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Wu X, Feng S, Chang TS, Zhang R, Jaiswal S, Choi EYK, Duan Y, Jiang H, Wang TD. Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an Orthotopic Patient-Derived Xenograft with an Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-Specific Peptide. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2818. [PMID: 39199591 PMCID: PMC11352241 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as a major contributor to the worldwide cancer burden. Improved methods are needed for early cancer detection and image-guided surgery. Peptides have small dimensions that can overcome delivery challenges to achieve high tumor concentrations and deep penetration. We used phage display methods to biopan against the extra-cellular domain of the purified EpCAM protein, and used IRDye800 as a near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore. The 12-mer sequence HPDMFTRTHSHN was identified, and specific binding to EpCAM was validated with HCC cells in vitro. A binding affinity of kd = 67 nM and onset of k = 0.136 min-1 (7.35 min) were determined. Serum stability was measured with a half-life of T1/2 = 2.6 h. NIR fluorescence images showed peak uptake in vivo by human HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors at 1.5 h post-injection. Also, the peptide was able to bind to foci of local and distant metastases in liver and lung. Peptide biodistribution showed high uptake in tumor versus other organs. No signs of acute toxicity were detected during animal necropsy. Immunofluorescence staining of human liver showed specific binding to HCC compared with cirrhosis, adenoma, and normal specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.W.); (S.F.); (S.J.)
| | - Shuo Feng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.W.); (S.F.); (S.J.)
| | - Tse-Shao Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Ruoliu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Sangeeta Jaiswal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.W.); (S.F.); (S.J.)
| | - Eun-Young K. Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Yuting Duan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.D.); (H.J.)
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.D.); (H.J.)
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.W.); (S.F.); (S.J.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
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Benfante V, Stefano A, Ali M, Laudicella R, Arancio W, Cucchiara A, Caruso F, Cammarata FP, Coronnello C, Russo G, Miele M, Vieni A, Tuttolomondo A, Yezzi A, Comelli A. An Overview of In Vitro Assays of 64Cu-, 68Ga-, 125I-, and 99mTc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of Radiotheranostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071210. [PMID: 37046428 PMCID: PMC10093267 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Radionuclides are unstable isotopes that mainly emit alpha (α), beta (β) or gamma (γ) radiation through radiation decay. Therefore, they are used in the biomedical field to label biomolecules or drugs for diagnostic imaging applications, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and/or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A growing field of research is the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for use in cancer treatments. Preclinical studies are the gold standard for translational research. Specifically, in vitro radiopharmaceutical studies are based on the use of radiopharmaceuticals directly on cells. To date, radiometric β- and γ-counters are the only tools able to assess a preclinical in vitro assay with the aim of estimating uptake, retention, and release parameters, including time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity and kinetic parameters. This review has been designed for researchers, such as biologists and biotechnologists, who would like to approach the radiobiology field and conduct in vitro assays for cellular radioactivity evaluations using radiometric counters. To demonstrate the importance of in vitro radiopharmaceutical assays using radiometric counters with a view to radiogenomics, many studies based on 64Cu-, 68Ga-, 125I-, and 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals have been revised and summarized in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Benfante
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefano
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Walter Arancio
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Cucchiara
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Caruso
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cammarata
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Claudia Coronnello
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Miele
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vieni
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anthony Yezzi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Albert Comelli
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Wu X, Meng X, Chang TS, Feng S, Lee M, Jaiswal S, Choi EYK, Tran L, Jiang H, Wang TD. Multi-modal imaging for uptake of peptide ligand specific for CD44 by hepatocellular carcinoma. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100355. [PMID: 35479192 PMCID: PMC9035732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rising steadily in incidence, and more effective methods are needed for early cancer detection and image-guided surgery. METHODS We used a structural model to optimize the peptide sequence. Specific binding was validated in vitro with knockdown, competition, and co-localization assays. Multi-modal imaging was performed to validate specific binding in vivo in orthotopically-implanted human xenograft tumors. RESULTS Binding properties of WKGWSYLWTQQA were characterized by an apparent dissociation constant of kd = 43 nM, and an apparent association time constant of k = 0.26 min-1. The target-to-background ratio was significantly higher for the target versus control for both modalities. Ex-vivo evaluation using human HCC specimens supported the ability of the peptide to distinguish HCC from other liver pathologies. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a peptide specific for CD44 with properties that are promising for clinical translation to image HCC in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tse-Shao Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shuo Feng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Miki Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sangeeta Jaiswal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eun-Young K. Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lam Tran
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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4
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Liolios C, Patsis C, Lambrinidis G, Tzortzini E, Roscher M, Bauder-Wüst U, Kolocouris A, Kopka K. Investigation of Tumor Cells and Receptor-Ligand Simulation Models for the Development of PET Imaging Probes Targeting PSMA and GRPR and a Possible Crosstalk between the Two Receptors. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2231-2247. [PMID: 35467350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) have both been used in nuclear medicine as targets for molecular imaging and therapy of prostate (PCa) and breast cancer (BCa). Three bioconjugate probes, the PSMA specific: [68Ga]Ga-1, ((HBED-CC)-Ahx-Lys-NH-CO-NH Glu or PSMA-11), the GRPR specific: [68Ga]Ga-2, ((HBED-CC)-4-amino-1-carboxymethyl piperidine-[D-Phe6, Sta13]BN(6-14), a bombesin (BN) analogue), and 3 (the BN analogue: 4-amino-1-carboxymethyl piperidine-[(R)-Phe6, Sta13]BN(6-14) connected with the fluorescent dye, BDP-FL), were synthesized and tested in vitro with PCa and BCa cell lines, more specifically, with PCa cells, PC-3 and LNCaP, with BCa cells, T47D, MDA-MB-231, and with the in-house created PSMA-overexpressing PC-3(PSMA), T47D(PSMA), and MDA-MB-231(PSMA). In addition, biomolecular simulations were conducted on the association of 1 and 2 with PSMA and GRPR. The PSMA overexpression resulted in an increase of cell-bound radioligand [68Ga]Ga-1 (PSMA) for PCa and BCa cells and also of [68Ga]Ga-2 (GRPR), especially in those cell lines already expressing GRPR. The results were confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting with a PE-labeled PSMA-specific antibody and the fluorescence tracer 3. The docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations showed how 1 enters the PSMA funnel region and how pharmacophore Glu-urea-Lys interacts with the arginine patch, the S1', and S1 subpockets by forming hydrogen and van der Waals bonds. The chelating moiety of 1, that is, HBED-CC, forms additional stabilizing hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions in the arene-binding site. Ligand 2 is diving into the GRPR transmembrane (TM) helical cavity, thereby forming hydrogen bonds through its amidated end, water-mediated hydrogen bonds, and π-π interactions. Our results provide valuable information regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions of 1 and 2 with PSMA and GRPR, which might be useful for the diagnostic imaging and therapy of PCa and BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Liolios
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Radiochemical Studies Laboratory, INRASTES, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Panepistimioupolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Patsis
- Division of Cell Plasticity and Epigenetic Remodelling, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - George Lambrinidis
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Panepistimioupolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Efpraxia Tzortzini
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Panepistimioupolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Mareike Roscher
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bauder-Wüst
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonios Kolocouris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Panepistimioupolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technical University Dresden, Lebensmittelchemie Chemiegebäude, Raum 413 Bergstr. 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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5
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Feng S, Meng X, Li Z, Chang TS, Wu X, Zhou J, Joshi B, Choi EY, Zhao L, Zhu J, Wang TD. Multi-Modal Imaging Probe for Glypican-3 Overexpressed in Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15639-15650. [PMID: 34590489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rising steadily in incidence, and more effective methods are needed for early detection and image-guided surgery. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell surface biomarker that is overexpressed in early-stage cancer but not in cirrhosis. An IRDye800-labeled 12-mer amino acid sequence was identified, and specific binding to GPC3 was validated in vitro and in orthotopically implanted HCC tumors in vivo. Over 4-fold greater binding affinity and 2-fold faster kinetics were measured by comparison with previous GPC3 peptides. Photoacoustic images showed peak tumor uptake at 1.5 h post-injection and clearance within ∼24 h. Laparoscopic and whole-body fluorescence images showed strong intensity from tumor versus adjacent liver with about a 2-fold increase. Immunofluorescence staining of human liver specimens demonstrated specific binding to HCC versus cirrhosis with 79% sensitivity and 79% specificity, and normal liver with 81% sensitivity and 84% specificity. The near-infrared peptide is promising for early HCC detection in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Tse-Shao Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bishnu Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eun-Young Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jiye Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Thomas D Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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6
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Bakker IL, Fröberg AC, Busstra MB, Verzijlbergen JF, Konijnenberg M, van Leenders GJLH, Schoots IG, de Blois E, van Weerden WM, Dalm SU, Maina T, Nock BA, de Jong M. GRPr Antagonist 68Ga-SB3 PET/CT Imaging of Primary Prostate Cancer in Therapy-Naïve Patients. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1517-1523. [PMID: 33789933 PMCID: PMC8612327 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.258814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr) is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, making it an excellent tool for targeted imaging. The 68Ga-labeled GRPr antagonist SB3 has shown excellent results in preclinical and clinical studies and was selected for further clinical investigation. The aims of this phase I study were to investigate 68Ga-SB3 PET/CT imaging of primary PCa tumors and assess safety. More aims included an investigation of biodistribution and dosimetry and a comparison with pathology and GRPr expression. Methods: Ten therapy-naïve, biopsy-confirmed PCa patients planned for prostatectomy were included. A 3-h extensive PET/CT imaging protocol was performed within 2 wk before prostatectomy. Prostate tissue was evaluated for tumor localization and Gleason score, and in vitro autoradiography was performed to determine GRPr expression. Available MRI scans performed within 3 mo before the study were matched. For dosimetry, residence times were estimated and effective dose to the body as well as absorbed doses to organs were calculated using the IDAC dose model, version 2.1. Results: Administration of 68Ga-SB3 (187.4 ± 40.0 MBq, 40 ± 5 μg) was well tolerated; no significant changes in vital signs or laboratory results were observed. 68Ga-SB3 PET/CT showed lesions in 8 of 10 patients. Pathologic analysis revealed a total of 16 tumor lesions, of which PET/CT showed 14, resulting in a sensitivity of 88%. 68Ga-SB3 PET/CT imaging showed uptake in 2 large prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia foci, considered a precursor to PCa, resulting in an 88% specificity. Autoradiography of tumor lesions revealed heterogeneous GRPr expression and was negative in 4 patients. Both PET/CT-negative patients had a GRPr-negative tumor. In autoradiography-positive tumors, the level of GRPr expression showed a significant correlation to tracer uptake on PET/CT. Dosimetry calculations estimated the effective dose to be 0.0144 mSv/MBq, similar to other 68Ga-labeled radiopeptides. The highest absorbed dose was detected in the physiologic GRPr-expressing pancreas (0.198 mGy/MBq), followed by the bladder wall and kidneys. Conclusion:68Ga-SB3 PET/CT is a safe imaging method and a promising tool for early PCa imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid L Bakker
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alida C Fröberg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - J Fred Verzijlbergen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Konijnenberg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivo G Schoots
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Blois
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simone U Dalm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos," Athens, Greece
| | - Berthold A Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos," Athens, Greece
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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7
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Kang X, Li M, Liu L, Liu S, Hu H, Zhang R, Ning S, Tian Z, Pan Y, Guo X, Wu K. Targeted imaging of esophageal adenocarcinoma with a near-infrared fluorescent peptide. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:260. [PMID: 34118882 PMCID: PMC8199829 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted optical imaging offers a noninvasive and accurate method for the early detection of gastrointestinal tumors, especially for flat appearances. In our previous study, a sequence of SNFYMPL (SNF) was identified as a specific peptide to bind to esophageal carcinoma using phage-display technology. This study aimed to evaluate the tumor-targeting efficacy of Cy5.5-conjugated SNF probe for imaging of esophageal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The SNF-Cy5.5 probe was synthesized and then identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Confocal fluorescence imaging and Flow cytometry analysis were performed to evaluate the binding specificity and the receptor binding affinity of SNF-Cy5.5 to OE33. In vivo imaging was performed to evaluate the targeting ability of SNF-Cy5.5 to esophageal carcinoma. RESULTS The confocal imaging and flow cytometry analysis showed that SNF-Cy5.5 bound specifically to the plasma membrane of OE33 cells with a high affinity. In vivo, for non-block group, SNF-Cy5.5 probe exhibited rapid OE33 tumor targeting during 24 h p.i. and excellent tumor-to-background contrast at 2 h p.i. For the block group, SNF-Cy5.5 was not observed in the mice after 4 h p.i. Ex vivo imaging also revealed that a higher fluorescent signal intensity value of the tumors was clearly observed in the non-block group than that in the block group (2.6 ± 0.32 × 109 vs. 0.8 ± 0.08 × 109, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SNF-Cy5.5 was synthesized and characterized with a high efficiency and purity. The higher affinity, specificity, and tumor targeting efficacy of SNF-Cy5.5 were confirmed by in vitro and in vivo tests. SNF-Cy5.5 is a promising optical probe for the imaging of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaopeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Siming Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanglin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuegang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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8
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Bandari RP, Carmack TL, Malhotra A, Watkinson L, Fergason Cantrell EA, Lewis MR, Smith CJ. Development of Heterobivalent Theranostic Probes Having High Affinity/Selectivity for the GRPR/PSMA. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2151-2166. [PMID: 33534560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the development of heterobivalent [DUPA-6-Ahx-([111In]In-DO3A)-8-Aoc-BBN ANT] and [DUPA-6-Ahx-([177Lu]Lu-DO3A)-8-Aoc-BBN ANT] radiotracers that display very high selectivity/specificity for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-/prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-expressing cells. These studies include metallation, purification, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the new small-molecule-/peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals having utility for imaging and potentially therapy. Competitive displacement binding assays using PC-3 cells and LNCaP cell membranes showed high binding affinity for the GRPR or the PSMA. Biodistribution studies showed favorable excretion pharmacokinetics with high tumor uptake in PC-3 or PC-3 prostatic inhibin peptide (PIP) tumor-bearing mice. For example, tumor accumulation at the 1 h time point ranged from (4.74 ± 0.90) to (7.51 ± 2.61)%ID/g. Micro-single-photon emission computed tomography (microSPECT) molecular imaging investigations showed very high uptake in tumors with minimal accumulation of tracers in the surrounding collateral tissues in xenografted mice at 4 h postintravenous injection. In conclusion, [DUPA-6-Ahx-([111In]In-DO3A)-8-Aoc-BBN ANT] and [DUPA-6-Ahx-([177Lu]Lu-DO3A)-8-Aoc-BBN ANT] tracers displayed favorable pharmacokinetic and excretion profiles with high uptake and retention in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P Bandari
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Terry L Carmack
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Anil Malhotra
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Lisa Watkinson
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Emily A Fergason Cantrell
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Michael R Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Charles J Smith
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.,University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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9
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Ferguson S, Wuest M, Richter S, Bergman C, Dufour J, Krys D, Simone J, Jans HS, Riauka T, Wuest F. A comparative PET imaging study of 44gSc- and 68Ga-labeled bombesin antagonist BBN2 derivatives in breast and prostate cancer models. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 90-91:74-83. [PMID: 33189947 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiolabeled peptides play a central role in nuclear medicine as radiotheranostics for targeted imaging and therapy of cancer. We have recently proposed the use of metabolically stabilized GRPR antagonist BBN2 for radiolabeling with 18F and 68Ga and subsequent PET imaging of GRPRs in prostate cancer. The present work studied the impact of 44gSc- and 68Ga-labeled DOTA complexes attached to GRPR antagonist BBN2 on the in vitro GRPR binding affinity, and their biodistribution and tumor uptake profiles in MCF7 breast and PC3 prostate cancer models. METHODS DOTA-Ava-BBN2 was radiolabeled with radiometals 68Ga and 44gSc. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) affinities of peptides were assessed in PC3 prostate cancer cells. GRPR expression profiles were studied in human breast cancer tissue samples and MCF7 breast cancer cells. PET imaging of 68Ga- and 44gSc-labeled peptides was performed in MCF7 and PC3 xenografts as breast and prostate cancer models. RESULTS Radiopeptides [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Ava-BBN2 and [44gSc]Sc-DOTA-Ava BBN2 were prepared in radiochemical yields of 70-80% (decay-corrected), respectively. High binding affinities were found for both peptides (IC50 = 15 nM (natGa) and 5 nM (natSc)). Gene expression microarray analysis revealed high GRPR mRNA expression levels in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, which was further confirmed with Western blot and immunohistochemistry. However, PET imaging showed only low tumor uptake of both radiotracers in MCF7 xenografts ([68Ga]Ga-DOTA-BBN2 (SUV60min 0.27 ± 0.06); [44gSc]Sc-DOTA-BBN2 (SUV60min 0.20 ± 0.03)). In contrast, high tumor uptake and retention were found for both radiopeptides in PC3 tumors ([68Ga]Ga-DOTA-BBN2 (SUV60min 0.46 ± 0.07); [44gSc]Sc-DOTA-BBN2 (SUV60min 0.51 ± 0.11)). CONCLUSIONS Comparison of 68Ga- and 44gSc-labeled DOTA-Ava-BBN2 peptides revealed slight but noticeable differences of the radiometal with an impact on the in vitro GRPR receptor binding properties in PC3 cells. No differences were found in their in vivo biodistribution profiles in MCF7 and PC3 xenografts. Radiopeptides [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Ava-BBN2 and [44gSc]Sc-DOTA-Ava-BBN2 displayed comparable tumor uptake and retention profiles with rapid blood and renal clearance profiles in both tumor models. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE The favorable PET imaging performance of [44gSc]Sc-DOTA-Ava-BBN2 in prostate cancer should warrant the development of an [43Sc]Sc-DOTA-Ava-BBN2 analog for clinical translation which comes with a main γ-line of much lower energy and intensity compared to 44gSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ferguson
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Susan Richter
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cody Bergman
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Dufour
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Krys
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Simone
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hans-Sonke Jans
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Terence Riauka
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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10
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Ermert J, Benešová M, Hugenberg V, Gupta V, Spahn I, Pietzsch HJ, Liolios C, Kopka K. Radiopharmaceutical Sciences. Clin Nucl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Detection of colonic neoplasia in vivo using near-infrared-labeled peptide targeting cMet. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17917. [PMID: 31784601 PMCID: PMC6884535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
White light colonoscopy is widely used to detect colorectal polyps, but flat and depressed lesions are often missed. Here, we report a molecular imaging strategy to potentially improve diagnostic performance by developing a fluorescently-labeled peptide specific for cMet. This 7mer is conjugated to Cy5.5, a near-infrared (NIR) cyanine dye. Specific binding to cMet was confirmed by cell staining, knockdown, and competition assays. The probe showed high binding affinity (kd = 57 nM) and fast onset (k = 1.6 min) to support topical administration in vivo. A mouse model (CPC;Apc) that develops spontaneous adenomas that overexpress cMet was used to demonstrate feasibility for real time in vivo imaging. This targeting ligand showed significantly higher target-to-background (T/B) ratio for polypoid and non-polypoid lesions by comparison with a scrambled control peptide. Immunofluorescence staining on human colon specimens show significantly greater binding to tubular and sessile serrated adenomas versus hyperplastic polyps and normal mucosa. These results demonstrate a peptide specific for cMet that is promising for endoscopic detection of pre-malignant lesions and guiding of tissue biopsy.
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12
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Zhou J, He L, Pang Z, Appelman HD, Kuick R, Beer DG, Li M, Wang TD. Identification and validation of FGFR2 peptide for detection of early Barrett's neoplasia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87095-87106. [PMID: 29152066 PMCID: PMC5675618 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is rising rapidly, and early detection within the precursor state of Barrett's esophagus (BE) is challenged by flat premalignant lesions that are difficult detect with conventional endoscopic surveillance. Overexpression of cell surface fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is an early event in progression of BE to EAC, and is a promising imaging target. We used phage display to identify the peptide SRRPASFRTARE that binds specifically to the extracellular domain of FGFR2. We labeled this peptide with a near-infrared fluorophore Cy5.5, and validated the specific binding to FGFR2 overexpressed in cells in vitro. We found high affinity kd = 68 nM and rapid binding k = 0.16 min-1 (6.2 min). In human esophageal specimens, we found significantly greater peptide binding to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) versus either BE or normal squamous epithelium, and good correlation with anti-FGFR2 antibody. We also observed significantly greater peptide binding to excised specimens of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric cancer compared to normal mucosa. These results demonstrate potential for this FGFR2 peptide to be used as a clinical imaging agent to guide tissue biopsy and improve methods for early detection of EAC and potentially other epithelial-derived cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Lei He
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhijun Pang
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Henry D Appelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rork Kuick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - David G Beer
- Department of Surgery, Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Thomas D Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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13
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Joshi BP, Dai Z, Gao Z, Lee JH, Ghimire N, Chen J, Prabhu A, Wamsteker EJ, Kwon RS, Elta GH, Stoffel EM, Pant A, Kaltenbach T, Soetikno RM, Appelman HD, Kuick R, Turgeon DK, Wang TD. Detection of Sessile Serrated Adenomas in the Proximal Colon Using Wide-Field Fluorescence Endoscopy. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1002-1013.e9. [PMID: 28012848 PMCID: PMC5771498 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Many cancers in the proximal colon develop via from sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs), which have flat, subtle features that are difficult to detect with conventional white-light colonoscopy. Many SSA cells have the V600E mutation in BRAF. We investigated whether this feature could be used with imaging methods to detect SSAs in patients. METHODS We used phage display to identify a peptide that binds specifically to SSAs, using subtractive hybridization with HT29 colorectal cancer cells containing the V600E mutation in BRAF and Hs738.St/Int cells as a control. Binding of fluorescently labeled peptide to colorectal cancer cells was evaluated with confocal fluorescence microscopy. Rats received intra-colonic 0.0086 mg/kg, 0.026 mg/kg, or 0.86 mg/kg peptide or vehicle and morbidity, mortality, and injury were monitored twice daily to assess toxicity. In the clinical safety study, fluorescently labeled peptide was topically administered, using a spray catheter, to the proximal colon of 25 subjects undergoing routine outpatient colonoscopies (3 subjects were given 2.25 μmol/L and 22 patients were given 76.4 μmol/L). We performed blood cell count, chemistry, liver function, and urine analyses approximately 24 hours after peptide administration. In the clinical imaging study, 38 subjects undergoing routine outpatient colonoscopies, at high risk for colorectal cancer, or with a suspected unresected proximal colonic polyp, were first evaluated by white-light endoscopy to identify suspicious regions. The fluorescently labeled peptide (76.4 μmol/L) was administered topically to proximal colon, unbound peptide was washed away, and white-light, reflectance, and fluorescence videos were recorded digitally. Fluorescence intensities of SSAs were compared with those of normal colonic mucosa. Endoscopists resected identified lesions, which were analyzed histologically by gastrointestinal pathologists (reference standard). We also analyzed the ability of the peptide to identify SSAs vs adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, and normal colonic mucosa in specimens obtained from the tissue bank at the University of Michigan. RESULTS We identified the peptide sequence KCCFPAQ and measured an apparent dissociation constant of Kd = 72 nM and an apparent association time constant of K = 0.174 min-1 (5.76 minutes). During fluorescence imaging of patients during endoscopy, regions of SSA had 2.43-fold higher mean fluorescence intensity than that for normal colonic mucosa. Fluorescence labeling distinguished SSAs from normal colonic mucosa with 89% sensitivity and 92% specificity. The peptide had no observed toxic effects in animals or patients. In the analysis of ex vivo specimens, peptide bound to SSAs had significantly higher mean fluorescence intensity than to hyperplastic polyps. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a fluorescently labeled peptide that has no observed toxic effects in animals or humans and can be used for wide-field imaging of lesions in the proximal colon. It distinguishes SSAs from normal colonic mucosa with 89% sensitivity and 92% specificity. This targeted imaging method might be used in early detection of premalignant serrated lesions during routine colonoscopies. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02156557.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Joshi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhenzhen Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhenghong Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Navin Ghimire
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anoop Prabhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Erik J. Wamsteker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard S. Kwon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Grace H. Elta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elena M. Stoffel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Asha Pant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tonya Kaltenbach
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue GI-111 Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Roy M. Soetikno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue GI-111 Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Henry D. Appelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rork Kuick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - D. Kim Turgeon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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14
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Paulmichl A, Summer D, Manzl C, Rangger C, Orlandi F, Niedermoser S, Taguchi T, Wängler B, Decristoforo C. Targeting Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor with 68Ga-Labeled Peptides: An In Vitro Study on Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor-Cell Lines. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2016; 31:302-310. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2016.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Paulmichl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Summer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Manzl
- Department of General Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christine Rangger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Sabrina Niedermoser
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Takahiro Taguchi
- Division of Human Health and Medical Science, Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Björn Wängler
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Rabinsky EF, Joshi BP, Pant A, Zhou J, Duan X, Smith A, Kuick R, Fan S, Nusrat A, Owens SR, Appelman HD, Wang TD. Overexpressed Claudin-1 Can Be Visualized Endoscopically in Colonic Adenomas In Vivo. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:222-237. [PMID: 27840845 PMCID: PMC4980721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Conventional white-light colonoscopy aims to reduce the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC has been found to arise from missed polypoid and flat precancerous lesions. We aimed to establish proof-of-concept for real-time endoscopic imaging of colonic adenomas using a near-infrared peptide that is specific for claudin-1. METHODS We used gene expression profiles to identify claudin-1 as a promising early CRC target, and performed phage display against the extracellular loop of claudin-1 (amino acids 53-80) to identify the peptide RTSPSSR. With a Cy5.5 label, we characterized binding parameters and showed specific binding to human CRC cells. We collected in vivo near-infrared fluorescence images endoscopically in the CPC;Apc mouse, which develops colonic adenomas spontaneously. With immunofluorescence, we validated specific peptide binding to adenomas from the proximal human colon. RESULTS We found a 2.5-fold increase in gene expression for claudin-1 in human colonic adenomas compared with normal. We showed specific binding of RTSPSSR to claudin-1 in knockdown and competition studies, and measured an affinity of 42 nmol/L and a time constant of 1.2 minutes to SW620 cells. In the mouse, we found a significantly higher target-to-background ratio for both polypoid and flat adenomas compared with normal by in vivo images. On immunofluorescence, we found significantly greater intensity for human adenomas (mean ± SD, 25.5 ± 14.0) vs normal (mean ± SD, 9.1 ± 6.0) and hyperplastic polyps (mean ± SD, 3.1 ± 3.7; P = 10-5 and 8 × 10-12, respectively), and for sessile serrated adenomas (mean ± SD, 20.1 ± 13.3) vs normal and hyperplastic polyps (P = .02 and 3 × 10-7, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Claudin-1 is overexpressed in premalignant colonic lesions, and can be detected endoscopically in vivo with a near-infrared, labeled peptide.
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Key Words
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CLDN1, claudin-1
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Colon Cancer
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- Early Detection
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- Molecular Imaging
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PBST, phosphate-buffered saline plus 0.1% Tween-20
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- RT, room temperature
- SSA, sessile serrated adenoma
- T/B, target-to-background
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
- siCL, control small interfering RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Rabinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bishnu P. Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Asha Pant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiyu Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arlene Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rork Kuick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shuling Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott R. Owens
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Henry D. Appelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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16
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Joshi BP, Zhou J, Pant A, Duan X, Zhou Q, Kuick R, Owens SR, Appelman H, Wang TD. Design and Synthesis of Near-Infrared Peptide for in Vivo Molecular Imaging of HER2. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:481-94. [PMID: 26709709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the development, characterization, and validation of a peptide specific for the extracellular domain of HER2. This probe chemistry was developed for molecular imaging by using a structural model to select an optimal combination of amino acids that maximize the likelihood for unique hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with HER2 domain 3. The sequence KSPNPRF was identified and conjugated with either FITC or Cy5.5 via a GGGSK linker using Fmoc-mediated solid-phase synthesis to demonstrate flexibility for this chemical structure to be labeled with different fluorophores. A scrambled sequence was developed for control by altering the conformationally rigid spacer and moving both hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids on the C-terminus. We validated peptide specificity for HER2 in knockdown and competition experiments using human colorectal cancer cells in vitro, and measured a binding affinity of kd = 21 nM and time constant of k = 0.14 min(-1) (7.14 min). We used this peptide with either topical or intravenous administration in a preclinical model of colorectal cancer to demonstrate specific uptake in spontaneous adenomas and to show feasibility for real time in vivo imaging with near-infrared fluorescence. We used this peptide in immunofluorescence studies of human proximal colon specimens to evaluate specificity for sessile serrated and sporadic adenomas. Improved visualization can be used endoscopically to guide tissue biopsy and detect premalignant lesions that would otherwise be missed. Our peptide design for specificity to HER2 is promising for clinical translation in molecular imaging methods for early cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Asha Pant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiyu Duan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rork Kuick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Scott R Owens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry Appelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas D Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Department of Biostatistics, ∥Department of Pathology, and ⊥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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17
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EGFR Overexpressed in Colonic Neoplasia Can be Detected on Wide-Field Endoscopic Imaging. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2015; 6:e101. [PMID: 26181290 PMCID: PMC4816258 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colorectal cancer initially lies dormant as dysplasia, a premalignant state that provides an opportunity for early cancer detection. Dysplasia can be flat in morphology, focal in size, and patchy in distribution, and thus it appears "invisible" on conventional wide-field endoscopy. AIMS We aim to develop and validate a peptide that is specific for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a cell surface target that is overexpressed in colonic adenomas and is readily accessible for imaging. METHODS We expressed and purified the extracellular domain of EGFR for use with phage display to identify a peptide QRHKPRE that binds to domain 2 of this target. A near-infrared fluorescence endoscope was used to perform in vivo imaging to validate specific peptide binding to spontaneous colonic adenomas in a mouse model with topical administration. We also validated specific peptide binding to human colonic adenomas on immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS After labeling with Cy5.5, we validated specific peptide binding to EGFR on knockdown and competition studies. Peptide binding to cells occurred within 2.46 min and had an affinity of 50 nm. No downstream signaling was observed. We measured a target-to-background ratio of 4.0±1.7 and 2.7±0.7, for polyps and flat lesions, respectively. On immunofluorescence of human colonic specimens, greater intensity from peptide binding to dysplasia than normal was found with a 19.4-fold difference. CONCLUSIONS We have selected and validated a peptide that can be used as a specific contrast agent to identify colonic adenomas that overexpress EGFR in vivo on fluorescence endoscopy.
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Banerjee S, Pillai MRA, Knapp FFR. Lutetium-177 therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals: linking chemistry, radiochemistry, and practical applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2934-74. [PMID: 25865818 DOI: 10.1021/cr500171e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Banerjee
- Radiopharmaceuticals Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400 085, India.,Molecular Group of Companies, Puthuvype, Ernakulam, Kerala 682 508, India.,Medical Radioisotope Program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), P.O. Box 2008, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6229, United States
| | - M R A Pillai
- Radiopharmaceuticals Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400 085, India.,Molecular Group of Companies, Puthuvype, Ernakulam, Kerala 682 508, India.,Medical Radioisotope Program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), P.O. Box 2008, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6229, United States
| | - F F Russ Knapp
- Radiopharmaceuticals Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400 085, India.,Molecular Group of Companies, Puthuvype, Ernakulam, Kerala 682 508, India.,Medical Radioisotope Program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), P.O. Box 2008, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6229, United States
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Bandari RP, Jiang Z, Reynolds TS, Bernskoetter NE, Szczodroski AF, Bassuner KJ, Kirkpatrick DL, Rold TL, Sieckman GL, Hoffman TJ, Connors JP, Smith CJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of copper-64 radiolabeled [DUPA-6-Ahx-(NODAGA)-5-Ava-BBN(7-14)NH2], a novel bivalent targeting vector having affinity for two distinct biomarkers (GRPr/PSMA) of prostate cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:355-63. [PMID: 24508213 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPr) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) are two identifying biomarkers expressed in very high numbers on prostate cancer cells and could serve as a useful tool for molecular targeting and diagnosis of disease via positron-emission tomography (PET). The aim of this study was to produce the multipurpose, bivalent [DUPA-6-Ahx-((64)Cu-NODAGA)-5-Ava-BBN(7-14)NH2] radioligand for prostate cancer imaging, where DUPA = (2-[3-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-ureido]pentanedioic acid), a small-molecule, PSMA-targeting probe, 6Ahx = 6-aminohexanoic acid, 5-Ava = 5-aminovaleric acid, NODAGA = [2-(4,7-biscarboxymethyl)-1,4,7-(triazonan-1-yl)pentanedioic acid] (a derivative of NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid)), and BBN(7-14)NH2 = bombesin, a GRPr-specific peptide targeting probe. METHODS The PSMA/GRPr dual targeting ligand precursor [DUPA-6-Ahx-K-5-Ava-BBN(7-14)NH2], was synthesized by solid-phase and manual peptide synthesis, after which NODAGA was added via manual conjugation to the ε-amine of lysine (K). The new bivalent GRPr/PSMA targeting vector was purified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), characterized by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and metallated with (64)CuCl2 and (nat)CuCl2. The receptor binding affinity was evaluated in human, prostate, PC-3 (GRPr-positive) and LNCaP (PSMA-positive) cells and the tumor-targeting efficacy determined in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) and athymic nude mice bearing PC-3 and LNCaP tumors. Whole-body maximum intensity microPET/CT images of PC-3/LNCaP tumor-bearing mice were obtained 18 h post-injection (p.i.). RESULTS Competitive binding assays in PC-3 and LNCaP cells indicated high receptor binding affinity for the [DUPA-6-Ahx-((nat)Cu-NODAGA)-5-Ava-BBN(7-14)NH2] conjugate. MicroPET scintigraphy in PC-3/LNCaP tumor-bearing mice indicated that xenografted tumors were visible at 18h p.i. with collateral, background radiation also being observed in non-target tissue. CONCLUSIONS DUPA-6-Ahx-((64)Cu-NODAGA)-5-Ava-BBN(7-14)NH2] targeting vector, as described herein, is the first example of a dual GRPr-/PSMA-targeting radioligand for molecular of imaging prostate tumors. Detailed in vitro studies and microPET molecular imaging investigations of [DUPA-6-Ahx-((64)Cu-NODAGA)-5-Ava-BBN(7-14)NH2 in tumor-bearing mice indicate that further studies are necessary to optimize uptake and retention of tracer in GRPr- and PSMA-positive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad Bandari
- Research Service, Truman VA, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Zongrun Jiang
- Research Service, Truman VA, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Tamila Stott Reynolds
- Research Service, Truman VA, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Nicole E Bernskoetter
- Research Service, Truman VA, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Kurt J Bassuner
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Daniel L Kirkpatrick
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Tammy L Rold
- Research Service, Truman VA, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Hoffman
- Research Service, Truman VA, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - James P Connors
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Charles J Smith
- Research Service, Truman VA, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Sturm MB, Joshi BP, Lu S, Piraka C, Khondee S, Elmunzer BJ, Kwon RS, Beer DG, Appelman HD, Turgeon DK, Wang TD. Targeted imaging of esophageal neoplasia with a fluorescently labeled peptide: first-in-human results. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:184ra61. [PMID: 23658246 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma is rising rapidly in incidence and usually develops from Barrett's esophagus, a precursor condition commonly found in patients with chronic acid reflux. Premalignant lesions are challenging to detect on conventional screening endoscopy because of their flat appearance. Molecular changes can be used to improve detection of early neoplasia. We have developed a peptide that binds specifically to high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. We first applied the peptide ex vivo to esophageal specimens from 17 patients to validate specific binding. Next, we performed confocal endomicroscopy in vivo in 25 human subjects after topical peptide administration and found 3.8-fold greater fluorescence intensity for esophageal neoplasia compared with Barrett's esophagus and squamous epithelium with 75% sensitivity and 97% specificity. No toxicity was attributed to the peptide in either animal or patient studies. Therefore, our first-in-human results show that this targeted imaging agent is safe and may be useful for guiding tissue biopsy and for early detection of esophageal neoplasia and potentially other cancers of epithelial origin, such as bladder, colon, lung, pancreas, and stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Sturm
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Richter S, Wuest M, Krieger SS, Rogers BE, Friebe M, Bergmann R, Wuest F. Synthesis and radiopharmacological evaluation of a high-affinity and metabolically stabilized 18F-labeled bombesin analogue for molecular imaging of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-expressing prostate cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:1025-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Varshney R, Hazari PP, Fernandez P, Schulz J, Allard M, Mishra AK. (68)Ga-labeled bombesin analogs for receptor-mediated imaging. Recent Results Cancer Res 2013; 194:221-256. [PMID: 22918762 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27994-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeted receptor-mediated imaging techniques have become crucial tools in present targeted diagnosis and radiotherapy as they provide accurate and specific diagnosis of disease information. Peptide-based pharmaceuticals are gaining popularity, and there has been vast interest in developing (68)Ga-labeled bombesin (Bn) analogs. The gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) family and its Bn analog have been implicated in the biology of several human cancers. The three bombesin receptors GRP, NMB, and BRS-3 receptor are most frequently ectopically expressed by common, important malignancies. The low expression of Bn/GRP receptors in normal tissue and relatively high expression in a variety of human tumors can be of biological importance and form a molecular basis for Bn/GRP receptor-mediated imaging. To develop a Bn-like peptide with favorable tumor targeting and pharmacokinetic characteristics for possible clinical use, several modifications in the Bn-like peptides, such as the use of a variety of chelating agents, i.e., acyclic and macrocyclic agents with different spacer groups and with different metal ions (gallium), have been performed in recent years without significant disturbance of the vital binding scaffold. The favorable physical properties of (68)Ga, i.e., short half-life, and the fast localization of small peptides make this an ideal combination to study receptor-mediated imaging in patients.
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Joshi BP, Liu Z, Elahi SF, Appelman H, Wang TD. Near-infrared-labeled peptide multimer functions as phage mimic for high affinity, specific targeting of colonic adenomas in vivo (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76:1197-206.e1-5. [PMID: 23022051 PMCID: PMC3502727 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescent-labeled peptides are being developed to improve the endoscopic detection of colonic dysplasia. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a near-infrared peptide multimer that functions as a phage mimic for in vivo detection of colonic adenomas. DESIGN A peptide multimer was synthesized by using trilysine as a dendritic wedge to mimic the presentation of peptides on phage, and all peptides, including the multimer, were fluorescent-labeled with Cy5.5. SETTING Small-animal imaging facility. ANIMAL SUBJECTS: Genetically engineered CPC;Apc mice that spontaneously develop colonic adenomas. INTERVENTION Near-infrared-labeled AKPGYLS peptide multimer was administered topically into the distal colons of the mice, and endoscopic images of adenomas were captured. Fluorescence intensities were quantified by target-to-background (T/B) ratios, and adenoma dimensions were measured with calipers after imaging. Validation of specific peptide binding was performed on cryosectioned specimens and cells by using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Fluorescence T/B ratios from colonic adenomas and adjacent normal-appearing mucosa. RESULTS AKP-multimer, monomer, trilysine core, and Cy5.5 resulted in mean (± SD) T/B ratios of 3.85 ± 0.25, 2.21 ± 0.13, 1.56 ± 0.12, and 1.19 ± 0.11, respectively, P < .01 on in vivo imaging. Peptide multimer showed higher contrast and greater specificity for dysplastic crypts as compared with other probes. Peptide multimer demonstrated significantly greater binding to HT29 cells on flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy in comparison to monomer and trilysine core. A binding affinity of 6.4 nm/L and time constant of 0.1136 minutes(-1) (8.8 minutes) was measured for multimer. LIMITATIONS Only distal colonic adenomas were imaged. CONCLUSION Peptide multimers combine strengths of multiple individual peptides to enhance binding interactions and demonstrate significantly higher specificity and affinity for tumor targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhongyao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sakib F. Elahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Shcherbinin S, Piwowarska-Bilska H, Celler A, Birkenfeld B. Quantitative SPECT/CT reconstruction for177Lu and177Lu/90Y targeted radionuclide therapies. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:5733-47. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/18/5733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Nagarathnam B, Kalaimathy S, Balakrishnan V, Sowdhamini R. Cross-Genome Clustering of Human and C. elegans G-Protein Coupled Receptors. Evol Bioinform Online 2012; 8:229-59. [PMID: 22807621 PMCID: PMC3396462 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s9405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest groups of membrane proteins and are popular drug targets. The work reported here attempts to perform cross-genome phylogeny on GPCRs from two widely different taxa, human versus C. elegans genomes and to address the issues on evolutionary plasticity, to identify functionally related genes, orthologous relationship, and ligand binding properties through effective bioinformatic approaches. Through RPS blast around 1106 nematode GPCRs were given chance to associate with previously established 8 types of human GPCR profiles at varying E-value thresholds and resulted 32 clusters were illustrating co-clustering and class-specific retainsionship. In the significant thresholds, 81% of the C. elegans GPCRs were associated with 32 clusters and 27 C. elegans GPCRs (2%) inferred for orthology. 177 hypothetical proteins were observed in cluster association and could be reliably associated with one of 32 clusters. Several nematode-specific GPCR clades were observed suggesting lineage-specific functional recruitment in response to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Nagarathnam
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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Correia JDG, Paulo A, Raposinho PD, Santos I. Radiometallated peptides for molecular imaging and targeted therapy. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6144-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li M, Anastassiades CP, Joshi B, Komarck CM, Piraka C, Elmunzer BJ, Turgeon DK, Johnson TD, Appelman H, Beer DG, Wang TD. Affinity peptide for targeted detection of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:1472-80. [PMID: 20637198 PMCID: PMC3319360 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dysplasia is a premalignant condition in Barrett's esophagus that is difficult to detect on endoscopy because of its flat architecture and patchy distribution. Peptides are promising for use as novel molecular probes that identify cell surface targets unique to disease and can be fluorescence-labeled for detection. We aim to select and validate an affinity peptide that binds to esophageal dysplasia for future clinical studies. METHODS Peptide selection was performed using phage display by removing nonspecific binders using Q-hTERT (intestinal metaplasia) cells and achieving specific binding against OE33 (esophageal adenocarcinoma) cells. Selective binding was confirmed on bound phage counts, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, competitive inhibition, and fluorescence microscopy. On stereomicroscopy, specific peptide binding to dysplasia on endoscopically resected specimens was assessed by rigorous registration of fluorescence intensity to histology in 1-mm intervals. RESULTS The peptide sequence SNFYMPL was selected and showed preferential binding to target cells. Reduced binding was observed on competition with unlabeled peptide in a dose-dependent manner, an affinity of K(d) = 164 nmol/L was measured, and peptide binding to the surface of OE33 cells was validated on fluorescence microscopy. On esophageal specimens (n = 12), the fluorescence intensity (mean ± SEM) in 1-mm intervals classified histologically as squamous (n = 145), intestinal metaplasia (n = 83), dysplasia (n = 61), and gastric mucosa (n = 69) was 46.5 ± 1.6, 62.3 ± 5.8, 100.0 ± 9.0, and 42.4 ± 3.0 arb units, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The peptide sequence SNFYMPL binds specifically to dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus and can be fluorescence labeled to target premalignant mucosa on imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Costas P. Anastassiades
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bishnu Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chris M. Komarck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Cyrus Piraka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Badih J. Elmunzer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Danielle K. Turgeon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Henry Appelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - David G. Beer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
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Cagnolini A, Chen J, Ramos K, Skedzielewski TM, Lantry LE, Nunn AD, Swenson RE, Linder KE. Automated synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of [(68)Ga]Ga-AMBA, and the synthesis and characterization of (nat)Ga-AMBA and [(67)Ga]Ga-AMBA. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:2285-92. [PMID: 20638858 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ga-AMBA (Ga-DO3A-CH(2)CO-G-[4-aminobenzoyl]-QWAVGHLM-NH(2)) is a bombesin-like agonist with high affinity for gastrin releasing peptide receptors (GRP-R). Syntheses for (nat)Ga-AMBA, [(67)Ga]Ga-AMBA and [(68)Ga]Ga-AMBA were developed. The preparation of HPLC-purified and Sep-Pak purified [(68)Ga]Ga-AMBA were fully automated, using the built-in radiodetector of the Tracerlab FX F-N synthesizer to monitor fractionated (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator elution and purification. The total synthesis time, including the fractional elution of the generator, was 20 min for Sep-Pak purified material and 40 min for HPLC-purified [(68)Ga]Ga-AMBA. Both [(67)Ga]Ga-AMBA and [(177)Lu]Lu-AMBA showed comparable high affinity for GRP-R in the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 in vitro (k(D)=0.46+/-0.07; 0.44+/-0.08 nM), high internalization (78; 77%) and low efflux from cells at 2 h (2.4+/-0.7; 2.9+/-1.8%). Biodistribution results in PC-3 tumor-bearing male nude mice showed comparable uptake for [(177)Lu]Lu-, [(111)In]In-, [(67)Ga]Ga- and [(68)Ga]Ga-AMBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Cagnolini
- Ernst Felder Laboratories, Bracco Research USA Inc., 305 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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Nanda PK, Lane SR, Retzloff LB, Pandey US, Smith CJ. Radiolabeled regulatory peptides for imaging and therapy. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010; 17:69-76. [PMID: 19901831 PMCID: PMC2892114 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32833392ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the present review is to describe new, innovative strategies of diagnosing and treating specific human cancers using a cadre of radiolabeled regulatory peptides. RECENT FINDINGS Peptide receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy is a method of site-directed radiotherapy that specifically targets human cancers expressing a cognate receptor-subtype in very high numbers. Ideally, the procedure targets only the primary or metastatic disease and is minimally invasive, with little radiation damage to normal, collateral tissues. For treatment strategies of this type to be effective, it is critical to evaluate the toxicity of the treatment protocol, the radiation dosimetry of the therapeutic regimen, and the biological profile of the radiopharmaceutical, including biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the drug. Site-directed molecular imaging procedures via gamma-scintigraphy can address many of the critical issues associated with peptide receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy and it is, therefore, necessary to describe the effective balance between the clinical benefits and risks of this treatment strategy. SUMMARY Continued development in the design or chemical structure of radiolabeled, biologically active peptides could do much to improve the targeting ability of these drugs, thereby creating new and innovative strategies for diagnosis or treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasant K. Nanda
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephanie R. Lane
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lauren B. Retzloff
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Usha S. Pandey
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles Jeffrey Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- The Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Abstract
Radiotherapeutic drugs and medical imaging agents, although used for different purposes, both benefit from precise targeting. When systemically administered, either would be most useful if designed to find and bind only a tumor, single type of cell, or unique molecular assembly thereon. In this Account, we examine the use of small peptides, natural and synthetic, to create biochemically specific molecular imaging agents and radiotherapeutic pharmaceuticals, discussing three distinct examples. In one project, a small natural peptide known to target members of the bombesin family of receptors was chemically attached to a strong, versatile metal chelator, DO3A, through a series of small-molecule linkers. The linkers powerfully affected not only binding strength for the bombesin receptors, tissue distribution, and tumor uptake in vivo but also receptor subtype specificity. When the assembly is combined with an active metal ion for human trials, the versatility of the DO3A (dodecanetriacetate) chelate affords choices in selecting the metal ion for different purposes: lutetium for a combination radiotherapeutic and diagnostic agent, (177)Lu-AMBA, and gallium for a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent, (68)Ga-AMBA. We also created small (approximately 5-kDa) bivalent peptides, each composed of different chemically linked peptides derived from phage display. The monomer peptides bound to the same target protein, VEGF-R2, a primary target of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the angiogenesis-stimulating protein. Several families of the monomer peptides did not compete with one another for the binding site on VEGF-R2. Their combination into fully synthetic hetero-bivalent molecules yielded subnanomolar K(d) values and greater than 100-fold improvements over homo-bivalent molecules. Biological activity was evident in the hetero-bivalents, whereas none or very little existed in homo-bivalents, monomers, and monomer mixtures. In ultrasound imaging, tiny bubbles (2 microm in diameter) filled with inert gas can be used as effective contrast agents. By coating the shell of such bubbles with the peptide TKPPR (a tuftsin antagonist), we created contrast agents that bound unexpectedly to cultured endothelial cells expressing angiogenesis targets; the binding was attributable to a previously unnoticed and powerful multivalency effect. TKPPR binds specifically to neuropilin-1 (NP-1), a VEGF co-receptor, but only when multimerized is it avid. Tuftsin, a small peptide derived from immunoglobulin G (IgG) that binds to macrophages during inflammation, has been studied for over 30 years; the receptor has never been cloned. Our results led to new conclusions about tuftsin, NP-1, and the purpose, heretofore unknown, of exon 8 in VEGF, which appears to be involved in NP-1 binding. Our disparate projects demonstrate that small-peptide targeted molecules can be very versatile in drug discovery in combination with classical medicinal chemistry. In particular, multivalent interactions can lead to unpredictable and useful biochemical information, as well as new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Tweedle
- Departments of Radiology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy; The Ohio State University; Biomedical Research Tower; 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43215
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