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Habib S, Osborn G, Willsmore Z, Chew MW, Jakubow S, Fitzpatrick A, Wu Y, Sinha K, Lloyd-Hughes H, Geh JLC, MacKenzie-Ross AD, Whittaker S, Sanz-Moreno V, Lacy KE, Karagiannis SN, Adams R. Tumor associated macrophages as key contributors and targets in current and future therapies for melanoma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:895-911. [PMID: 38533720 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2326626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the success of immunotherapies for melanoma in recent years, there remains a significant proportion of patients who do not yet derive benefit from available treatments. Immunotherapies currently licensed for clinical use target the adaptive immune system, focussing on Tcell interactions and functions. However, the most prevalent immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of melanoma are macrophages, a diverse immune cell subset displaying high plasticity, to which no current therapies are yet directly targeted. Macrophages have been shown not only to activate the adaptive immune response, and enhance cancer cell killing, but, when influenced by factors within the TME of melanoma, these cells also promote melanoma tumorigenesis and metastasis. AREAS COVERED We present a review of the most up-to-date literatureavailable on PubMed, focussing on studies from within the last 10 years. We also include data from ongoing and recent clinical trials targeting macrophages in melanoma listed on clinicaltrials.gov. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the multifaceted role of macrophages in melanoma, including their interactions with immune and cancer cells, the influence of current therapies on macrophage phenotype and functions and how macrophages could be targeted with novel treatment approaches, are all critical for improving outcomes for patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Habib
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Osborn
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zena Willsmore
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Min Waye Chew
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Jakubow
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda Fitzpatrick
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Oncology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Innovation Hub, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Yin Wu
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Oncology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Khushboo Sinha
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Hawys Lloyd-Hughes
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, England
| | - Jenny L C Geh
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, England
| | | | - Sean Whittaker
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Innovation Hub, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Adams
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Malta MD, Cerqueira MT, Marques AP. Extracellular matrix in skin diseases: The road to new therapies. J Adv Res 2023; 51:149-160. [PMID: 36481476 PMCID: PMC10491993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vital structure with a dynamic and complex organization that plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis. In the skin, the ECM is arranged into two types of compartments: interstitial dermal matrix and basement membrane (BM). All evidence in the literature supports the notion that direct dysregulation of the composition, abundance or structure of one of these types of ECM, or indirect modifications in proteins that interact with them is linked to a wide range of human skin pathologies, including hereditary, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Even though the ECM's key role in these pathologies has been widely documented, its potential as a therapeutic target has been overlooked. AIM OF REVIEW This review discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in three groups of skin ECM-related diseases - genetic, autoimmune, and neoplastic - and the recent therapeutic progress and opportunities targeting ECM. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This article describes the implications of alterations in ECM components and in BM-associated molecules that are determinant for guaranteeing its function in different skin disorders. Also, ongoing clinical trials on ECM-targeted therapies are discussed together with future opportunities that may open new avenues for treating ECM-associated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Malta
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M T Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A P Marques
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
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Chaintreuil P, Kerreneur E, Bourgoin M, Savy C, Favreau C, Robert G, Jacquel A, Auberger P. The generation, activation, and polarization of monocyte-derived macrophages in human malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178337. [PMID: 37143666 PMCID: PMC10151765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells that originate from embryogenesis or from the differentiation of monocytes. They can adopt numerous phenotypes depending on their origin, tissue distribution and in response to different stimuli and tissue environment. Thus, in vivo, macrophages are endowed with a continuum of phenotypes that are rarely strictly pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory and exhibit a broad expression profile that sweeps over the whole polarization spectrum. Schematically, three main macrophage subpopulations coexist in human tissues: naïve macrophages also called M0, pro-inflammatory macrophages referred as M1 macrophages, and anti-inflammatory macrophages also known as M2 macrophages. Naïve macrophages display phagocytic functions, recognize pathogenic agents, and rapidly undergo polarization towards pro or anti-inflammatory macrophages to acquire their full panel of functions. Pro-inflammatory macrophages are widely involved in inflammatory response, during which they exert anti-microbial and anti-tumoral functions. By contrast, anti-inflammatory macrophages are implicated in the resolution of inflammation, the phagocytosis of cell debris and tissue reparation following injuries. Macrophages also play important deleterious or beneficial roles in the initiation and progression of different pathophysiological settings including solid and hematopoietic cancers. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the generation, activation and polarization of macrophages is a prerequisite for the development of new therapeutic strategies to modulate macrophages functions in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chaintreuil
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Emeline Kerreneur
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Maxence Bourgoin
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Coline Savy
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Cécile Favreau
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Guillaume Robert
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Arnaud Jacquel, ; Patrick Auberger,
| | - Patrick Auberger
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Arnaud Jacquel, ; Patrick Auberger,
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Adams R, Osborn G, Mukhia B, Laddach R, Willsmore Z, Chenoweth A, Geh JLC, MacKenzie Ross AD, Healy C, Barber L, Tsoka S, Sanz-Moreno V, Lacy KE, Karagiannis SN. Influencing tumor-associated macrophages in malignant melanoma with monoclonal antibodies. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2127284. [PMID: 36211808 PMCID: PMC9543025 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2127284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the treatment of melanoma has significantly improved the clinical management of this malignancy over the last decade. Currently approved mAbs for melanoma enhance T cell effector immune responses by blocking immune checkpoint molecules PD-L1/PD-1 and CTLA-4. However, more than half of patients do not benefit from treatment. Targeting the prominent myeloid compartment within the tumor microenvironment, and in particular the ever-abundant tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), may be a promising strategy to complement existing therapies and enhance treatment success. TAMs are a highly diverse and plastic subset of cells whose pro-tumor properties can support melanoma growth, angiogenesis and invasion. Understanding of their diversity, plasticity and multifaceted roles in cancer forms the basis for new promising TAM-centered treatment strategies. There are multiple mechanisms by which macrophages can be targeted with antibodies in a therapeutic setting, including by depletion, inhibition of specific pro-tumor properties, differential polarization to pro-inflammatory states and enhancement of antitumor immune functions. Here, we discuss TAMs in melanoma, their interactions with checkpoint inhibitor antibodies and emerging mAbs targeting different aspects of TAM biology and their potential to be translated to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Adams
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Osborn
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Bipashna Mukhia
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Roman Laddach
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK,Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences, King’s College London, Bush House, London, UK
| | - Zena Willsmore
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alicia Chenoweth
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Innovation Hub, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jenny L C Geh
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK,Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, UK
| | | | - Ciaran Healy
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Linda Barber
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophia Tsoka
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences, King’s College London, Bush House, London, UK
| | | | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Innovation Hub, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK,CONTACT Sophia N Karagiannis St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, Tower Wing, 9th Floor, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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Adams R, Moser B, Karagiannis SN, Lacy KE. Chemokine Pathways in Cutaneous Melanoma: Their Modulation by Cancer and Exploitation by the Clinician. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225625. [PMID: 34830780 PMCID: PMC8615762 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma is rising globally and is projected to continue to rise. Advances in immunotherapy over the last decade have demonstrated that manipulation of the immune cell compartment of tumours is a valuable weapon in the arsenal against cancer; however, limitations to treatment still exist. Cutaneous melanoma lesions feature a dense cell infiltrate, coordinated by chemokines, which control the positioning of all immune cells. Melanomas are able to use chemokine pathways to preferentially recruit cells, which aid their growth, survival, invasion and metastasis, and which enhance their ability to evade anticancer immune responses. Aside from this, chemokine signalling can directly influence angiogenesis, invasion, lymph node, and distal metastases, including epithelial to mesenchymal transition-like processes and transendothelial migration. Understanding the interplay of chemokines, cancer cells, and immune cells may uncover future avenues for melanoma therapy, namely: identifying biomarkers for patient stratification, augmenting the effect of current and emerging therapies, and designing specific treatments to target chemokine pathways, with the aim to reduce melanoma pathogenicity, metastatic potential, and enhance immune cell-mediated cancer killing. The chemokine network may provide selective and specific targets that, if included in current therapeutic regimens, harbour potential to improve outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Adams
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK;
| | - Sophia N. Karagiannis
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
- Guy’s Cancer Centre, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Correspondence: (S.N.K.); (K.E.L.); Tel.: +44-0-20-7188-6355 (K.E.L.)
| | - Katie E. Lacy
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.N.K.); (K.E.L.); Tel.: +44-0-20-7188-6355 (K.E.L.)
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Zeng F, Li G, Liu X, Zhang K, Huang H, Jiang T, Zhang Y. Plasminogen Activator Urokinase Receptor Implies Immunosuppressive Features and Acts as an Unfavorable Prognostic Biomarker in Glioma. Oncologist 2021; 26:e1460-e1469. [PMID: 33687124 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical outcomes of patients with glioma are still poor, even after standard treatments, including surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. New therapeutic strategies and targets for glioma are urgently needed. Plasminogen activator urokinase receptor (PLAUR), a highly glycosylated integral membrane protein, is reported to modulate plasminogen activation and extracellular matrix degradation in many malignant cancers, but its role in gliomas remains unclear. METHODS Glioma samples with mRNA sequencing data and clinical information from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (n = 310) data set and The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 611) data set were collected for this study. Analyses using Kaplan-Meier plots, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves, Cox regression, and nomograms were conducted to evaluate the prognostic performance of PLAUR expression. Analyses using Metascape, ESTIMATE, EPIC, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to reveal the potential biological mechanism. The statistical analysis and graphical work were completed using SPSS, R language, and GraphPad Prism. RESULTS PLAUR was highly expressed in phenotypes associated with glioma malignancy and could serve as an independent prognostic indicator. Functional analysis revealed the correlation between PLAUR and immune response. Further studies found that samples with higher PLAUR expression were infiltrated with fewer CD8 T cells and many more M2 macrophages. Strong positive correlation was demonstrated between PLAUR expression and some immunosuppressive markers, including immune checkpoints and cytokines. These findings were also confirmed in patient samples. CONCLUSION Our results elucidated the clinical significance and immunosuppressive effect of PLAUR in gliomas, which might provide some clues in glioma immunotherapy. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Although the efficacy of immunotherapy has been verified in other tumors, its application in glioma is impeded because of the unique microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages, which are particularly abundant in a glioma mass, contribute much to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and offer new opportunities in glioma immunotherapy. The results of this study identified plasminogen activator urokinase receptor (PLAUR) expression as a potential marker to predict the infiltration of macrophages and the status of immune microenvironment in patients with glioma, suggesting that treatment decisions could be based on PLAUR level when administering immunotherapeutics. The soluble PLAUR in blood and other body fluids would make this approach easy to implement in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zeng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Han C, Lin S, Lu X, Xue L, Wu ZB. Tumor-Associated Macrophages: New Horizons for Pituitary Adenoma Researches. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:785050. [PMID: 34925244 PMCID: PMC8675584 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.785050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most common infiltrating immune cells and an essential component of tumor microenvironment. Macrophages and the soluble cytokines and chemokines produced play an important role in tumorigenesis, progression, invasion and metastasis in solid tumors. Despite the multiple studies in other solid tumors, there is little known about macrophages in pituitary adenomas. Recently, studies about pituitary adenoma-infiltrated macrophages have been emerging, including the immunohistochemical and immunophenotypic analysis of the pituitary adenomas and further studies into the mechanism of the crosstalk between macrophages and tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. These studies have offered us new insights into the polarization of macrophages and its role in tumorigenesis, progression and invasion of pituitary adenomas. This review describes the advances in the field of pituitary adenoma-infiltrated macrophages and the prospect of targeting macrophages as cancer therapy in pituitary adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhe Bao Wu
- *Correspondence: Shaojian Lin, ; Zhe Bao Wu,
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Pereira FV, Melo ACL, Silva MB, de Melo FM, Terra FF, Castro IA, Perandini LA, Miyagi MT, Sato FT, Origassa CST, Hiyane MI, Donato J, Wasinski F, Araujo RC, Festuccia WTL, da Silva JS, Camara NOS. Interleukin-6 and the Gut Microbiota Influence Melanoma Progression in Obese Mice. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:642-651. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1764982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe V. Pereira
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda C. L. Melo
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina B. Silva
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe M. de Melo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F. Terra
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris A. Castro
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Perandini
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelli T. Miyagi
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio T. Sato
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice S. T. Origassa
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meire I. Hiyane
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo C. Araujo
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William T. L. Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joao Santana da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen S. Camara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hugdahl E, Bachmann IM, Schuster C, Ladstein RG, Akslen LA. Prognostic value of uPAR expression and angiogenesis in primary and metastatic melanoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210399. [PMID: 30640942 PMCID: PMC6331131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is important for the progression of cutaneous melanoma. Here, we analyzed the prognostic impact of the angiogenic factor urokinase plasminogen activator resecptor (uPAR), vascular proliferation index (VPI) and tumor necrosis as a measure of hypoxia in a patient series of nodular melanomas (n = 255) and matched loco-regional metastases (n = 78). Expression of uPAR was determined by immunohistochemistry and VPI was assessed by dual immunohistochemistry using Factor-VIII/Ki67 staining. Necrosis was recorded based on HE-slides. As novel findings, high uPAR expression and high VPI were associated with each other, and with increased tumor thickness, presence of tumor necrosis, tumor ulceration, increased mitotic count and reduced cancer specific survival in primary melanoma. In matched cases, VPI was decreased in metastases, whereas the frequency of necrosis was increased. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the impact on melanoma specific survival of uPAR expression and VPI in primary tumors, and of increased necrosis as an indicator of tumor hypoxia in loco-regional metastases. These findings support the importance of tumor angiogenesis in melanoma aggressiveness, and suggest uPAR as an indicator of vascular proliferation and a potential biomarker in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Hugdahl
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingeborg M. Bachmann
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cornelia Schuster
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rita G. Ladstein
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars A. Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Pieniazek M, Matkowski R, Donizy P. Macrophages in skin melanoma-the key element in melanomagenesis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5399-5404. [PMID: 29552183 PMCID: PMC5840697 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive cancer and its onset and growth are associated, through direct and indirect interactions, with the cancer microenvironment. The microenvironment comprises a dynamic complex of numerous types of cells (due to histogenesis) that constantly interact with each other through multiple cytokines and signaling proteins. Macrophages are one of the most thoroughly studied pleiotropic cells of the immune system. One of their major cytophysiological functions is their involvement in phagocytosis. Previous studies examining the microenvironment of melanomas and tumor-associated macrophages have revealed that they are involved in all stages of melanomagenesis. In the case of cancer initiation, they form an inflammatory microenvironment and then suppress the anticancer activity of the immune system, stimulate angiogenesis, enhance migration and invasion of the cancer cells, and ultimately contribute to the metastatic process. The present review provides a detailed overview on the function of macrophages in the melanoma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Pieniazek
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tadeusz Koszarowski Regional Oncology Centre, Opole 45-061, Poland
| | - Rafal Matkowski
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-367, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Lower Silesian Oncology Centre, Wroclaw 53-413, Poland
| | - Piotr Donizy
- Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland
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11
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Delyon J, Varna M, Feugeas JP, Sadoux A, Yahiaoui S, Podgorniak MP, Leclert G, Dorval SM, Dumaz N, Soulie J, Janin A, Mourah S, Lebbé C. Validation of a preclinical model for assessment of drug efficacy in melanoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13069-81. [PMID: 26909610 PMCID: PMC4914342 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of personalized medicine is to improve our understanding of the disease at molecular level and to optimize therapeutic management. In this context, we have developed in vivo and ex vivo preclinical strategies evaluating the efficacy of innovative drugs in melanomas. Human melanomas (n = 17) of different genotypes (mutated BRAF, NRAS, amplified cKIT and wild type) were successfully engrafted in mice then amplified by successive transplantations. The exhaustive characterization of patient-derived xenografts (PDX) at genomic level (transcriptomic and CGH arrays) revealed a similar distribution pattern of genetic abnormalities throughout the successive transplantations compared to the initial patient tumor, enabling their use for mutation-specific therapy strategies. The reproducibility of their spontaneous metastatic potential in mice was assessed in 8 models. These PDXs were used for the development of histoculture drug response assays (ex vivo) for the evaluation of innovative drug efficacy (BRAF and MEK inhibitors). The pharmacological effects of BRAF and MEK inhibitors were similar between PDX-derived histocultures and their corresponding PDX, on 2 models of BRAF and NRAS-mutated melanomas. These models constitute a validated, effective tool for preclinical investigation of new therapeutic agents, and improve therapeutic strategies in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Delyon
- INSERM UMR_S976, Paris, F-75010, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Dermatology, Paris, F-75010, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Mariana Varna
- INSERM UMR_S1165, Paris, F-75010, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Department of Pathology, UMR_S1165, Paris, F-75010, France.,UMR CNRS 8612, Institut Galien-UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92290, France
| | - Jean-Paul Feugeas
- Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75013, France.,INSERM UMR_1137, Paris, F-75018, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarra Mazouz Dorval
- Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75013, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Esthetic Surgery, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Nicolas Dumaz
- INSERM UMR_S976, Paris, F-75010, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75013, France
| | | | - Anne Janin
- INSERM UMR_S1165, Paris, F-75010, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Department of Pathology, UMR_S1165, Paris, F-75010, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Pathology, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Samia Mourah
- INSERM UMR_S976, Paris, F-75010, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75013, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Biologique, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Céleste Lebbé
- INSERM UMR_S976, Paris, F-75010, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Dermatology, Paris, F-75010, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75013, France
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12
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Song W, Mazzieri R, Yang T, Gobe GC. Translational Significance for Tumor Metastasis of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1106. [PMID: 28955335 PMCID: PMC5601389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment determines development and progression of many cancers. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is fundamental to tumor progression and metastasis not only by increasing invasiveness but also by increasing resistance to cell death, senescence, and various cancer therapies; determining inflammation and immune surveillance; and conferring stem cell properties. It does this by enabling polarized epithelial cells to transform into cells with a mesenchymal, and therefore motile, phenotype. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key cells of the tumor microenvironment that orchestrate the connection between inflammation and cancer. Activation of EMT often requires crosstalk between cancer cells and components of the local tumor microenvironment, including TAMs. In this review, clinical and experimental evidence is presented for control of TAMs in promoting cancer cell invasion and migration and their interaction with the EMT process in the metastatic cascade. The translational significance of these findings is that the signaling pathways that interconnect TAMs and EMT-modified cancer cells may represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Song
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Roberta Mazzieri
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tao Yang
- Discipline of Pathology, The Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,SydPath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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13
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Falleni M, Savi F, Tosi D, Agape E, Cerri A, Moneghini L, Bulfamante GP. M1 and M2 macrophages' clinicopathological significance in cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2017; 27:200-210. [PMID: 28272106 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin malignant melanoma (MM) is an aggressive cancer with an increasing incidence with limited therapies in advanced stages. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major immune constituent of the MM microenvironment and contribute toward its prognosis. TAMs' characterization and localization in human cancer is important to understand cancer progression and to identify molecular personalized therapies. M2 TAMs in stage I-II MMs are associated with worse prognostic parameters. A comprehensive M1-macrophage and M2-macrophage intratumoral localization and quantification in all stages of skin MMs is documented here with its clinical significance. To highlight immune pathways and possible early indicators of MM progression, we evaluated the number of M1 and M2 TAMs and intratumoral distribution in a large series of skin MMs. CD68 double immunostaining with MRP8-14 or inducible nitric oxide synthase (M1 macrophages) and with CD163 or CD204 (M2 macrophages) was performed in 94 stage I-IV skin MMs with a long duration of follow-up. The accumulation and distribution of M1 and M2 TAMs in intratumoral nests, stroma, and at the invasive front was correlated with clinicopathological variables. Since the early stage of MMs, M1 intratumoral macrophages were fewer than the M2 population; their recruitment was rapidly and progressively overwhelmed by an increase in M2 TAMs during MM progression. Independent of their intratumoral distribution, the accumulation of both M1 and M2 TAMs is associated with poor prognostic indicators and patients' survival. M1-recruited macrophages shift to the M2 phenotype early in MM development, possibly induced by high inducible nitric oxide synthase intratumoral increase peculiarly occurring since the initial MM stages. M2-recruited TAMs overwhelm M1 accumulation in all stages of MM progression, thus favoring neoplastic growth and dissemination. Independent of their intratumoral distribution, the prevalent accumulation of M2 TAMs in MM is statistically confirmed to be a poor indicator of patients' outcome and a potential target of immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Falleni
- aDepartment of Health Sciences, Unit of Pathology bDepartment of Health Sciences, Division of Dermatology, University of Milan cUnit of Pathology, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
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14
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Mignogna C, Scali E, Camastra C, Presta I, Zeppa P, Barni T, Donato G, Bottoni U, Di Vito A. Innate immunity in cutaneous melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017; 42:243-250. [PMID: 28052512 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin immune system is composed of a vast network of immune cells, including lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells, which not only are involved in inflammatory responses but also contribute to homeostatic function and may participate in the various steps of carcinogenesis. Many studies support the notion that innate immunity has a key role in the development, growth and prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM), through the release of pro- and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines and tumour growth factors. The tumour environment in a major subset of cutaneous MM shows evidence of a T cell-infiltrated phenotype, but there is less known about the presence and the phenotype of other immune system cells. Response to immunotherapy is largely correlated with the presence of T cells in the tumour microenvironment, while the regulation exerted by stromal components such as macrophages and mast cells has been less investigated. In the current report, we review the recent literature, focusing our attention on the role of macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells and natural killer cells in orchestrating MM progression, to better understand tumour immunobiology. The identification of new therapeutic targets and the application of approaches aimed at modulating crosstalk between immune and tumour cells, could have a crucial impact on immunotherapy and result in better clinical outcome. We hope this review will be helpful in cutaneous MM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mignogna
- Health Science Department, Medical School, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - E Scali
- Health Science Department, Medical School, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - C Camastra
- Health Science Department, Medical School, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - I Presta
- Health Science Department, Medical School, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - P Zeppa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - T Barni
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - G Donato
- Health Science Department, Medical School, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - U Bottoni
- Health Science Department, Medical School, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - A Di Vito
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Cantanzaro, Italy
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15
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Hu XG, Mao W, Park YK, Xu WG, Kim BW, Wang HJ. Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Tumor Recurrence in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma within Milan Criteria after Hepatectomy. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:1115-23. [PMID: 27401641 PMCID: PMC4960376 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.5.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The systemic inflammation biomarker, Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), has been reported as one of the adverse prognostic factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether NLR could predict the risk of recurrence and death for the HCC patient, according to Milan criteria after hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis was performed on a database of HCC patients who underwent hepatectomy between March 2001 and December 2011. The cutoff value of NLR was decided by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify predictive factors of recurrence and death. RESULTS A total of 213 patients were included in the present study. The median follow-up period was 48 months. One hundred and seven patients were experienced tumor recurrence; forty of them recurred within 12 months (early recurrence). NLR ≥1.505, albumin ≤3.75 g/dL, microvascular invasion and high grade of cirrhosis were found to be independent factors for adverse recurrence-free survival in multivariate regression analysis. And NLR ≥1.945 was also found as a prognosis factor for early recurrence by univariate regression analysis. CONCLUSION Elevated preoperative NLR can be easily obtained and reliable biomarker for assessing the tumor recurrence and early recurrence of Milan criteria HCC after the initial hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guang Hu
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Wei Mao
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yong Keun Park
- Department of Surgery, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Wei Guang Xu
- Department of Surgery, Yanji City Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Bong Wan Kim
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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16
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Fink DM, Steele MM, Hollingsworth MA. The lymphatic system and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 381:217-36. [PMID: 26742462 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge of the biology, pathology and clinical understanding of lymphatic invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. We discuss the clinical and biological consequences of lymphatic invasion and metastasis, including paraneoplastic effects on immune responses and consider the possible benefit of therapies to treat tumors that are localized to lymphatics. A review of current techniques and methods to study interactions between tumors and lymphatics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci M Fink
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Maria M Steele
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
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17
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Hayashi N, Kataoka H, Yano S, Tanaka M, Moriwaki K, Akashi H, Suzuki S, Mori Y, Kubota E, Tanida S, Takahashi S, Joh T. A novel photodynamic therapy targeting cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:452-60. [PMID: 25512617 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in cancer stroma play important roles for cancer cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastases. We synthesized a novel photosensitizer, mannose-conjugated chlorin (M-chlorin), designed to bind mannose receptors highly expressed on TAMs. We evaluated the newly available photodynamic therapy (PDT) with M-chlorin against gastric and colon cancer. We evaluated PDT with M-chlorin for in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in cancer cells compared with chlorin alone and glucose-conjugated chlorin (G-chlorin). The subcellular localization of M-chlorin was observed by confocal microscopy, and the M-chlorin PDT effects against TAMs including THP-1-induced M2-polarized macrophages were evaluated. Anticancer effects were also investigated in an allograft model where cytotoxic effects against TAMs in the cancer cell stroma were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. M-chlorin PDT strongly induced cell death in cancer cells to almost the same extent as G-chlorin PDT by inducing apoptosis. M-chlorin was incorporated into cancer cells where it localized mainly in lysosomes and endoplasmic reticula. M-chlorin PDT revealed strong cytotoxicity for M2 macrophages induced from THP-1 cell lines, and it induced stronger cytotoxicity than G-chlorin PDT in the allograft model through killing both cancer cells and TAMs in the cancer stroma. The M-chlorin PDT produced strong cytotoxicity against cancer tissue by inducing apoptosis of both cancer cells and TAMs in the cancer stroma. This novel PDT thus stands as a new candidate for very effective, next-generation PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Shigenobu Yano
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan. Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Moriwaki
- Reseach Institute of Natural Sciences, Okayama University of Science, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haruo Akashi
- Reseach Institute of Natural Sciences, Okayama University of Science, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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18
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Joshi S, Singh AR, Zulcic M, Durden DL. A macrophage-dominant PI3K isoform controls hypoxia-induced HIF1α and HIF2α stability and tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1520-31. [PMID: 25103499 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumor growth, progression, and response to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment involve the action of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, HIF1 and HIF2. HIF is a heterodimeric transcription factor containing an inducible HIFα subunit and a constitutively expressed HIFβ subunit. The signaling pathways operational in macrophages regulating hypoxia-induced HIFα stabilization remain the subject of intense investigation. Here, it was discovered that the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling axis controls hypoxia-induced HIF1α (HIF1A) and HIF2α (EPAS1) stability in macrophages. Using genetic mouse models and pan-PI3K as well as isoform-specific inhibitors, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway blocked the accumulation of HIFα protein and its primary transcriptional target VEGF in response to hypoxia. Moreover, blocking the PI3K/AKT signaling axis promoted the hypoxic degradation of HIFα via the 26S proteasome. Mechanistically, a macrophage-dominant PI3K isoform (p110γ) directed tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and the HIFα/VEGF axis. Moreover, a pan-PI3K inhibitor (SF1126) blocked tumor-induced angiogenesis and inhibited VEGF and other proangiogenic factors secreted by macrophages. These data define a novel molecular mechanism by which PTEN/PI3K/AKT regulates the proteasome-dependent stability of HIFα under hypoxic conditions, a signaling pathway in macrophages that controls tumor-induced angiogenesis and metastasis. IMPLICATIONS This study indicates that PI3K inhibitors are excellent candidates for the treatment of cancers where macrophages promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Joshi
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Alok R Singh
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Muamera Zulcic
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Donald L Durden
- UCSD Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, California. Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, UCSD Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California. SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California.
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19
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Pastushenko I, Vermeulen PB, Van den Eynden GG, Rutten A, Carapeto FJ, Dirix LY, Van Laere S. Mechanisms of tumour vascularization in cutaneous malignant melanoma: clinical implications. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:220-33. [PMID: 24641095 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma represents < 10% of all skin cancers but is responsible for the majority of skin-cancer-related deaths. Metastatic melanoma has historically been considered as one of the most therapeutically challenging malignancies. Fortunately, for the first time after decades of basic research and clinical investigation, new drugs have produced major clinical responses. Angiogenesis has been considered an important target for cancer treatment. Initial efforts have focused primarily on targeting endothelial and tumour-related vascular endothelial growth factor signalling. Here, we review different mechanisms of tumour vascularization described in melanoma and discuss the potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pastushenko
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario 'Lozano Blesa', Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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20
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Peppicelli S, Bianchini F, Calorini L. Inflammatory cytokines induce vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in melanoma-associated macrophages and stimulate melanoma lymph node metastasis. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1133-1138. [PMID: 25120672 PMCID: PMC4114605 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph node colonization by tumor cells is one of the key determinants of melanoma staging and prognosis, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the predominant type of inflammatory cell in the tumor environment which secretes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, the most potent lymphangiogenic growth factor. In the present study, to elucidate the mechanism involved in VEGF-C expression in TAMs, murine peritoneal macrophages were co-cultivated with syngeneic B16 melanoma cells to mimic the reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and macrophages found in spontaneous tumors. In the present study, upon contact with tumor cells, macrophages were found to express a higher level of VEGF-C which was associated with an increase in the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α and their receptors. Antibodies against the IL-1β and TNF-α receptors were added to media that had been conditioned by the macrophage-tumor cell co-cultures and inhibition of VEGF-C was observed in macrophages co-cultivated with the tumor cells. Furthermore, when IL-1β and TNF-α were used at a non-toxic level, they enhanced peritoneal lymph node colonization by melanoma cells. Thus, in the present study, macrophagic IL-1β and TNF-α were observed to promote VEGF-C expression in TAMs, as well as melanoma lymph node metastasis, suggesting that inhibiting the signaling between tumor cells and TAMs may be required to inhibit lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Peppicelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Lido Calorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
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21
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Son D, Na YR, Hwang ES, Seok SH. Platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) induces anti-apoptotic effects on macrophages through Akt and Bad phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6225-35. [PMID: 24421315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.508994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PDGF-C, which is abundant in the malignant breast tumor microenvironment, plays an important role in cell growth and survival. Because tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to cancer malignancy, macrophage survival mechanisms are an attractive area of research into controlling tumor progression. In this study, we investigated PDGF-C-mediated signaling pathways involved in anti-apoptotic effects in macrophages. We found that the human malignant breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 produced high quantities of PDGF-C, whereas benign MCF-7 cells did not. Recombinant PDGF-C induced PDGF receptor α chain phosphorylation, followed by Akt and Bad phosphorylation in THP-1-derived macrophages. MDA-MB-231 culture supernatants also activated macrophage PDGF-Rα. PDGF-C prevented staurosporine-induced macrophage apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of caspase-3, -7, -8, and -9 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Finally, TAMs isolated from the PDGF-C knockdown murine breast cancer cell line 4T1 and PDGF-C knockdown MDA-MB-231-derived tumor mass showed higher rates of apoptosis than the respective WT controls. Collectively, our results suggest that tumor cell-derived PDGF-C enhances TAM survival, promoting tumor malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain Son
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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22
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Lin X, Zheng W, Liu J, Zhang Y, Qin H, Wu H, Xue B, Lu Y, Shen P. Oxidative stress in malignant melanoma enhances tumor necrosis factor-α secretion of tumor-associated macrophages that promote cancer cell invasion. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1337-55. [PMID: 23373752 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Malignant melanoma is well known for abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exist in the primary tumor environment. Within this microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play substantial roles in multiple steps of tumor development in terms of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. We therefore aimed to determine whether this high-level ROS in primary melanoma is capable to promote tumor invasiveness by influencing TAM properties. Moreover, we wanted to further investigate probable underlying mechanisms. RESULTS We characterized malignant melanoma TAMs as a heterogeneous phenotype, which possesses both M1 and M2 markers. We also revealed a role for high-level intracellular ROS in enhancing proinvasion signature of TAMs by strongly increasing their tumor necrosis factor α secretion, which is possibly attributed to ROS-enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) translocation mediated by MAPK/ERK kinase 1. INNOVATION This is the first study demonstrating that high levels of ROS in the primary melanoma environment can influence TAM behaviors. Furthermore, we are also the first to indentify that nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation of PPARγ is significantly upregulated by ROS and responsible for the proinvasiveness capacity of melanoma TAMs. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data describe how a high level of ROS plays a critical role in enhancing the proinvasion characteristic of TAMs in malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhu Lin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, and Model Animal Research Center (MARC) of Nanjing University, Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
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Raposo TP, Pires I, Carvalho MI, Prada J, Argyle DJ, Queiroga FL. Tumour-associated macrophages are associated with vascular endothelial growth factor expression in canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:464-74. [PMID: 24119241 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been implicated in carcinogenesis including an important role in angiogenesis. In this study, we describe the relationship between TAMs and angiogenesis in canine mammary tumours (CMT). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded CMT samples [(n = 128: malignant (n = 97) and benign (n = 31)] were submitted to immunohistochemical staining to detect MAC387, vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF and CD31 expression. A statistical analysis was carried out to assess possible associations with clinicopathological variables and biological markers of tumour angiogenesis. TAMs, detected by MAC387 expression, were significantly associated with malignant CMT (P < 0.001) and VEGF positive tumours (P = 0.002) and also associated with VEGF expression within malignant CMT (P = 0.043). Associations with clinicopathological variables were found between TAMs and the presence of infiltrative growth (P = 0.031), low tubule formation (P = 0.040) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.016). The results support the hypothesis that TAMs influence angiogenesis in CMT suggesting TAMs may represent a therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Raposo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - I Pires
- CECAV, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M I Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - J Prada
- CECAV, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - F L Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zheng QD, Wu WY, Chen Y. Role of tumor-associated macrophages in the growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2907-2912. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i30.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumors has become a hot research topic in recent years. New evidence suggests that macrophages play a dual role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Besides anti-tumor effects, macrophages in the tumor microenvironment can facilitate angiogenesis and extracellular matrix breakdown and remodeling and promote tumor cell mobility. In this article we summarize the role of TAMs in the growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in terms of TAM recruitment, inflammation, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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Wang T, Ge Y, Xiao M, Lopez-Coral A, Azuma R, Somasundaram R, Zhang G, Wei Z, Xu X, Rauscher FJ, Herlyn M, Kaufman RE. Melanoma-derived conditioned media efficiently induce the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages that display a highly invasive gene signature. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:493-505. [PMID: 22498258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The presence of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in melanomas is correlated with a poor clinical prognosis. However, there is limited information on the characteristics and biological activities of human TAMs in melanomas. In this study, we developed an in vitro method to differentiate human monocytes to macrophages using modified melanoma-conditioned medium (MCM). We demonstrate that factors from MCM-induced macrophages (MCMI-Mφ) express both M1-Mφ and M2-Mφ markers and inhibit melanoma-specific T-cell proliferation. Furthermore, microarray analyses reveal that the majority of genes up-regulated in MCMI-Mφ are associated with tumor invasion. The most strikingly up-regulated genes are CCL2 and MMP-9. Consistent with this, blockade of both CCL-2 and MMPs diminish MCMI-Mφ-induced melanoma invasion. Finally, we demonstrated that both MCMI-Mφ and in vivo TAMs express the pro-invasive, melanoma-associated gene, glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B. Our study provides a framework for understanding the mechanisms of cross-talk between TAMs and melanoma cells within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kamoshida G, Matsuda A, Miura R, Takashima Y, Katsura A, Tsuji T. Potentiation of tumor cell invasion by co-culture with monocytes accompanying enhanced production of matrix metalloproteinase and fibronectin. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:289-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Biron-Pain K, St-Pierre Y. Monitoring mmp-9 gene expression in stromal cells using a novel transgenic mouse model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:783-91. [PMID: 21833585 PMCID: PMC11114778 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (gelatinase B) is involved in extracellular matrix degradation in the context of the motility and in in vivo migration of normal and malignant cells. Accordingly, its expression is highly regulated at the transcriptional level. In several types of human cancers, MMP-9 expression is abnormally elevated and has been associated with poor prognosis. Such high levels of MMP-9 expression are found in tumor cells and in stromal components. Therefore, it is important to understand the spatiotemporal expression pattern of MMP-9 in tissues for the development of effective therapeutic strategies that are aimed at suppressing mmp-9 gene activation. In the present work, we describe a transgenic mouse model harboring a luciferase gene under the control of the murine mmp-9 promoter. We found that the expression pattern of the transgene was similar to that of the endogenous mmp-9 gene either constitutively or following inflammatory stimuli. A constitutive transgene expression was observed in the bone marrow, consistent with the observed high levels of endogenous mmp-9 gene expression normally found in the bone. LPS injection in mice also induced a consistent and significant increase in bioluminescent signals in the liver, which is a major target of LPS-induced septic shock. Finally, we further used the model to provide evidence that mmp-9 is activated in stromal cells of the lung and spleen in melanoma tumor-bearing mice. This bioluminescent imaging model may facilitate in vivo monitoring of MMP-9 activation in stromal cells in tumor progression and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boul. Des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7 Canada
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Kamoshida G, Matsuda A, Sekine W, Mizuno H, Oku T, Itoh S, Irimura T, Tsuji T. Monocyte differentiation induced by co-culture with tumor cells involves RGD-dependent cell adhesion to extracellular matrix. Cancer Lett 2012; 315:145-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Shirabe K, Mano Y, Muto J, Matono R, Motomura T, Toshima T, Takeishi K, Uchiyama H, Yoshizumi T, Taketomi A, Morita M, Tsujitani S, Sakaguchi Y, Maehara Y. Role of tumor-associated macrophages in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Surg Today 2011; 42:1-7. [PMID: 22116397 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-011-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Shirabe
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Docampo MJ, Cabrera J, Rabanal RM, Bassols A. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase in melanocytic tumors of dogs and canine melanoma cell lines. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1087-96. [PMID: 21801067 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.8.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 and membrane-type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) in melanocytomas and malignant melanomas of dogs, analyze in vitro production of MMPs by canine melanoma cell lines and primary dermal fibroblasts, and investigate mutual communication between tumor cells and fibroblasts and the influence of collagen on MMP regulation. SAMPLE 35 biopsy specimens from melanocytic tumors and primary dermal fibroblasts of dogs and 3 canine melanoma cell lines (CML-1, CML-10c2, and CML-6M). PROCEDURES MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP were detected in tumor samples by use of immunohistochemical analysis. In vitro production was analyzed via reverse transcriptase-PCR assay, immunocytochemical analysis, zymography, and immunoblotting. RESULTS MMP-9 was overexpressed in malignant melanomas, compared with expression in melanocytomas, whereas no significant differences in MMP-2 and MT1-MMP immunostaining were detected. Stromal cells also often had positive staining results. In vitro, all 3 melanoma cell lines and dermal fibroblasts had evidence of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP, but only melanoma cells had evidence of MMP-9. Coculture of CML-1 or CML-10c2 cells and dermal fibroblasts induced an increase in expression of the active form of MMP-2. Culture of melanoma cells on type I collagen increased the activation state of MT1-MMP. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE MMP-9 expression was increased in malignant melanomas of dogs. Stromal cells were a source for MMPs. Stromal cells, in combination with matrix components such as type I collagen, can interact with tumor cells to regulate MMP production. Information about MMP production and regulation could help in the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Docampo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Tumor-associated macrophages provide a suitable microenvironment for non-small lung cancer invasion and progression. Lung Cancer 2011; 74:188-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Peuvrel L, Nguyen JM, Khammari A, Quereux G, Brocard A, Dreno B. Is primary melanoma ulceration a factor of good response to adoptive immunotherapy? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25:1311-7. [PMID: 21348897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.03978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary melanoma ulceration is a factor of poor prognosis at the local and regional stage. The physiopathological mechanisms which explain its prognostic impact are still little known. However, two recent studies suggest that it could be a predictive factor of good response to a non-specific immunotherapy (interferon-alpha) and to an active immunotherapy (vaccine). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether ulceration could be a factor of good prognosis in the context of an adoptive immunotherapy with tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in stage III regional lymph node metastatic melanoma (sixth American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system) and whether it was associated with an improvement in the effectiveness of this treatment compared with the control group. METHODS We have included all the patients treated in open prospective randomized TIL vs. control protocols in our unit from 1997 to 2009. Clinical data were derived retrospectively from patient files. Statistical analysis was performed using log-rank tests, Cox models and tests for interaction. RESULTS A total of 144 patients were included. In the group of 80 patients treated with TIL, primary melanoma ulceration remained a pejorative factor for relapse-free and overall survival in univariate and multivariate analysis. The presence of ulceration did not change the effectiveness of TIL treatment in comparison with the control group with regards to relapse-free and overall survival. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that primary melanoma ulceration does not have any impact on the response to TIL adoptive immunotherapy and thus does not confirm its positive prognostic value suggested by two other immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peuvrel
- Nantes University Hospital Centre, Skin Cancer Unit, Alexis Ricordeau CIC biothérapie, INSERM 0305, Nantes, France
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Fröhlich E. Proteases in cutaneous malignant melanoma: relevance as biomarker and therapeutic target. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3947-60. [PMID: 20686912 PMCID: PMC11115755 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer. It is also the most rapidly spreading cancer in terms of worldwide incidence. Although it is detected by simple inspection and can be relatively easily removed or treated, differential diagnosis to other melanocytic lesions, lack of prognostic markers, and no efficient treatment of advanced melanoma pose problems. Detection and targeting of proteases may represent a useful tool since they play a role in tumor cell metabolism, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. This review gives an overview of the role of proteases in development and progression of cutaneous malignant melanoma. In addition, regulation, activation, and interaction of proteases and their inhibitors are explained for tumors in general. The potential use of proteases as differential markers for melanoma mimicking melanocytic lesions, as biomarkers in tissues, and as prognostic serum markers is discussed. Current and future possibilities to target tumor proteases in therapy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Institute of Anatomy, University Tübingen, Österbergstr. 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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Lin CW, Shen SC, Ko CH, Lin HY, Chen YC. Reciprocal activation of macrophages and breast carcinoma cells by nitric oxide and colony-stimulating factor-1. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:2039-48. [PMID: 20876703 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, nitric oxide (NO) production and migration of RAW264.7 macrophages by coculture with breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells or the addition of conditioned medium derived from MDA-MB-231 cells (MDA-CM) was identified. Increased iNOS/NO induction and migration of macrophages by MDA-CM were significantly blocked by adding the c-Jun-N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) inhibitor, SP600125, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor, BAY117082 and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid and a dominant-negative JNK. The addition of an NO donor, Diethylenetriamine-NONOate, significantly activated expressions of MMP-9 and VEGF-A genes in breast carcinoma MDA-MD-231 cells and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells in coculture with RAW264.7 macrophages as determined using Transwell systems, but that was inhibited by adding SP600125, BAY117082 and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 in macrophages reduced MDA-CM-induced iNOS/NO, JNK and NF-κB activations in accordance with inhibiting VEGF-A and MMP-9 gene expressions by MDA-MB-231 cells via Transwell assays. Furthermore, VEGF, sRANKL, TNF-α, IL-1α, TGF-β, CSF-1 and MCP-1 were applied, and CSF-1 showed the most potent stimulation of iNOS/NO production and migration of macrophages. MCF-7 cells with lower CSF-1 expression than MDA-MB-231 cells showed a poor stimulatory effect on iNOS/NO production and migration of macrophages. Neutralization of CSF-1 in MDA-CM using CSF-1 antibody inhibited MDA-CM-induced iNOS protein expression and migration of macrophages, and CSF-1-induced iNOS protein and migration was blocked by adding JNK inhibitor SP and NF-κB inhibitor BAY. The reciprocal activation of breast cancer and macrophages via NO-CSF-1 is first elucidated herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Karagiannis GS, Pavlou MP, Diamandis EP. Cancer secretomics reveal pathophysiological pathways in cancer molecular oncology. Mol Oncol 2010; 4:496-510. [PMID: 20934395 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging proteomic tools and mass spectrometry play pivotal roles in protein identification, quantification and characterization, even in complex biological samples. The cancer secretome, namely the whole collection of proteins secreted by cancer cells through various secretory pathways, has only recently been shown to have significant potential for diverse applications in oncoproteomics. For example, secreted proteins might represent putative tumor biomarkers or therapeutic targets for various types of cancer. Consequently, many proteomic strategies for secretome analysis have been extensively deployed over the last few years. These efforts generated a large amount of information awaiting deeper mining, better understanding and careful interpretation. Distinct sub-fields, such as degradomics, exosome proteomics and tumor-host cell interactions have been developed, in an attempt to provide certain answers to partially elucidated mechanisms of cancer pathobiology. In this review, advances, concerns and challenges in the field of secretome analysis as well as possible clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Karagiannis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Skivka L, Susak Y, Trompak O, Kudryavets Y, Bezdeneznikh N, Semesiuk N, Lykhova O. The effect of monotherapy and combined therapy with NSC-631570 (ukrain) on growth of low- and high-metastasizing B16 melanoma in mice. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2010; 17:339-49. [PMID: 20817651 DOI: 10.1177/1078155210382470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NSC-631570 (ukrain) is a semisynthetic derivative of the Chelidonium majus alcaloids and the alkylans thiotepa. It exerts a selective cytotoxic effect on tumor cells in vitro and in vivo and shows the ability to modulate immunocyte functions. Purpose. The aim of our work was to carry out a comparative investigation of the effects of NSC-631570 alone or in combination with pathogen-associated molecules (PAM) on the growth of low- and high-metastasizing melanoma B16 in mice. METHODS NSC-631570 was administered intravenously and PAM intramuscularly to tumor-bearing mice seven times every third day, starting from the second day after the transplantation of tumor cells. The effect of monotherapy and combined therapy on tumor growth was evaluated by the indices of tumor growth inhibition in experimental animals. Cell cycle distribution of cancer cells was determined by flow cytometry. TAP1 and TAP2 expression was evaluated by RT-PCR. The metabolic activity of phagocytes was determined by NBT-test, phagocytosis was tested by flow cytometry, and arginase activity was estimated by colorimetric determination of urea. RESULTS Combined therapy and monotherapy with NSC-631570 resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth in melanoma-bearing mice. Monotherapy with Ukrain was more effective in mice with high-metastasizing tumors. The therapeutic efficacy of NSC-631570 used in combination with PAM was more expressed in mice with low-metastasizing melanoma. CONCLUSION The effectiveness of monotherapy and combined therapy with NSC-631570 in the treatment of melanoma B16 depends on the biological properties of the tumor and the immune state of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lm Skivka
- Microbiology and General Immunology (sub)department, Biological Department, Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Bozdogan N, Bozdogan Ö, Pak I, Atasoy P. FAS, FAS ligand, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and macrophages in malignant melanoma: an immunohistochemical study. Int J Dermatol 2010; 49:761-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kubera M, Grygier B, Arteta B, Urbańska K, Basta-Kaim A, Budziszewska B, Leśkiewicz M, Kołaczkowska E, Maes M, Szczepanik M, Majewska M, Lasoń W. Age-dependent stimulatory effect of desipramine and fluoxetine pretreatment on metastasis formation by B16F10 melanoma in male C57BL/6 mice. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 61:1113-26. [PMID: 20081247 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although recent data may provide theoretical support for the preventive use of antidepressants in cancer patients, so far no study has demonstrated the clinical benefits of such strategies in the general population of cancer patients [39, 41]. Moreover, an association between antidepressant use and the risk of tumor promotion could neither be excluded nor established. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of desipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant, TCA) and fluoxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, SSRI) on tumor growth of the mouse B16F10 transplanted melanoma in "young" 6-9 month old and "aged" 18-23 month old male C57BL/6 mice. Drugs were administered daily at a dose of 10 mg/kg, ip, for two weeks and tumor cells were inoculated 2 h after the last antidepressant administration. Control animals were treated with saline. Tumor growth was significantly slower in aged than in young saline-treated control animals. Pretreatment with desipramine dramatically promoted metastasis formation and increased mortality rate but inhibited primary tumor growth in young males. On the other hand, both antidepressants increased primary tumor growth in aged animals, whereas metastasis was only moderately promoted. To determine the effect of antidepressant drug pretreatment and tumor progress on some parameters of cell-mediated immunity (proliferative activity and cytokine production by splenocytes) and angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plasma levels were established. The prometastatic effect of desipramine in young animals was connected with an increase of VEGF and MMP-9 plasma levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kubera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Paduch R, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Expression and activation of proteases in co-cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 63:79-87. [PMID: 19836935 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study concerned the expression and activation of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the urokinase plasminogen activator/urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPA/uPAR) system in co-cultures of human colon carcinoma cell spheroids (HT29, LS180, SW948) with human normal colon epithelium (CCD 841 CoTr), myofibroblasts (CCD-18Co) and endothelial cells (HUVEC). Additionally, the influence of monensin on the production and function of the proteases was tested. Tumor cells expressed small amounts of MMP-2, MMP-9 and uPA. Normal cells generally produced proportionally higher concentrations of these proteases (especially MMP-2, compared with significantly smaller yields of MMP-9 and significantly lower amounts of uPAR than tumors. In co-cultures of tumor spheroids with normal cell monolayers, the concentration of the proteases was equal to the sum of the enzymes produced in monocultures of both types of cells. The highest activity of uPA, measured as the reduction of the chromogenic substrate (S-2444), was detected in supernatants and lysates of endothelial cells. Interestingly, in normal cells, the higher expression of proteases, mainly uPA, measured as the level of protein concentration, was closely linked with their lower activity and inversely, in tumor cells, the low level of the expression of the enzymes correlated with their high enzymatic activity. In zymography analysis, mainly pro-MMPs were detected both in culture supernatants and cell lysates. The highest amounts of active forms of the MMPs were detected in tumor spheroids co-cultured with endothelial cells. Monensin inhibited MMPs and uPA secretion but significantly increased uPAR release, mainly from normal cells. In conclusion, during direct interactions of tumor cells with normal cells, MMPs and the uPA/uPAR system play an important role in the degradation of ECM and tumor development, but as we found, there is a reverse relationship between the concentration and the enzymatic activity of MMPs and uPA/uPAR in co-culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Parri M, Taddei ML, Bianchini F, Calorini L, Chiarugi P. EphA2 reexpression prompts invasion of melanoma cells shifting from mesenchymal to amoeboid-like motility style. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2072-81. [PMID: 19244130 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Eph tyrosine kinases instruct cell for a repulsive behavior, regulating cell shape, adhesion, and motility. Beside its role during embryogenesis, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis, EphA2 kinase is frequently up-regulated in tumor cells of different histotypes, including prostate, breast, colon, and lung carcinoma, as well as melanoma. Although a function in both tumor onset and metastasis has been proposed, the role played by EphA2 is still debated. Here, we showed that EphA2 reexpression in B16 murine melanoma cells, which use a defined mesenchymal invasion strategy, converts their migration style from mesenchymal to amoeboid-like, conferring a plasticity in tumor cell invasiveness. Indeed, in response to reexpression and activation of EphA2, melanoma cells activate a nonproteolytic invasive program that proceeds through the activation of cytoskeleton motility, the retraction of cell protrusions, a Rho-mediated rounding of the cell body, and squeezing among three-dimensional matrix, giving rise to successful lung and peritoneal lymph node metastases. Our results suggest that, among the redundant mechanisms operating in tumor cells to penetrate the anatomic barriers of host tissues, EphA2 plays a pivotal role in the adaptive switch in migration pattern and mechanism, defining and distinguishing tumor cell invasion strategies. Thus, targeting EphA2 might represent a future approach for the therapy of cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Parri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education Study, Italy
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Abstract
Melanoma arises through the accrual of mutations in genes critical for proliferation and survival. Although melanoma had been traditionally conceptualized as a cell-autonomous event, increasing evidence supports the notion that these tumors are not isolated entities but rather depend, interact with, and react to the adjacent microenvironment. Melanoma is composed of not only the malignant cells but also the supporting stroma, which includes fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, soluble molecules, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Tumor cells actively interact with the microenvironment in a bidirectional manner through molecular signals that modulate the malignant phenotype. This article briefly reviews the molecular basis of melanomagenesis as well as the interplay of melanoma with other cells of the tumor microenvironment and components of the ECM. It also discusses the influence of the microenvironment on therapeutic targeting of melanoma, highlighting recent studies that propose novel strategies to target tumor-microenvironment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Villanueva
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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