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Leung LL, Myles T, Morser J. Thrombin Cleavage of Osteopontin and the Host Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3480. [PMID: 37444590 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multi-functional protein that is involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. There is a single conserved thrombin cleavage site in OPN that, when cleaved, yields two fragments with different properties from full-length OPN. In cancer, OPN has tumor-promoting activity and plays a role in tumor growth and metastasis. High levels of OPN expression in cancer cells and tumor tissue are found in various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, ovarian, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer, and are associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival rates. OPN promotes tumor progression and invasion by stimulating cell proliferation and angiogenesis and also facilitates the metastasis of cancer cells to other parts of the body by promoting cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, OPN contributes to immune evasion by inhibiting the activity of immune cells. Thrombin cleavage of OPN initiates OPN's tumor-promoting activity, and thrombin cleavage fragments of OPN down-regulate the host immune anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence L Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Timothy Myles
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Ripsman D, Fergusson DA, Montroy J, Auer RC, Huang JW, Dobriyal A, Wesch N, Carrier M, Lalu MM. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin as an anticancer therapeutic in preclinical animal models. Thromb Res 2020; 195:103-113. [PMID: 32683148 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The therapeutic effects of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) may extend past thrombosis prevention, with preclinical evidence demonstrating anti-metastatic properties. Clinical evidence on the topic, however, remains controversial. A systematic review of preclinical evidence may help elucidate reasons for this contradictory evidence. The objective of our systematic review is to assess the anti-metastatic properties of LMWHs in solid tumour animal models. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and PubMed were searched from inception to May 12th, 2020. All articles were screened independently and in duplicate. Studies that compared LMWH to a placebo or no treatment arm in solid tumour animal models were included. The primary outcome was the burden of metastasis. Secondary outcomes included primary tumour growth and mortality. The risk of bias was assessed in duplicate using a modified Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. RESULTS Forty-two studies were included in the review. Administration of a LMWH was associated with a significant decrease in the burden of metastasis (SMD -2.18; 95% CI -2.66 to -1.70). Additionally, the administration of a LMWH was also associated with a significant reduction in primary tumour growth (SMD -1.95; 95% CI -2.56 to -1.34) and risk of death (RR 0.39; 95% CI 0.16-0.97). All included studies were deemed to be at an unclear risk of bias for at least one methodological criterion. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that LMWH can effectively reduce metastatic burden and reduce tumour growth in preclinical animal models of solid tumour malignancies. Reasons for the contradiction with clinical evidence require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ripsman
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Joshua Montroy
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Johnny W Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Aditi Dobriyal
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Neil Wesch
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Marc Carrier
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Manoj M Lalu
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Room B307, 1053 Carling Avenue, Mail Stop 249, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada; Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
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Featherby S, Xiao YP, Ettelaie C, Nikitenko LL, Greenman J, Maraveyas A. Low molecular weight heparin and direct oral anticoagulants influence tumour formation, growth, invasion and vascularisation by separate mechanisms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6272. [PMID: 31000751 PMCID: PMC6472388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional association between coagulation and cancer has been established. However, anticoagulant therapies have been reported to have beneficial outcomes by influencing the vascularisation of the tumours. In this study the influence of a set of anticoagulants on tumour formation, invasion and vascularisation was examined. WM-266-4 melanoma and AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cell lines were treated with LMWH (Tinzaparin and Dalteparin), and DOAC (Apixaban and Rivaroxaban) and the rate of tumour formation, growth and invasion were measured in vitro. In addition, the influence of these anticoagulants on vascularisation was examined using the chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) model and compared to the outcome of treatment with Bevacizumab. Using this model the influence of pharmacological concentrations of the anticoagulant on the growth, invasion and vascularisation of tumours derived from WM-266-4 and AsPC-1 cells was also measured in vivo. Tinzaparin and Daltepain reduced tumour formation and invasion by the cell lines in vitro, but with dissimilar potencies. In addition, treatment of CAM with LMWH reduced the local vascular density beyond that achievable with Bevacizumab, particularly suppressing the formation of larger-diameter blood vessels. In contrast, treatment with DOAC was largely ineffective. Treatment of CAM-implanted tumours with LMWH also reduced tumour vascularisation, while treatment of tumours with Apixaban reduced tumour growth in vivo. In conclusion, LMWH and DOAC appear to have anti-cancer properties that are exerted through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Featherby
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Yu Pei Xiao
- Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Camille Ettelaie
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Leonid L Nikitenko
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John Greenman
- Biomedical Section, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Anti-Thrombin, Anti-Adhesive, Anti-Migratory, and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Sulfated Galactans from the Tropical Green Seaweed, Udotea flabellum. Mar Drugs 2018; 17:md17010005. [PMID: 30577590 PMCID: PMC6356399 DOI: 10.3390/md17010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, sulfated polysaccharide-rich extracts were isolated from 22 tropical seaweeds (4 red, 11 brown, and 7 green) found in northeastern Brazil, and evaluated for the role of anticoagulant agents. Fifteen of the extracts showed anticoagulant activity, including all the extracts from green seaweeds. Udoteaflabellum (a green seaweed) extract was the most potent, requiring an amount of only 3 µg to double the plasma coagulation time in the activated partial thromboplastin time test. A similar result was obtained with 1 µg of heparin. Two sulfated homogalactans with anticoagulant activity, F-I (130 kDa) and F-II (75 kDa), were isolated from this extract using several bio-guided purification steps. Their anticoagulant activity, as well as properties related to antitumor activity (anti-proliferative, anti-adhesive, and anti-migratory), were accessed. Their anticoagulant activities were close to that of heparin. We found that F-I and F-II (0.5–10 μg/mL) were not able to directly inhibit thrombin. In the presence of anti-thrombin, F-I (0.5 μg/mL) was more effective than heparin (0.5 μg/mL) in inhibiting thrombin, while F-II showed similar effects as heparin. F-I and F-II also inhibited B16-F10 (murine melanoma cells) adhesion, migration, and proliferation on a fibronectin-coated surface, but not on laminin- or collagen I-coated surfaces. Except for the antiproliferative activity, the other effects of F-I and F-II were eliminated upon their desulfation (~50%), indicating that the degree of sulfation is not as important for F-I and F-II anti-proliferative activity as the sulfation position. Taken together, the results provide strong evidence for the potential utility of sulfated galactans from U.flabellum, making these compounds an interesting option for future investigations that aim to design new anticoagulant/antitumor agents.
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Brito AS, Cavalcante RS, Cavalheiro RP, Palhares LC, Nobre LT, Andrade GP, Nader HB, Lima MA, Chavante SF. Anti-IIa activity and antitumor properties of a hybrid heparin/heparan sulfate-like compound from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1470-1478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer are strongly associated, and present a major challenge in cancer patient treatment. Cancer patients have a higher risk of developing VTE, although the risk differs widely between tumour types. VTE prophylaxis is routinely given to cancer patients, in the form of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Several studies have reported that cancer patients receiving anticoagulants show prolonged survival and this effect was more pronounced in patients with a good prognosis, although the mechanism is poorly understood. Tissue Factor (TF) is the initiator of extrinsic coagulation, but its non-haemostatic signalling via protease-activated receptors (PARs) is a potent driver of tumour angiogenesis. Furthermore, coagulation activation is strongly implicated in tumour cell migration and metastasis. This review discusses the effects of anticoagulants on cancer progression in patients, tumour cell behaviour, angiogenesis, and metastasis in in vitro and in vivo models. Inhibition of TF signalling shows great promise in curbing angiogenesis and in vivo tumour growth, but whether this translates to patients is not yet known. Furthermore, non-haemostatic properties of coagulation factors in cancer progression are discussed, which provide exciting opportunities on limiting oncologic processes without affecting blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tieken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henri H Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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7
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Kirstein JM, Hague MN, McGowan PM, Tuck AB, Chambers AF. Primary melanoma tumor inhibits metastasis through alterations in systemic hemostasis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:899-910. [PMID: 27048169 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progression from a primary tumor to distant metastases requires extensive interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment. The primary tumor is not only the source of metastatic cells but also can also modulate host responses to these cells, leading to an enhancement or inhibition of metastasis. Tumor-mediated stimulation of bone marrow can result in pre-metastatic niche formation and increased metastasis. However, a primary tumor can also inhibit metastasis through concomitant tumor resistance-inhibition of metastatic growth by existing tumor mass. Here, we report that the presence of a B16F10 primary tumor significantly restricted numbers and sizes of experimental lung metastases through reduction of circulating platelets and reduced formation of metastatic tumor cell-associated thrombi. Tumor-bearing mice displayed splenomegaly, correlated with primary tumor size and platelet count. Reduction in platelet numbers in tumor-bearing animals was responsible for metastatic inhibition, as restoration of platelet numbers using isolated platelets re-established both tumor cell-associated thrombus formation and experimental metastasis. Consumption of platelets due to a B16F10 primary tumor is a form of concomitant tumor resistance and demonstrates the systemic impact of a growing tumor. Understanding the interplay between primary tumors and metastases is essential, as clarification of concomitant tumor resistance mechanisms may allow inhibition of metastatic growth following tumor resection. Key messages Mice with a primary B16F10 tumor had reduced metastasis vs. mice without a primary tumor. Tumor-bearing mice had splenomegaly and fewer platelets and tumor-associated thrombi. Restoring platelets restored tumor-associated thrombi and increased metastasis. This work shows the impact that a primary tumor can have on systemic metastasis. Understanding these interactions may lead to improved ways to inhibit metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Kirstein
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 4L6, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - M Nicole Hague
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Patricia M McGowan
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Alan B Tuck
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 4L6, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ann F Chambers
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 4L6, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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8
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Spek CA, Versteeg HH, Borensztajn KS. Anticoagulant therapy of cancer patients: Will patient selection increase overall survival? Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:530-6. [PMID: 25994568 DOI: 10.1160/th15-02-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Already since the early 1800s, it has been recognised that malignancies may provoke thromboembolic complications, and indeed cancer patients are at increased risk of developing venous thrombosis. Interestingly, case control studies of deep-vein thrombosis suggested that low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) improved survival of cancer patients. This led to the hypothesis that cancer cells might 'take advantage' of a hypercoagulable state to more efficiently metastasise. Initial randomised placebo control trials showed that LMWH improve overall survival of cancer patients, especially in those patients with a relatively good prognosis. The failure of recent phase III trials, however, tempers enthusiasm for anticoagulant treatment in cancer patients despite an overwhelming body of literature showing beneficial effects of anticoagulants in preclinical models. Instead of discarding LMWH as potential (co)treatment modality in cancer patients, these disappointing recent trials should guide future preclinical research on anticoagulants in cancer biology. Most and for all, the underlying mechanisms by which coagulation drives tumour progression need to be elucidated. This could ultimately allow selection of cancer patients most likely to benefit from anticoagulant treatment and/or from targeted therapy downstream of coagulation factor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnold Spek
- C. Arnold Spek, H2-157, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 20 5668750, E-mail:
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Kim SD, Lee YJ, Baik JS, Han JY, Lee CG, Heo K, Park YS, Kim JS, Ji HD, Park SI, Rhee MH, Yang K. Baicalein inhibits agonist- and tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation while suppressing pulmonary tumor metastasis via cAMP-mediated VASP phosphorylation along with impaired MAPKs and PI3K-Akt activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:251-65. [PMID: 25268843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the importance of platelet activation in cancer metastasis has become generally accepted. As a result, the development of new platelet inhibitors with minimal adverse effects is now a promising area of targeted cancer therapy. Baicalein is a functional ingredient derived from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a plant used intraditional medicine. The pharmacological effects of this compound including anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities have already been demonstrated. However, its effects on platelet activation are unknown. We therefore investigated the effects of baicalein on ligand-induced platelet aggregation and pulmonary cancer metastasis. In the present study, baicalein inhibited agonist-induced platelet aggregation, granule secretion markers (P-selectin expression and ATP release), [Ca(2+)]i mobilization, and integrin αIIbβ3 expression. Additionally, baicalein attenuated ERK2, p38, and Akt activation, and enhanced VASP phosphorylation. Indeed, baicalein was shown to directly inhibit PI3K kinase activity. Moreover, baicalein attenuated the platelet aggregation induced by C6 rat glioma tumor cells in vitro and suppressed CT26 colon cancer metastasis in mice. These features indicate that baicalein is a potential therapeutic drug for the prevention of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Dae Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ji Lee
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sue Baik
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Joeng Yoon Han
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Geun Lee
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Heo
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - You Soo Park
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Sun Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Dong Ji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Il Park
- Cardiovascular Product Evaluation Center, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwangmo Yang
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiaton Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The murine B16 melanoma is one of the most used tumor models, its application having been used to determine the mechanisms associated with the metastatic process and the development of anticancer therapies. The B16 melanoma was originally established by Fidler and collaborators as a tumor line metastasizing to the lung. Since that time a variety of cell lines have been derived, in vitro or in vivo, having different metastatic behaviors.The methods used to obtain artificial metastases to the lung through the intravenous injection of B16 melanoma cells and spontaneous metastasis formation following cancer cell growth in the footpad are described in this chapter.
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Schmitz P, Gerber U, Schütze N, Jüngel E, Blaheta R, Naggi A, Torri G, Bendas G. Cyr61 is a target for heparin in reducing MV3 melanoma cell adhesion and migration via the integrin VLA-4. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:1046-54. [PMID: 24009013 DOI: 10.1160/th13-02-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The integrin VLA-4 is important for the metastatic dissemination of melanoma cells. We could recently show that heparin can block VLA-4 binding, which contributes, next to blocking P- and L-selectin, to the understanding of antimetastatic activities of heparin. The matricellular ligand Cyr61, secreted by numerous tumours, is responsible for increased tumourigenicity and metastasis. This has been attributed to Cyr61 binding to, and thus activating integrins. However, a VLA-4/Cyr61 axis has not yet been reported. Since Cyr61 possesses heparin binding capabilities, Cyr61 can be supposed as potential target for heparin to indirectly interfere with integrin functions. The present in vitro studies address (i) the existence of a Cyr61/VLA-4 axis and (ii) the functional relevance of heparin interference via Cyr61. The C-terminal module III of Cyr61 could be exposed as nanomolar affine binding site for VLA-4. A shRNA-based knockdown of Cyr61 in MV3 human melanoma cells reduced VLA-4-mediated cell binding to VCAM-1, migration on fibronectin, and integrin signalling functions significantly. Using a biosensor approach we provide insight into heparin interference with this process. The low-molecular-weight heparin tinzaparin, but not the pentasaccharide fondaparinux, binds module IV of Cyr61 with micromolar affinity. But tinzaparin cannot interfere with Cyr61 accumulation onto syndecan-4, indicating different Cyr61 binding sites for heparin and other GAGs. Nonetheless, tinzaparin affects the VLA-4 binding and signalling functions selectively via Cyr61 already at very low concentration most likely by blocking the cellular secreted free Cyr61. This study emphasises Cyr61 as promising, and hitherto not considered target for heparin to selectively influence integrin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schmitz
- Prof. Dr. Gerd Bendas, Department of Pharmacy, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany, Tel.: +49 228 735250, Fax: +49 228 734692, E-mail:
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de Oliveira ADS, Lima LG, Mariano-Oliveira A, Machado DE, Nasciutti LE, Andersen JF, Petersen LC, Francischetti IMB, Monteiro RQ. Inhibition of tissue factor by ixolaris reduces primary tumor growth and experimental metastasis in a murine model of melanoma. Thromb Res 2012; 130:e163-70. [PMID: 22683021 PMCID: PMC3424357 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly metastatic cancer and there is strong evidence that the clotting initiator protein, tissue factor (TF), contributes to its aggressive pattern. TF inhibitors may attenuate primary tumor growth and metastasis. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ixolaris, a TF inhibitor, on a murine model of melanoma B16F10 cells. Enzymatic assays performed with B16F10 and human U87-MG tumor cells as the TF source showed that ixolaris inhibits the generation of FX in either murine, human or hybrid FVIIa/TF complexes. The effect of ixolaris on the metastatic potential was further estimated by intravenous injection of B16F10 cells in C57BL/6 mice. Ixolaris (250 μg/kg) dramatically decreased the number of pulmonary tumor nodules (4 ± 1 compared to 47 ± 10 in the control group). Furthermore, a significant decrease in tumor weights was observed in primary tumor growth assays in animals treated with ixolaris (250 μg/kg) from days 3 to 18 after a subcutaneous inoculation of melanoma cells. Remarkably, immunohistochemical analyses showed that inhibition of melanoma growth by ixolaris is accompanied by a significant downregulation of both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and microvascular density in the tumor mass. Our data demonstrate that ixolaris targets B16F10 cell-derived TF, resulting in the reduction of both the primary tumor growth and the metastatic potential of melanoma, as well as the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Therefore TF may be a potential target for the treatment of this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luize G Lima
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa Mariano-Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel E Machado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Nasciutti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - John F Andersen
- Vector Biology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lars C Petersen
- Biopharmaceutical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk, Maalov, Denmark
| | | | - Robson Q Monteiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abu Arab W, Kotb R, Sirois M, Rousseau É. Concentration- and time-dependent effects of enoxaparin on human adenocarcinomic epithelial cell line A549 proliferation in vitro. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89:705-11. [DOI: 10.1139/y11-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major health problem. Surgery is the only potential curative treatment, in spite of the high recurrence and mortality rates. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) have been suggested to have a positive impact on the outcome of various cancers, mainly attributed to their anticoagulant properties; yet a direct antineoplastic effect has not been excluded. We thought to evaluate the direct effect of the LMWH enoxaparin on the human lung adenocarcinomic epithelial cell line A549 and to determine potential antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects that could guide future trials. A549 cells were cultured with different concentrations of enoxaparin (1–30 U/mL). Cell counting was performed at 24, 48, and 72 h. Detection of c-Myc protein and CD44 protein was performed by electrophoresis and Western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed using paired Student’s t tests. Cell counts were decreased with increasing concentrations and time of exposure to enoxaparin. This corresponds to decreased expression of c-Myc and CD44. In conclusion, enoxaparin displayed a direct dose and exposure duration dependent suppressor effect on A549 cell proliferation and the expression of both c-Myc and CD44 in vitro, suggesting reduced proliferative and metastatic potentials of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Abu Arab
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rami Kotb
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marco Sirois
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Rousseau
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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14
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Ettelaie C, Fountain D, Collier MEW, Elkeeb AM, Xiao YP, Maraveyas A. Low molecular weight heparin downregulates tissue factor expression and activity by modulating growth factor receptor-mediated induction of nuclear factor-κB. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1591-600. [PMID: 21946214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cancer patients with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) appears to have beneficial effects. In this study, the influence of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on tissue factor (TF) expression and activity in five cell lines from various tissues was analysed and explored. Incubation of cells with LMWH (0-2000μg/ml) resulted in the downregulation of TF mRNA expression which was both LMWH concentration-dependent and time-dependent. Downregulation of TF was also measured as decreased cellular TF antigen and activity. Consistently, incubation of cells with LMWH suppressed the nuclear localisation and the transcriptional activity of NFκB. Decreased TF mRNA was largely achievable by incubating the cells with an NFκB inhibitor alone whilst incubation with betulinic acid to activate NFκB reversed the inhibitory influence of LMWH. Cells were also incubated with a range of concentrations of EGF (0-10ng/ml), bFGF (0-20ng/ml) or VEGF (0-4ng/ml) in the presence or absence of LMWH (200μg/ml) for 24h and TF antigen measured. Inclusion of LMWH reduced TF expression in response to EGF, bFGF or VEGF but TF expression was partially restored by increasing concentrations of the growth factors. We conclude that LMWH downregulates TF expression in vitro through a mechanism that involves interference with the function of growth factors which in turn is mediated through the downregulation of the transcriptional activity of NFκB. This mechanism may also explain some of the beneficial influences attributed to LMWH therapy in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ettelaie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Zacharski
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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16
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Naldini A, Morena E, Belotti D, Carraro F, Allavena P, Giavazzi R. Identification of thrombin-like activity in ovarian cancer associated ascites and modulation of multiple cytokine networks. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:705-11. [PMID: 21833453 DOI: 10.1160/th11-05-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Blood coagulation cascades can be activated by different mechanisms and to different levels in cancer patients. In a study conducted on the transcriptional profile of epithelial ovarian cancer patients a number of possible links between coagulation and inflammation have been suggested and we and others have reported that, in addition to its central role in blood coagulation and haemostasis, thrombin is a powerful regulator of inflammatory responses. Here, we report that thrombin- like activities were present in the malignant ascites of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Malignant ascites significantly enhanced the release of cytokines/chemokines, which have been previously shown to support tumour progression, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, CCL2 and CXCL8, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers. Interestingly, ascites enhanced the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and inhibited the production of interferon-γ and IL-12. The presence of the anticoagulant antithrombin reversed IL-12 inhibition induced by ascites in human monocytes. Finally, the use of thrombin and of the specific thrombin receptor (PAR) agonist peptides, TFLLRN and AYGPK, suggests that IL-12 inhibition is thrombin-specific and related to PAR-1, but not to PAR-4. These findings underline the tight relationship between the coagulation pathway, where thrombin is the key enzyme, and cytokine modulation, including IL-12 inhibition, which is a critical feature of the tumour microenvironment, and may represent a powerful strategy used by tumours to escape immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Naldini
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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17
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Maraveyas A, Johnson MJ, Xiao YP, Noble S. Malignant melanoma as a target malignancy for the study of the anti-metastatic properties of the heparins. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 29:777-84. [PMID: 20936327 PMCID: PMC2962791 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The outlook for metastatic melanoma to the brain is dismal. New therapeutic avenues are therefore needed. The anti-metastatic mechanisms that may underpin the effects of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) in in vitro and preclinical melanoma models warrant translating to a clinical setting. This review outlines a rationale that supports our proposal that metastatic melanoma to the brain is a clinical setting in which to study the anti-metastatic potential of LMWHs. Prevention or delay of brain metastases in melanoma is a clinically relevant and measurable target. Studies to explore the effect of anticoagulants on cancer survival are underway in other malignancies such as lung, pancreas, ovary, breast, and stomach cancer. However, no study to our knowledge has a methodology that could produce clinical evidence in support of a mechanism for whatever benefit may be seen. The setting we propose would allow translation of the molecular knowledge of the metastatic pathways mediated by platelets and the selectins—all potential targets of heparin—in a “time to appearance” of brain metastases endpoint. Since brain metastases are so common and they have a singularly adverse impact on survival, the “biological neuroprotection” model we propose in metastatic melanoma could provide the translational evidence to support the benefit of LMWHs in melanoma. More significantly, this would open the door to a wider “anti-metastatic” approach that could have much greater impact in patients with minimal disease being treated in adjuvant settings for the more common malignancies such as breast and colon cancer.
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18
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Lysophosphatidylcholine Pretreatment Reduces VLA-4 and P-Selectin–Mediated B16.F10 Melanoma Cell Adhesion In vitro and Inhibits Metastasis-Like Lung Invasion In vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:186-97. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Van Noorden CJF, van Sluis GL, Spek CA. Experimental and clinical effects of anticoagulants on cancer progression. Thromb Res 2010; 125 Suppl 2:S77-9. [PMID: 20434011 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(10)70019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Thompson ED, Enriquez HL, Fu YX, Engelhard VH. Tumor masses support naive T cell infiltration, activation, and differentiation into effectors. J Exp Med 2010; 207:1791-804. [PMID: 20660615 PMCID: PMC2916130 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of T cell responses to tumors have focused on the draining lymph node (LN) as the site of activation. We examined the tumor mass as a potential site of activation after adoptive transfer of naive tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Activated CD8 T cells were present in tumors within 24 h of adoptive transfer and proliferation of these cells was also evident 4-5 d later in mice treated with FTY720 to prevent infiltration of cells activated in LNs. To confirm that activation of these T cells occurred in the tumor and not the tumor-draining LNs, we used mice lacking LNs. Activated and proliferating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were evident in these mice 24 h and 4 d after naive cell transfer. T cells activated within tumors acquired effector function that was evident both ex vivo and in vivo. Both cross-presenting antigen presenting cells within the tumor and tumor cells directly presenting antigen activated these functional CD8 effectors. We conclude that tumors support the infiltration, activation, and effector differentiation of naive CD8 T cells, despite the presence of immunosuppressive mechanisms. Thus, targeting of T cell activation to tumors may present a tool in the development of cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- CD11a Antigen/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Integrin alpha4/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Monophenol Monooxygenase/immunology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Propylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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21
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Borsig L. Antimetastatic activities of heparins and modified heparins. Experimental evidence. Thromb Res 2010; 125 Suppl 2:S66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(10)70017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Debergh I, Van Damme N, Pattyn P, Peeters M, Ceelen WP. The low-molecular-weight heparin, nadroparin, inhibits tumour angiogenesis in a rodent dorsal skinfold chamber model. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:837-43. [PMID: 20125158 PMCID: PMC2833243 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) were found to confer a survival advantage in cancer patients. The mechanism underlying this observation is unclear, but may involve inhibition of tumour angiogenesis. We aimed to examine the effects of nadroparin on tumour angiogenesis using a dorsal skinfold window chamber model in the Syrian hamster. METHODS AMel-3 and HAP-T1 tumours were grown in donor animals and fragments implanted in the window chambers. Animals (N=46) were treated with 200 IU of nadroparin or saline for 10 days. Repeated intravital fluorescence microscopy was performed to calculate functional microcirculatory parameters: number (N) and length (L) of microvessels, vascular area fraction (AF), and red blood cell velocity (V). Microvessel density (MVD), fractal dimension, and pericyte coverage were assessed histologically. RESULTS Active angiogenesis was observed in control animals, resulting in a significant increase in N, L, and AF. In nadroparin-treated animals, however, N and L did not increase whereas AF decreased significantly. Both groups showed an initial increase in V, but nadroparin treatment resulted in an earlier decrease in red blood cell velocity over time. Compared with control animals, nadroparin-treated animals showed a significantly lower MVD and fractal dimension but significantly higher pericyte coverage index (PCI). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that the LMWH nadroparin inhibits tumour angiogenesis and results in microvessel normalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Debergh
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - N Van Damme
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - P Pattyn
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - M Peeters
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - W P Ceelen
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
- Senior Clinical Investigator of the Research Foundation – Flanders (Belgium) (FWO)
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23
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Borsig L. Heparin as an inhibitor of cancer progression. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:335-49. [PMID: 20807651 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is frequently used in the treatment of cancer-associated thromboembolism. Accumulating clinical evidence indicates that cancer patients treated with unfractionated and low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) survive longer than patients treated by other anticoagulants, especially patients in the early stage of the disease. Experimental analysis from a number of animal models constantly provides evidence for the ability of heparin to attenuate metastasis. The non-anticoagulant activity of heparin on metastasis includes the ability to inhibit cell-cell-interaction through blocking of P- and L-selectin, to inhibit extracellular matrix protease heparanase, and to inhibit angiogenesis. This chapter summarizes current experimental evidence on the biology of heparin during cancer progression, with the focus on potential mechanism of heparin antimetastatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubor Borsig
- Institute of Physiology, Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Niers TMH, Brüggemann LW, VAN Sluis GL, Liu RD, Versteeg HH, Büller HR, VAN Noorden CJF, Reitsma PH, Spek CA, Richel DJ. Long-term thrombin inhibition promotes cancer cell extravasation in a mouse model of experimental metastasis. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1595-7. [PMID: 19558435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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