation was associated with tumor differentiation, the depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis (P < 0.001). KISS1 methylation was also associated with low KISS1 expression (P < 0.001). Furthermore, we observed re-expression of the KISS1 gene and decreased cell migration after 5-Aza-CdR treatment in a CRC cell line.
CONCLUSION: These data suggest that KISS1 is down-regulated in cancer tissues via promoter hypermethylation and therefore may represent a candidate target for treating metastatic CRC.
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Schiano C, Casamassimi A, Rienzo M, de Nigris F, Sommese L, Napoli C. Involvement of Mediator complex in malignancy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1845:66-83. [PMID: 24342527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mediator complex (MED) is an evolutionarily conserved multiprotein, fundamental for growth and survival of all cells. In eukaryotes, the mRNA transcription is dependent on RNA polymerase II that is associated to various molecules like general transcription factors, MED subunits and chromatin regulators. To date, transcriptional machinery dysfunction has been shown to elicit broad effects on cell proliferation, development, differentiation, and pathologic disease induction, including cancer. Indeed, in malignant cells, the improper activation of specific genes is usually ascribed to aberrant transcription machinery. Here, we focus our attention on the correlation of MED subunits with carcinogenesis. To date, many subunits are mutated or display altered expression in human cancers. Particularly, the role of MED1, MED28, MED12, CDK8 and Cyclin C in cancer is well documented, although several studies have recently reported a possible association of other subunits with malignancy. Definitely, a major comprehension of the involvement of the whole complex in cancer may lead to the identification of MED subunits as novel diagnostic/prognostic tumour markers to be used in combination with imaging technique in clinical oncology, and to develop novel anti-cancer targets for molecular-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Schiano
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), IRCCS, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Monica Rienzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena de Nigris
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Sommese
- U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), 1st School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), IRCCS, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), 1st School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
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