1
|
Zhao L, Zhou J, Abbasi F, Fathzadeh M, Knowles JW, Leung LLK, Morser J. Chemerin in Participants with or without Insulin Resistance and Diabetes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:924. [PMID: 38672278 PMCID: PMC11048116 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a chemokine/adipokine, regulating inflammation, adipogenesis and energy metabolism whose activity depends on successive proteolytic cleavages at its C-terminus. Chemerin levels and processing are correlated with insulin resistance. We hypothesized that chemerin processing would be higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and in those who are insulin resistant (IR). This hypothesis was tested by characterizing different chemerin forms by specific ELISA in the plasma of 18 participants with T2D and 116 without T2D who also had their insulin resistance measured by steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during an insulin suppression test. This approach enabled us to analyze the association of chemerin levels with a direct measure of insulin resistance (SSPG concentration). Participants were divided into groups based on their degree of insulin resistance using SSPG concentration tertiles: insulin sensitive (IS, SSPG ≤ 91 mg/dL), intermediate IR (IM, SSPG 92-199 mg/dL), and IR (SSPG ≥ 200 mg/dL). Levels of different chemerin forms were highest in patients with T2D, second highest in individuals without T2D who were IR, and lowest in persons without T2D who were IM or IS. In the whole group, chemerin levels positively correlated with both degree of insulin resistance (SSPG concentration) and adiposity (BMI). Participants with T2D and those without T2D who were IR had the most proteolytic processing of chemerin, resulting in higher levels of both cleaved and degraded chemerin. This suggests that increased inflammation in individuals who have T2D or are IR causes more chemerin processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jonathan Zhou
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA;
| | - Fahim Abbasi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (F.A.); (M.F.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Mohsen Fathzadeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (F.A.); (M.F.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Joshua W. Knowles
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (F.A.); (M.F.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Lawrence L. K. Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao L, Leung LL, Morser J. Methods to Investigate Thrombin Cleavage of Osteopontin (OPN). Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2747:95-117. [PMID: 38038935 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3589-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular protein containing binding sites for a variety of ligands including an RGD sequence for binding to αvβ3 integrins. OPN is a conserved substrate for thrombin, the effector protease of the coagulation cascade. Thrombin cleaves OPN at a single site revealing new functionalities such as a previously cryptic α4β1 and α9β1 integrin-binding site. That integrin-binding site is abolished upon treatment with a basic carboxypeptidase. The thrombin cleavage of OPN has been demonstrated to play a role in regulating tumor growth.This report describes methods for production of full-length OPN as well as the enzymatically cleaved OPN fragments resulting from thrombin and carboxypeptidase treatments. Quantification procedures for the various OPN proteins are described as well as functional assays on mouse melanoma and myeloid cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence L Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meijers JCM, van der Harst J, Marx PF, Sahbaie P, Clark DJ, Morser J. Brain Expression of CPB2 and Effects of Cpb2 Deficiency in Mouse Models of Behavior. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:4-19. [PMID: 37532120 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procarboxypeptidase B2 (proCPB2 or TAFI) is a zymogen that after activation cleaves C-terminal basic residues from peptides or proteins with many identified targets. A splice variant of CPB2 has been found in the brain lacking essential residues for its carboxypeptidase function. The aim was to determine CPB2 expression in the brain and effects of CPB2 deficiency (Cpb2 -/-) on behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS Behavioral effects were tested by comparing Cpb2 -/- mice in short-term (open field and elevated zero maze tests) and long-term (Phenotyper) observations with wild-type (WT) controls. RESULTS Long-term observation compared day 1 (acclimatizing to novel environment) to day 4 (fully acclimatized) with the inactive (day) and active (night) periods analyzed separately. Brain expression of CPB2 mRNA and protein was interrogated in publicly available databases. Long-term observation demonstrated differences between WT and Cpb2 -/- mice in several parameters. For example, Cpb2 -/- mice moved more frequently on both days 1 and 4, especially in the normally inactive periods. Cpb2 -/- mice spent more time on the shelter and less time in it. Differences were more pronounced on day 4 after the mice had fully acclimatized. In short-term observations, no differences were observed between Cpb2 -/- mice and WT mice. Brain expression of CBP2 was not detectable in the human protein atlas. Databases of single-cell RNAseq did not show expression of CPB2 mRNA in either human or mouse brain. CONCLUSION Continuous observation of home-cage behavior suggests that Cpb2 -/- mice are more active than WT mice, show different day-night activity levels, and might have a different way of processing information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost C M Meijers
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Pulmonary Hypertension and Thrombosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pauline F Marx
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peyman Sahbaie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - David J Clark
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
- Palo Alto Institute of Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leung LL, Myles T, Morser J. Thrombin Cleavage of Osteopontin and the Host Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3480. [PMID: 37444590 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multi-functional protein that is involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. There is a single conserved thrombin cleavage site in OPN that, when cleaved, yields two fragments with different properties from full-length OPN. In cancer, OPN has tumor-promoting activity and plays a role in tumor growth and metastasis. High levels of OPN expression in cancer cells and tumor tissue are found in various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, ovarian, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer, and are associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival rates. OPN promotes tumor progression and invasion by stimulating cell proliferation and angiogenesis and also facilitates the metastasis of cancer cells to other parts of the body by promoting cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, OPN contributes to immune evasion by inhibiting the activity of immune cells. Thrombin cleavage of OPN initiates OPN's tumor-promoting activity, and thrombin cleavage fragments of OPN down-regulate the host immune anti-tumor response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence L Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Timothy Myles
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peraramelli S, Zhou Q, Zhou Q, Wanko B, Zhao L, Nishimura T, Leung TH, Mizuno S, Ito M, Myles T, Stulnig TM, Morser J, Leung LL. Thrombin cleavage of osteopontin initiates osteopontin's tumor-promoting activity. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1256-1270. [PMID: 35108449 PMCID: PMC9289821 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional proinflammatory matricellular protein overexpressed in multiple human cancers and associated with tumor progression and metastases. Thrombin cleavage of OPN reveals a cryptic binding site for α4 β1 and α9 β1 integrins. METHODS Thrombin cleavage-resistant OPNR153A knock-in (OPN-KI) mice were generated and compared to OPN deficient mice (OPN-KO) and wild type (WT) mice in their ability to support growth of melanoma cells. Flow cytometry was used to analyze tumor infiltrating leukocytes. RESULTS OPN-KI mice engineered with a thrombin cleavage-resistant OPN had reduced B16 melanoma growth and fewer pulmonary metastases than WT mice. The tumor suppression phenotype of the OPN-KI mouse was identical to that observed in OPN-KO mice and was replicated in WT mice by pharmacologic inhibition of thrombin with dabigatran. Tumors isolated from OPN-KI mice had increased tumor-associated macrophages with an altered activation phenotype. Immunodeficient OPN-KI mice (NOG-OPN-KI) or macrophage-depleted OPN-KI mice did not exhibit the tumor suppression phenotype. As B16 cells do not express OPN, thrombin-cleaved fragments of host OPN suppress host antitumor immune response by functionally modulating the tumor-associated macrophages. YUMM3.1 cells, which express OPN, showed less tumor suppression in the OPN-KI and OPN-KO mice than B16 cells, but its growth was suppressed by dabigatran similar to B16 cells. CONCLUSIONS Thrombin cleavage of OPN, derived from the host and the tumor, initiates OPN's tumor-promoting activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Peraramelli
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Qi Zhou
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Bettina Wanko
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lei Zhao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Toshihiko Nishimura
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Thomas H. Leung
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-Border Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Timothy Myles
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas M. Stulnig
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Third Medical Department and Karl Landsteiner Institute for Metabolic Diseases and Nephrology, Clinic Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Lawrence L.K. Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou Q, Zhao L, Shao Z, Declerck P, Leung LLK, Morser J. Both plasma basic carboxypeptidases, carboxypeptidase B2 and carboxypeptidase N, regulate vascular leakage activity in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:238-244. [PMID: 34626062 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallikrein is generated when the contact system is activated, subsequently cleaving high molecular weight kininogen to bradykinin (BK). BK binds to bradykinin receptor 2, causing vascular leakage. BK is inactivated by proteolysis by the plasma carboxypeptidase B2 and N (CPB2 and CPN). CPN is constitutively active but CPB2 is generated from its zymogen, proCPB2. OBJECTIVES Determine the role of CPB2 and CPN in the regulation of vascular leakage. METHODS Mice deficient in CPB2, CPN, or both (Cpb2-/- , Cpn-/- , and Cpb2-/- /Cpn-/- ) were compared with wild-type mice (WT) in a model of vascular leakage caused by skin irritation. In some experiments, mice were pretreated with antibodies that prevent activation of proCPB2. RESULTS Skin irritation increased vascular leakage most in Cpb2-/- /Cpn-/- , less in Cpb2-/- and Cpn-/- , and least in WT mice. There was no difference in vascular leakage without the challenge. Antibodies inhibiting activation of proCPB2 by plasmin, but not by the thrombin/thrombomodulin complex, increased vascular leakage to the level seen in Cpb2-/- mice. There was no change in levels of markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis. CONCLUSIONS Bradykinin is inactivated by both CPB2 and CPN independently. Plasmin is the activator of proCPB2 in this model. Mice lacking both plasma carboxypeptidases have more vascular leak than those lacking either alone. Although BK levels were not determined, BK is the likely substrate for CPB2 and CPN in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Zhifei Shao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Paul Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lawrence L K Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yasuma T, D’Alessandro‐Gabazza CN, Kobayashi T, Morser J, Gabazza EC. Role of activation of the coagulation system in the pathogenesis of urticaria. Allergy 2021; 76:3243-3244. [PMID: 34596273 DOI: 10.1111/all.15015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Yasuma
- Department of Immunology Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, and Mie University Hospital Tsu Japan
| | | | - Tetsu Kobayashi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, and Mie University Hospital Tsu Japan
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
| | - Esteban C. Gabazza
- Department of Immunology Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, and Mie University Hospital Tsu Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Shen WJ, Qiu S, Yang P, Dempsey G, Zhao L, Zhou Q, Hao X, Dong D, Stahl A, Kraemer FB, Leung LL, Morser J. Chemerin regulates formation and function of brown adipose tissue: Ablation results in increased insulin resistance with high fat challenge and aging. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21687. [PMID: 34089273 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100156r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apart from its role in inflammation and immunity, chemerin is also involved in white adipocyte biology. To study the role of chemerin in adipocyte metabolism, we examined the function of chemerin in brown adipose tissue. Brown and white adipocyte precursors were differentiated into adipocytes in the presence of Chemerin siRNA. Chemerin-deficient (Chem-/- ) mice were compared to wild-type mice when fed a high-fat diet. Chemerin is expressed during brown adipocyte differentiation and knock down of chemerin mRNA results in decreased brown adipocyte differentiation with reduced fatty acid uptake in brown adipocytes. Chem-/- mice are leaner than wild-type mice but gain more weight when challenged with high-fat diet feeding, resulting in a larger increase in fat deposition. Chem-/- mice develop insulin resistance when on a high-fat diet or due to age. Brown adipose depots in Chem-/- mice weigh more than in wild-type mice, but with decreased mitochondrial content and function. Compared to wild-type mice, male Chem-/- mice have decreased oxygen consumption, CO2 production, energy expenditure, and a lower respiratory exchange ratio. Additionally, body temperature of Chem-/- mice is lower than that of wild-type mice. These results revealed that chemerin is expressed during brown adipocyte differentiation and has a pivotal role in energy metabolism through brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Shuo Qiu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Pinglin Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Garrett Dempsey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Hao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dachuan Dong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence L Leung
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Morser
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
d'Alessandro E, Becker C, Bergmeier W, Bode C, Bourne JH, Brown H, Buller HR, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Ten Cate V, van Cauteren YJM, Cheung YFH, Cleuren A, Coenen D, Crijns HJGM, de Simone I, Dolleman SC, Klein CE, Fernandez DI, Granneman L, van T Hof A, Henke P, Henskens YMC, Huang J, Jennings LK, Jooss N, Karel M, van den Kerkhof D, Klok FA, Kremers B, Lämmle B, Leader A, Lundstrom A, Mackman N, Mannucci PM, Maqsood Z, van der Meijden PEJ, van Moorsel M, Moran LA, Morser J, van Mourik M, Navarro S, Neagoe RAI, Olie RH, van Paridon P, Posma J, Provenzale I, Reitsma PH, Scaf B, Schurgers L, Seelig J, Siegbahn A, Siegerink B, Soehnlein O, Soriano EM, Sowa MA, Spronk HMH, Storey RF, Tantiwong C, Veninga A, Wang X, Watson SP, Weitz J, Zeerleder SS, Ten Cate H. Thrombo-Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease: An Expert Consensus Document from the Third Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:538-564. [PMID: 32289858 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thrombo-inflammation describes the complex interplay between blood coagulation and inflammation that plays a critical role in cardiovascular diseases. The third Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis assembled basic, translational, and clinical scientists to discuss the origin and potential consequences of thrombo-inflammation in the etiology, diagnostics, and management of patients with cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. This article presents a state-of-the-art reflection of expert opinions and consensus recommendations regarding the following topics: (1) challenges of the endothelial cell barrier; (2) circulating cells and thrombo-inflammation, focused on platelets, neutrophils, and neutrophil extracellular traps; (3) procoagulant mechanisms; (4) arterial vascular changes in atherogenesis; attenuating atherosclerosis and ischemia/reperfusion injury; (5) management of patients with arterial vascular disease; and (6) pathogenesis of venous thrombosis and late consequences of venous thromboembolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa d'Alessandro
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Joshua H Bourne
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Brown
- Rudolf-Virchov-Zentrum, DFG Forschungszentrum fur Experimentelle Biomedizin, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Harry R Buller
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arina J Ten Cate-Hoek
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Ten Cate
- Clinical Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yvonne J M van Cauteren
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yam F H Cheung
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Audrey Cleuren
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Danielle Coenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J G M Crijns
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilaria de Simone
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie C Dolleman
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and the Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Espinola Klein
- Center of Cardiology/Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Delia I Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne Granneman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud van T Hof
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Henke
- Michigan Medicine Vascular Surgery Clinic, Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Yvonne M C Henskens
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jingnan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa K Jennings
- CirQuest Labs, LLC and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Natalie Jooss
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Karel
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Danique van den Kerkhof
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik A Klok
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Kremers
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Lämmle
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Haemostasis Research Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avi Leader
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Annika Lundstrom
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Pier M Mannucci
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Ca' Granda Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milano, Italy
| | - Zahra Maqsood
- Rudolf-Virchov-Zentrum, DFG Forschungszentrum fur Experimentelle Biomedizin, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Paola E J van der Meijden
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van Moorsel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luis A Moran
- CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine and Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, California, United States
| | - Manouk van Mourik
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Navarro
- Rudolf-Virchov-Zentrum, DFG Forschungszentrum fur Experimentelle Biomedizin, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Raluca A I Neagoe
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Renske H Olie
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline van Paridon
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Posma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Provenzale
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter H Reitsma
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and the Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Billy Scaf
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Seelig
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Rijnstate ziekenhuis, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Agneta Siegbahn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bob Siegerink
- Center for Stroke research Berlin, Charité Universitätamedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Soriano
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin A Sowa
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert F Storey
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Chukiat Tantiwong
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alicia Veninga
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Weitz
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sacha S Zeerleder
- Department of Haematology and Central Haematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, and Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Ten Cate
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine and Thrombosis Expert Center, Maastricht University Medical Center and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wyseure T, Yang T, Zhou JY, Cooke EJ, Wanko B, Olmer M, Agashe R, Morodomi Y, Behrendt N, Lotz M, Morser J, von Drygalski A, Mosnier LO. TAFI deficiency causes maladaptive vascular remodeling after hemophilic joint bleeding. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128379. [PMID: 31465300 PMCID: PMC6795396 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive vascular remodeling is characteristic of hemophilic arthropathy (HA) and may contribute to joint bleeding and the progression of HA. Mechanisms for pathological vascular remodeling after hemophilic joint bleeding are unknown. In hemophilia, activation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is impaired, which contributes to joint bleeding and may also underlie the aberrant vascular remodeling. Here, hemophilia A (factor VIII-deficient; FVIII-deficient) mice or TAFI-deficient mice with transient (antibody-induced) hemophilia A were used to determine the role of FVIII and TAFI in vascular remodeling after joint bleeding. Excessive vascular remodeling and vessel enlargement persisted in FVIII-deficient and TAFI-deficient mice, but not in transient hemophilia WT mice, after similar joint bleeding. TAFI-overexpression in FVIII-deficient mice prevented abnormal vessel enlargement and vascular leakage. Age-related vascular changes were observed with FVIII or TAFI deficiency and correlated positively with bleeding severity after injury, supporting increased vascularity as a major contributor to joint bleeding. Antibody-mediated inhibition of uPA also prevented abnormal vascular remodeling, suggesting that TAFI's protective effects include inhibition of uPA-mediated plasminogen activation. In conclusion, the functional TAFI deficiency in hemophilia drives maladaptive vascular remodeling in the joints after bleeding. These mechanistic insights allow targeted development of potentially new strategies to normalize vascularity and control rebleeding in HA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Wyseure
- Deptartment of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tingyi Yang
- Deptartment of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jenny Y. Zhou
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Esther J. Cooke
- Deptartment of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bettina Wanko
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Merissa Olmer
- Deptartment of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ruchi Agashe
- Deptartment of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yosuke Morodomi
- Deptartment of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Niels Behrendt
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Lotz
- Deptartment of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Annette von Drygalski
- Deptartment of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Laurent O. Mosnier
- Deptartment of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wanko B, Tardelli M, Jürets A, Neuhofer A, Prager G, Morser J, Leung LL, Staffler G, Zeyda M, Stulnig TM. Antibody-mediated targeting of cleavage-specific OPN-T cell interactions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214938. [PMID: 30951532 PMCID: PMC6450625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are crucial players in obesity-mediated adipose tissue inflammation. We hypothesized that osteopontin (OPN), an inflammatory protein with enhanced activity when proteolytically cleaved, affects the number of viable T cells in adipose tissue and assessed inhibition of the interaction between T cells and thrombin and matrix metalloproteinases-cleaved OPN using antibodies and postimmune sera. Gene expression of T cell markers in adipose tissue from wild-type (wt) and Spp1-/- (OPN deficient) mice was analyzed after 16 weeks of high fat diet (HFD) or low fat diet (LFD) feeding. CD3, CD8 and OPN gene expression in omental adipose tissue from individuals with obesity was measured. OPN-T cell interactions were assessed with a fluorescence-based adhesion assay and blocked with antibodies targeting OPN. Comparison of T cell gene expression in adipose tissue from wt and Spp1-/- mice showed that OPN affected the number of T cells while in humans, levels of OPN correlated with T cell markers in omental adipose tissue. The interaction between T cells and cleaved OPN was blocked by postimmune sera following OPN peptide vaccinations and with monoclonal antibodies. In conclusion, levels of OPN affected the number of T cells in obesity and antibodies against cleaved OPN antagonize OPN-T cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wanko
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Matteo Tardelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Jürets
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Neuhofer
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Prager
- Department of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence L. Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | | | - Maximilian Zeyda
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M. Stulnig
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Islam I, Yuan S, West CW, Adler M, Bothe U, Bryant J, Chang Z, Chu K, Emayan K, Gualtieri G, Ho E, Light D, Mallari C, Morser J, Phillips G, Schaefer C, Sukovich D, Whitlow M, Chen D, Buckman BO. Discovery of selective urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) inhibitors as a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3372-3375. [PMID: 30201291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report here the design and synthesis of a novel series of benzylamines that are potent and selective inhibitors of uPA with promising oral availability in rat. Further evaluation of one representative (ZK824859) of the new structural class showed that this compound lowered clinical scores when dosed in either acute or chronic mouse EAE models, suggesting that uPA inhibitors of this type could be useful for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imadul Islam
- Medical Core Facility and Research Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud Bin, Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States.
| | - Shendong Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Christopher W West
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Marc Adler
- Department of Biophysics, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Ulrich Bothe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States; Research and Development Pharmaceutical, Bayer AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judi Bryant
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Zheng Chang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Kieu Chu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Kumar Emayan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Giovanna Gualtieri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Elena Ho
- Department of Animal Pharmacology, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - David Light
- Department of Antibody Technology, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Cornell Mallari
- Department of Animal Pharmacology, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - John Morser
- Cardiovascular Department, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Gary Phillips
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Caralee Schaefer
- Department of Animal Pharmacology, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Drew Sukovich
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Marc Whitlow
- Department of Biophysics, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Deborah Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Brad O Buckman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao L, Yamaguchi Y, Shen WJ, Morser J, Leung LLK. Dynamic and tissue-specific proteolytic processing of chemerin in obese mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202780. [PMID: 30161155 PMCID: PMC6116994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a chemoattractant involved in immunity as well as an adipokine, whose activity is regulated by successive proteolytic cleavages at its C-terminus. Chemerin’s C-terminal sequence and its proteolytic cleavage sites are highly conserved between human and mouse, as well as in other species. We produced, purified and characterized different mouse chemerin forms. Ca2+ mobilization assay showed that the EC50 values for mchem161T and mchem157R were 135.8 ± 158 nM and 71.2 ± 55.4 nM, respectively, whereas mchem156S and mchem155F had a 20-fold higher potency with an EC50 of 4.6 ± 1.8 nM and 3.6 ± 3.0 nM, respectively, likely representing the two physiologically active forms of chemerin. No agonist activity was found for mchem154A. Similar results were obtained in a chemotaxis assay. To identify and quantify the in vivo mouse chemerin forms in biological samples, we developed specific ELISAs for mchem162K, mchem157R, mchem156S, mchem155F and mchem154A, using antibodies raised against peptides from the C-terminus of the different mouse chemerin forms. The prochemerin form, mchem162K, was the major chemerin form in plasma with its increase matching the increase of total plasma chemerin in obese mice. During the onset of obesity in high-fat diet fed mice, mchem156S was elevated in plasma. In contrast, mchem155F was the dominant form in epididymal fat extracts. Our study provides the first direct evidence that mouse chemerin undergoes extensive, dynamic and tissue-specific proteolytic processing in vivo, similar to human chemerin, underlining the importance of measuring individual chemerin forms in studies of chemerin biology in mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford, CA, United States of America.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Yasuto Yamaguchi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford, CA, United States of America.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - John Morser
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford, CA, United States of America.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence L K Leung
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford, CA, United States of America.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nesheim M, Wang W, Boffa M, Nagashima M, Morser J, Bajzar L. Thrombin, Thrombomodulin and TAFI in the Molecular Link Between Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1657557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nesheim
- Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Michael Boffa
- Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Mariko Nagashima
- Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - John Morser
- Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Laszlo Bajzar
- Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao L, Yamaguchi Y, Ge X, Robinson WH, Morser J, Leung LLK. Chemerin 156F, generated by chymase cleavage of prochemerin, is elevated in joint fluids of arthritis patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:132. [PMID: 29973268 PMCID: PMC6033211 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemerin is a chemoattractant involved in immunity that also functions as an adipokine. Chemerin is secreted as an inactive precursor (chem163S), and its activation requires proteolytic cleavages at its C-terminus, involving proteases in coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation. Previously, we found chem158K was the dominant chemerin form in synovial fluids from patients with arthritis. In this study, we aimed to characterize a distinct cleaved chemerin form, chem156F, in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Purified chem156F was produced in transfected CHO cells. To quantify chem156F in OA and RA samples, we developed a specific ELISA for chem156F using antibody raised against a peptide representing the C-terminus of chem156F. RESULTS Ca2+ mobilization assays showed that the EC50 values for chem163S, chem156F, and chem157S were 252 ± 141 nM, 133 ± 41.5 nM, and 5.83 ± 2.48 nM, respectively. chem156F was more active than its precursor, chem163S, but very much less potent than chem157S, the most active chemerin form. Chymase was shown to be capable of cleaving chem163S at a relevant rate. Using the chem156F ELISA we found a substantial amount of chem156F present in synovial fluids from patients with OA and RA, 24.06 ± 5.51 ng/ml and 20.35 ± 5.19 ng/ml (mean ± SEM, n = 25) respectively, representing 20% of total chemerin in OA and 76.7% of chemerin in RA synovial fluids. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that chymase cleavage of chem163S to partially active chem156F can be found in synovial fluids where it can play a role in modulation of the inflammation in joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Room A4-131, Building 101, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Yasuto Yamaguchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Room A4-131, Building 101, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Xiaomei Ge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Room A4-131, Building 101, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - William H Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Room A4-131, Building 101, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John Morser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Room A4-131, Building 101, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Lawrence L K Leung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Room A4-131, Building 101, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leung LLK, Morser J. Carboxypeptidase B2 and carboxypeptidase N in the crosstalk between coagulation, thrombosis, inflammation, and innate immunity. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02219-X. [PMID: 29883024 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two basic carboxypeptidases, carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2) and carboxypeptidase N (CPN) are present in plasma. CPN is constitutively active, whereas CPB2 circulates as a precursor, procarboxypeptidase B2 (proCPB2), that needs to be activated by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex or plasmin bound to glycosaminoglycans. The substrate specificities of CPB2 and CPN are similar; they both remove C-terminal basic amino acids from bioactive peptides and proteins, thereby inactivating them. The complement cascade is a cascade of proteases and cofactors activated by pathogens or dead cells, divided into two phases, with the second phase only being triggered if sufficient C3b is present. Complement activation generates anaphylatoxins: C3a, which stimulates macrophages; and C5a, which is an activator and attractant for neutrophils. Pharmacological intervention with inhibitors has shown that CPB2 delays fibrinolysis, whereas CPN is responsible for systemic inactivation of C3a and C5a. Among mice genetically deficient in either CPB2 or CPN, in a model of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, Cpb2-/- mice had the worst disease, followed by Cpn-/- mice, with wild-type (WT) mice being the most protected. This model is driven by C5a, and shows that CPB2 is important in inactivating C5a. In contrast, when mice were challenged acutely with cobra venom factor, the reverse phenotype was observed; Cpn-/- mice had markedly worse disease than Cpb2-/- mice, and WT mice were resistant. These observations need to be confirmed in humans. Therefore, CPB2 and CPN have different roles. CPN inactivates C3a and C5a generated spontaneously, whereas proCPB2 is activated at specific sites, where it inactivates bioactive peptides that would overwhelm CPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L K Leung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Morser
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morser J, Shao Z, Nishimura T, Zhou Q, Zhao L, Higgins J, Leung LLK. Carboxypeptidase B2 and N play different roles in regulation of activated complements C3a and C5a in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:991-1002. [PMID: 29383821 PMCID: PMC8491566 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Two basic carboxypeptidases are present in plasma, B2 (CPB2) and N (CPN). Cpb2-/- and Cpn-/- mice were challenged in a hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) model vs. wild type. Cpb2-/- exacerbates HUS while Cpn-/- exacerbates cobra venom factor challenge vs. wild type mice. CPB2 and CPN have overlapping but non-redundant roles. SUMMARY Background There are two basic carboxypeptidases in plasma. Carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2) is activated from a circulating zymogen, proCPB2, and carboxypeptidase N (CPN) is constitutively active with both inactivating complement C3a and C5a. Aims To test the roles of CPB2 and CPN in complement-driven mouse models of cobra venom factor (CVF) challenge and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Methods Cpb2-/- , Cpn-/- and wild-type (WT) mice were compared in an HUS model induced by Shiga toxin and lipopolysaccharide administration and following CVF administration. Results HUS was exacerbated in Cpb2-/- mice more than in Cpn-/- mice, compared with WT mice. Cpb2-/- mice developed the HUS clinical triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, uremia and thrombocytopenia. Treatment with anti-C5 antibody improved survival of both Cpb2-/- and Cpn-/- mice. In contrast, when challenged acutely with CVF, the reverse phenotype was observed. Cpn-/- mice had markedly worse disease than Cpb2-/- mice, whereas the WT mice were resistant. Conclusions CPN and CPB2 play overlapping but non-redundant roles in regulating complement activation in vivo. The constitutively active CPN is key for inactivation of systemic C5a, whereas CPB2 functions as an on-demand supplementary anaphylatoxin inhibitor in inactivating excessive C5a formed locally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Z Shao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - T Nishimura
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Q Zhou
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - L Zhao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Higgins
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - L L K Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nishihama K, Yasuma T, Yano Y, D' Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Toda M, Hinneh JA, Baffour Tonto P, Takeshita A, Totoki T, Mifuji-Moroka R, Kobayashi T, Iwasa M, Takei Y, Morser J, Cann I, Gabazza EC. Anti-apoptotic activity of human matrix metalloproteinase-2 attenuates diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2018; 82:88-99. [PMID: 29366755 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic progression of diabetes is associated with decreased pancreatic islet mass due to apoptosis of β-cells. Patients with diabetes have increased circulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2); however, the physiological significance has remained elusive. This study tested the hypothesis that MMP2 inhibits cell apoptosis, including islet β-cells. METHODS Samples from diabetic patients and newly developed transgenic mice overexpressing human MMP2 (hMMP2) were harnessed, and diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. RESULTS Circulating hMMP2 was significantly increased in diabetic patients compared to controls and significantly correlated with the serum C-peptide levels. The diabetic hMMP2 transgenic mice showed significant improvements in glycemia, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion compared to diabetic wild type mice. Importantly, the increased hMMP2 levels in mice correlated with significant reduction in islet β-cell apoptosis compared to wild-type counterparts, and an inhibitor of hMMP2 reversed this mitigating activity against diabetes. The increased activation of Akt and BAD induced by hMMP2 in β-cells compared to controls, links this signaling pathway to the anti-apoptotic activity of hMMP2, a property that was reversible by both an hMMP2 inhibitor and antibody against integrin-β3. CONCLUSION Overall, this study demonstrates that increased expression of hMMP2 may attenuate the severity of diabetes by protecting islet β-cells from apoptosis through an integrin-mediated activation of the Akt/BAD pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Nishihama
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Taro Yasuma
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yano
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Corina N D' Alessandro-Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Biology Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Masaaki Toda
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Josephine A Hinneh
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Prince Baffour Tonto
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Atsuro Takeshita
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Totoki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Rumi Mifuji-Moroka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kobayashi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Motoh Iwasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 1155, Stanford, CA 94305-5156, United States
| | - Isaac Cann
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Biology Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Esteban C Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ge X, Yamaguchi Y, Zhao L, Bury L, Gresele P, Berube C, Leung LL, Morser J. Prochemerin cleavage by factor XIa links coagulation and inflammation. Blood 2018; 131:353-364. [PMID: 29158361 PMCID: PMC5774209 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-792580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a chemoattractant and adipokine that circulates in blood as inactive prochemerin (chem163S). Chem163S is activated by a series of C-terminal proteolytic cleavages resulting in diverse chemerin forms with different levels of activity. We screened a panel of proteases in the coagulation, fibrinolytic, and inflammatory cascades to identify those that process prochemerin in plasma. Factor XIa (FXIa) cleaved chem163S, generating a novel chemerin form, chem162R, as an intermediate product, and chem158K, as the final product. Processing at Arg162 was not required for cleavage at Lys158 or regulation of chemerin bioactivity. Contact phase activation of human platelet-poor plasma by kaolin led to cleavage of chem163S, which was undetectable in FXI-depleted plasma and markedly enhanced in platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Contact phase activation by polyphosphate in PRP resulted in 75% cleavage of chem163S. This cleavage was partially inhibited by hirudin, which blocks thrombin activation of FXI. After activation of plasma, levels of the most potent form of chemerin, chem157S, as well as inactive chem155A, increased. Plasma levels of chem163S in FXI-deficient patients were significantly higher compared with a matched control group (91 ± 10 ng/mL vs 58 ± 3 ng/mL, n = 8; P < .01) and inversely correlated with the plasma FXI levels. Thus FXIa, generated on contact phase activation, cleaves chem163S to generate chem158K, which can be further processed to the most active chemerin form, providing a molecular link between coagulation and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Ge
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA; and
| | - Yasuto Yamaguchi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA; and
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA; and
| | - Loredana Bury
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caroline Berube
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Lawrence L Leung
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA; and
| | - John Morser
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA; and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
D’Aprile A, Italia A, Gresele P, Morser J, Semeraro N, Colucci M. Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI) Does not Inhibit In Vitro Thrombolysis by Pharmacological Concentrations of t-PA. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1615650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryTAFI (thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor) is a plasma procarboxypeptidase that upon activation inhibits the fibrinolytic process by removing the C-terminal lysines from partially degraded fibrin. The generation of activated TAFI (TAFIa) has been suggested to represent a mechanism of thrombus resistance to thrombolytic therapy. However, the ability of TAFI to inhibit fibrinolysis by pharmacological concentrations of t-PA has not been properly investigated. We used an in vitro model consisting of 125I-fibrin blood clots submerged in auto-logous defibrinated plasma. Upon addition of t-PA (125-5000 ng/ml) and CaCl2 (25 mM), samples were incubated at 37° C, and clot lysis was measured at intervals from the radioactivity released into solution. The role of TAFI was assessed either by neutralizing the generated TAFIa with the specific inhibitor PTI (50 g/ml) or by enhancing TAFI activation through the addition of recombinant soluble thrombomodulin (solulin, 1 μg/ml). In our clot lysis model, activation of TAFI amounted to about 20% of inducible carboxypeptidase activity. Addition of PTI, however, produced a significant increase in the extent of lysis only at concentrations of t-PA equal to or lower than 250 ng/ml. When solulin was added to the plasma surrounding the clot, about 70% of TAFI was activated within 15 min. Under these conditions, inhibition of clot lysis was very marked in samples containing 125 or 250 ng/ml of t-PA, but negligible in those containing pharmacological concentrations of the activator (1000 and 5000 ng/ml). Additional experiments suggest that loss of fibrin-dependence by elevated concentrations of t-PA may be one of the mechanisms explaining the lack of effect of TAFIa. Our data indicate that, under our experimental conditions, clot lysis by pharmacological concentrations of t-PA is not influenced by TAFIa even after maximal activation of this procarboxypeptidase.
Collapse
|
21
|
Morser J, Bajzar L, Nesheim M, Nagashima M, Zhao L. Identification and Characterization of Two Thrombin-activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor Isoforms. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1615394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is synthesized by the liver and is thought to circulate in plasma as a plasminogen-bound zymogen. When it is activated by the thrombin/thrombomodulin complex, activated TAFI exhibits carboxypeptidase B-like activity. To study the structure-function relationship of TAFI, we expressed recombinant human TAFI in insect cells. During the cloning of TAFI cDNA from several human liver cDNA libraries, we identified a second TAFI cDNA which differed from the published sequence at 2 positions. One of these sequences resulted in a substitution of alanine for threonine at residue 147, the other was a silent mutation. These substitutions were found in several cDNA libraries from different sources. Using Southern blot analysis, we confirmed the existence of this TAFI polymorphism in the population. In order to compare the activation and activity of TAFI isoforms, we expressed both isoforms in the baculovirus expression system, and compared the enzyme kinetics of the purified proteins. The molecular weight of recombinant TAFI is lower than plasma TAFI due to differences in glycosylation. The two recombinant TAFI iso-forms had similar activation kinetics and the activated enzymes had similar carboxypeptidase B-like activity towards small molecule substrates. Their ability to retard clot lysis was found to be similar in a plate clot lysis assay.
Collapse
|
22
|
Dong N, Da Cunha V, Citkowicz A, Wu F, Vincelette J, Larsen B, Wang YX, Ruan C, Dole WP, Morser J, Wu Q, Pan J. P-selectin-targeting of the fibrin selective thrombolytic Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator α1. Thromb Haemost 2017; 92:956-65. [PMID: 15543321 DOI: 10.1160/th04-03-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryDuring thrombosis, P-selectin is expressed on the surface of activated endothelial cells and platelets. We hypothesized that targeting a plasminogen activator (PA) to P-selectin would enhance local thrombolysis and reduce bleeding risk. Previously, a urokinase (uPA)/anti-P-selectin antibody (HuSZ51) fusion protein was shown to increase fibrinolysis in a hamster pulmonary embolism model. To explore the therapeutic potential of this targeting strategy, we fused the fibrin-selective Desmodus rotundus salivary PA α1 (dsPAα1) to HuSZ51 and compared the fibrinolytic activity of P-selectin-targeted dsPAα1 (HuSZ51-dsPAα1) to unmodified dsPAα1 in vitro and in vivo. HuSZ51-dsPAα1 and dsPAα1 were expressed in CHO cells and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. HuSZ51dsPAα1 bound to thrombin-activated human and dog platelets with comparable affinities to that of parental antibody SZ51. The fusion protein retained the catalytic activities of dsPAα1 in chromogenic and clot lysis assays, indicating that dsPAα1 is fully functional when fused to HuSZ51. Compared to dsPAα1, HuSZ51-dsPAα1 had similar thrombolytic efficacy in a rat pulmonary embolism model and anti-thrombotic potency in a dog model of femoral artery thrombosis. However, HuSZ51dsPAα1 was less effective in lysis of preexisting arterial thrombi in the dog model. The reduced arterial thrombolysis was not due to the pharmacokinetic properties of HuSZ51-dsPAα1 because antigen level and amidolytic activity were higher in plasma from HuSZ51-dsPAα1-treated groups than corresponding dsPAα1-treated groups. These data indicate that the thrombolytic efficacy of HuSZ51-dsPAα1 varied dependent on the physical composition of thrombi. The lack of stimulation by fibrin in arterial thrombi may contribute to the attenuated thrombolytic efficacy of HuSZ51-dsPAα1 in the dog model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningzheng Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao L, Nagashima M, Vincelette J, Sukovich D, Li W, Subramanyam B, Yuan S, Emayan K, Islam I, Hrvatin P, Bryant J, Light D, Vergona R, Morser J, Buckman B, Wang YX. A novel inhibitor of activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa) – Part I: Pharmacological characterization. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1160/th06-09-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWe have discovered a novel small-molecule (3-phosphinoylpropionic acid) inhibitor of activated thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa), BX 528, which had an IC50 of 2 nM in an enzymatic assay and 50 nM in an in-vitro clot lysis assay, with 3,500- to 35,000-fold selectivity against other carboxypeptidases, such as CPN, CPZ and CPD, and 5- and 12-fold selectivity against CPE (CPH) and CPB, respectively. At 10 µM, BX 528 had no significant activity (< 50% inhibition or antagonism) in a panel of 137 enzymes and receptors. It had no effects on blood coagulation and platelet aggregation up to 300 and 10 µM, respectively. The plasma half-life following intravenous administration was 0.85 hours in rats and 4.5 hours in dogs. No significant metabolism was detected in human, dog or rabbit hepatic microsomes, and no significant inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6 up to 30 µM. No cytotoxic or cell proliferative effects were found in three hepatic and renal cell lines up to 300 µM and no mutagenic activity was seen in the Ames II screen. There were no significant hemodynamic effects in rats and dogs up to 100 and 30 mg/kg with peak plasma drug concentrations of ~1,000 and 300 µM, respectively. In an in-vivo complement activation model in guinea pigs, BX 528 showed minimal inhibition of plasma CPN activity up to 60 mg/kg with peak plasma concentrations up to 250 µM. Thus, these data demonstrate that BX 528 is a novel, potent, selective and safe TAFIa inhibitor.
Collapse
|
24
|
da Cunha V, Vincelette J, Zhao L, Nagashima M, Kawai K, Yuan S, Emayan K, Islam I, Hosoya J, Sullivan M, Dole W, Morser J, Buckman B, Vergona R, Wang YX. A novel inhibitor of activated thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa) – Part II: Enhancement of both exogenous and endogenous fibrinolysis in animal models of thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1160/th06-09-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWe have discovered a novel small-molecule TAFIa inhibitor, BX 528, which is potent, highly selective against other carboxypeptidases and safe. The present study was to determine if BX 528 can enhance exogenous and endogenous thrombolysis in four different animal models. In the first three models, a thrombus was induced by FeCl2 (dogs) or laser (rats) injury of the femoral artery, or formed ex vivo and implanted in the jugular vein in rabbits. A low dose of exogenous t-PA was given to induce a lowlevel thrombolysis on an established thrombus. Co-treatment with BX 528 further enhanced the thrombolytic effects induced by the exogenous t-PA and, thus, r educed thrombosis in all three animal models. In a second rat model, fibrin deposition in the lungs was induced by batroxobin, which was spontaneously resolved in 30 minutes due to the activation of endogenous fibrinolysis. Pre-treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) attenuated this spontaneous fibrinolysis. Co-treatment with 10 mg/kg BX 528 prevented the LPS-induced attenuation of endogenous fibrinolysis. Thus, these studies demonstrated that inhibition ofTAFIa by BX 528, our newly discovered small-molecule TAFIa inhibitor, enhanced both the exogenous (induced by a low dose of t-PA) and endogenous (LPS-induced resistance) thrombolysis without increasing the bleeding risk in four different animal models of thrombosis in different species (rat, dog and rabbit) employing different thrombogenic stimuli (FeCl2, laser, ex vivo and batroxobin) to induce thrombus formation in different tissues (artery, vein and lung microcirculation).
Collapse
|
25
|
Vincelette J, Cunha V, Martin-McNulty B, Mallari C, Fitch R, Alexander S, Islam I, Buckman B, Yuan S, Post J, Subramanyam B, Vergona R, Sullivan M, Dole W, Morser J, Bryant J, Wang YX. A novel P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonist that inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in rat and dog models. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1160/th06-12-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIrreversible platelet inhibitors, such as aspirin and clopidogrel, have limited anti-thrombotic efficacy in the clinic due to their bleeding risk. We have developed an orally active reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist, BX 667.The aim of this study was to determine if the reversible antagonist BX 667 had a greater therapeutic index than the irreversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist clopidogrel. Since BX 667 is rapidly converted to its active metabolite BX 048 in rats,we first injected BX 048 intravenously (iv) in a rat arterial venous (A-V) shunt model of thrombosis.BX 048 dose- and concentration-dependently attenuated thrombosis. When administered orally, BX 667 and clopidogrel had similar efficacy, but BX 667 caused less bleeding than clopidogrel. In a rat model of a platelet-rich thrombus induced by vessel injury with FeCl2, both BX 667 and clopidogrel exhibited higher levels of thrombus inhibition after oral administration compared to their potency in the A-V shunt model.Again, BX 667 caused less bleeding than clopidogrel. In a dog cyclic flow model, iv injection of either BX 667 or clopidogrel dose-dependently reduced thrombus formation with lower bleeding for BX 667 than clopidogrel. Inhibition of thrombosis was highly correlated with inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in these animal models. In dogs pre-treated with aspirin, BX 667 maintained its wider therapeutic index, measured by inhibition of platelet aggregation over bleeding, compared to the aspirin-clopidogrel combination.These data demonstrate that the reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist, BX 667, has a wider therapeutic index than clopidogrel in experimental models of thrombosis.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bruno NE, Yano Y, Takei Y, Qin L, Suzuki T, Morser J, D’Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Mizoguchi A, Suzuki K, Taguchi O, Sumida Y, Gabazza EC. Immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis is ameliorated by thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor deficiency. Thromb Haemost 2017; 100:90-100. [DOI: 10.1160/th08-02-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe activity of plasmin plays a critical role in the development of chronic glomerulonephritis. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is a potent inhibitor of plasmin generation. We hypothesized thatTAFI is involved in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis because it inhibits plasmin generation. To demonstrate this hypothesis, we compared the development of immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in wild-type and TAFI-deficient mice. After six weeks of treatment with horse spleen apoferritin and lipoplysaccharide to induce glomerulonephritis, mice deficient in TAFI had significantly better renal function as shown by lower concentrations of albumin in urine and blood urea nitrogen compared to wild-type mice. In addition, the activity of plasmin and matrix metalloproteinases was significantly increased, and mesangial matrix expansion and the deposition of collagen and fibrin in kidney tissues were significantly decreased in TAFI-knockout mice as compared to their wildtype counterparts. Depletion of fibrinogen by batroxobin (Defibrase) treatment led to equalization of the renal function and the amount of collagen deposition in the kidneys of TAFI-knockout and wild-type mice with immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Together these observations suggest that TAFI-mediated inhibition of plasmin generation plays a role in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis, and that it may constitute a novel molecular target for the therapy of this disease.
Collapse
|
27
|
Satoh T, Satoh K, Yaoita N, Kikuchi N, Omura J, Kurosawa R, Numano K, Al-Mamun E, Siddique MAH, Sunamura S, Nogi M, Suzuki K, Miyata S, Morser J, Shimokawa H. Activated TAFI Promotes the Development of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Possible Novel Therapeutic Target. Circ Res 2017; 120:1246-1262. [PMID: 28289017 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal disease; however, its pathogenesis still remains to be elucidated. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is synthesized by the liver and inhibits fibrinolysis. Plasma TAFI levels are significantly increased in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of activated TAFI (TAFIa) in the development of CTEPH. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunostaining showed that TAFI and its binding partner thrombomodulin (TM) were highly expressed in the pulmonary arteries (PAs) and thrombus in patients with CTEPH. Moreover, plasma levels of TAFIa were increased 10-fold in CTEPH patients compared with controls. In mice, chronic hypoxia caused a 25-fold increase in plasma levels of TAFIa with increased plasma levels of thrombin and TM, which led to thrombus formation in PA, vascular remodeling, and pulmonary hypertension. Consistently, plasma clot lysis time was positively correlated with plasma TAFIa levels in mice. Additionally, overexpression of TAFIa caused organized thrombus with multiple obstruction of PA flow and reduced survival rate under hypoxia in mice. Bone marrow transplantation showed that circulating plasma TAFI from the liver, not in the bone marrow, was activated locally in PA endothelial cells through interactions with thrombin and TM. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that TAFIa increased PA endothelial permeability, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and monocyte/macrophage activation. Importantly, TAFIa inhibitor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists significantly reduced TAFIa and ameliorated animal models of pulmonary hypertension in mice and rats. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TAFIa could be a novel biomarker and realistic therapeutic target of CTEPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taijyu Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Nobuhiro Yaoita
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Nobuhiro Kikuchi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Junichi Omura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Ryo Kurosawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Kazuhiko Numano
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Elias Al-Mamun
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Mohammad Abdul Hai Siddique
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Shinichiro Sunamura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Masamichi Nogi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Kota Suzuki
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - John Morser
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.).
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yasuma T, Yano Y, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Toda M, Gil-Bernabe P, Kobayashi T, Nishihama K, Hinneh JA, Mifuji-Moroka R, Roeen Z, Morser J, Cann I, Motoh I, Takei Y, Gabazza EC. Erratum. Amelioration of Diabetes by Protein S. Diabetes 2016;65:1940-1951. Diabetes 2016; 65:3812. [PMID: 27803023 DOI: 10.2337/db16-er12b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
29
|
Chang SS, Eisenberg D, Zhao L, Adams C, Leib R, Morser J, Leung L. Chemerin activation in human obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1522-9. [PMID: 27222113 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemerin is an inflammatory adipokine, whose activity is regulated by successive proteolytic cleavages at its C-terminus. It is secreted as an inactive precursor (chem163S); cleavage at Lys158 converts it to chem158K with modest activity. Chem157S is the most potent form and chem155A is inactive. The aim of this study was to determine if chemerin was activated in samples from patients with obesity. METHODS Using specific ELISAs for different chemerin forms and a pan-chemerin ELISA, chemerin forms in human obesity were characterized. RESULTS Plasma chemerin from patients with obesity (BMI 44.3 ± 1.3 kg/m(2) , n = 29) was significantly higher than in lean controls (BMI 20.9 ± 0.7 kg/m(2) , n = 10) (160 ± 11 vs. 76.2 ± 5.5 ng/mL, respectively, P < 0.0001). This increase in chemerin was due to increased previously unattributed chemerin, with further C-terminal truncation demonstrated by mass spectrometry, accounting for ∼35% of total plasma chemerin. Chemerin forms in adipose tissue showed a different profile, with minimal chem163S and significant levels of chem157S. Chem155A was present in omental but not in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Unattributed chemerin forms were undetectable in adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS Chemerin is activated in adipose tissue of subjects with obesity, and further C-terminal processing occurs during the disposition of chemerin from adipose tissue, resulting in substantial levels of novel degraded forms in plasma that correlate with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shwu-Shin Chang
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Dan Eisenberg
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Christopher Adams
- Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ryan Leib
- Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lawrence Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yasuma T, Yano Y, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Toda M, Gil-Bernabe P, Kobayashi T, Nishihama K, Hinneh JA, Mifuji-Moroka R, Roeen Z, Morser J, Cann I, Motoh I, Takei Y, Gabazza EC. Amelioration of Diabetes by Protein S. Diabetes 2016; 65:1940-51. [PMID: 27207541 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein S is an anticoagulant factor that also regulates inflammation and cell apoptosis. The effect of protein S on diabetes and its complications is unknown. This study compared the development of diabetes between wild-type and transgenic mice overexpressing human protein S and the development of diabetic glomerulosclerosis between mice treated with and without human protein S and between wild-type and protein S transgenic mice. Mice overexpressing protein S showed significant improvements in blood glucose level, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion compared with wild-type counterparts. Exogenous protein S improved insulin sensitivity in adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and liver cell lines in db/db mice compared with controls. Significant inhibition of apoptosis with increased expression of BIRC3 and Bcl-2 and enhanced activation of Akt/PKB was induced by protein S in islet β-cells compared with controls. Diabetic wild-type mice treated with protein S and diabetic protein S transgenic mice developed significantly less severe diabetic glomerulosclerosis than controls. Patients with type 2 diabetes had significantly lower circulating free protein S than healthy control subjects. This study shows that protein S attenuates diabetes by inhibiting apoptosis of β-cells and the development of diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Yasuma
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yano
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Toda
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | - Paloma Gil-Bernabe
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kobayashi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | - Kota Nishihama
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | - Josephine A Hinneh
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | - Rumi Mifuji-Moroka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | - Ziaurahman Roeen
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Isaac Cann
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology Institute for Genomic Biology and Department of Animal Sciences and Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Iwasa Motoh
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| | - Esteban C Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence L Leung
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Morser
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Foley JH, Kim PY, Hendriks D, Morser J, Gils A, Mutch NJ. Evaluation of and recommendation for the nomenclature of the CPB2 gene product (also known as TAFI and proCPU): communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:2277-8. [PMID: 27028102 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Foley
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London and Katherine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre and Thrombosis Unit, London, UK
| | - P Y Kim
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - D Hendriks
- Laboratory for Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Morser
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A Gils
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N J Mutch
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shao Z, Nishimura T, Leung LLK, Morser J. Carboxypeptidase B2 deficiency reveals opposite effects of complement C3a and C5a in a murine polymicrobial sepsis model. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1090-102. [PMID: 25851247 PMCID: PMC4452409 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2) is a basic carboxypeptidase with fibrin and complement C3a and C5a as physiological substrates. We hypothesized that in polymicrobial sepsis, CPB2-deficient mice would have sustained C5a activity, leading to disease exacerbation. METHODS Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, Cpb2(-/-) mice had significantly improved survival, with reduced lung edema, less liver and kidney damage, and less disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hepatic pro-CPB2 was induced by CLP, leading to increased pro-CPB2 levels. Thrombomodulin present on mesothelium supported thrombin activation of pro-CPB2. Both wild-type and Cpb2(-/-) animals treated with a C5a receptor antagonist had improved survival, demonstrating that C5a was detrimental in this model. Treatment with a fibrinolysis inhibitor, tranexamic acid, caused a decrease in survival in both genotypes; however, the Cpb2(-/-) animals retained their survival advantage. Administration of a C3a receptor antagonist exacerbated the disease in both wild-type and Cpb2(-/-) mice and eliminated the survival advantage of Cpb2(-/-) mice. C5a receptor is expressed in both peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils; in contrast, C3a receptor expression is restricted to peritoneal macrophages, and C3a induced signaling in macrophages but not neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS While C5a exacerbates the peritonitis, resulting in a deleterious generalized inflammatory state, C3a activation of peritoneal macrophages may limit the initial infection following CLP, thereby playing a diametrically opposing protective role in this polymicrobial sepsis model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Shao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - T. Nishimura
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. L. K. Leung
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - J. Morser
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shao Z, Morser J, Leung LLK. Thrombin cleavage of osteopontin disrupts a pro-chemotactic sequence for dendritic cells, which is compensated by the release of its pro-chemotactic C-terminal fragment. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27146-27158. [PMID: 25112870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.572172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin cleavage alters the function of osteopontin (OPN) by exposing an integrin binding site and releasing a chemotactic C-terminal fragment. Here, we examined thrombin cleavage of OPN in the context of dendritic cell (DC) migration to define its functional domains. Full-length OPN (OPN-FL), thrombin-cleaved N-terminal fragment (OPN-R), thrombin- and carboxypeptidase B2-double-cleaved N-terminal fragment (OPN-L), and C-terminal fragment (OPN-CTF) did not have intrinsic chemotactic activity, but all potentiated CCL21-induced DC migration. OPN-FL possessed the highest potency, whereas OPNRAA-FL had substantially less activity, indicating the importance of RGD. We identified a conserved (168)RSKSKKFRR(176) sequence on OPN-FL that spans the thrombin cleavage site, and it demonstrated potent pro-chemotactic effects on CCL21-induced DC migration. OPN-FLR168A had reduced activity, and the double mutant OPNRAA-FLR168A had even lower activity, indicating that these functional domains accounted for most of the pro-chemotactic activity of OPN-FL. OPN-CTF also possessed substantial pro-chemotactic activity, which was fully expressed upon thrombin cleavage and its release from the intact protein, because OPN-CTF was substantially more active than OPNRAA-FLR168A containing the OPN-CTF sequence within the intact protein. OPN-R and OPN-L possessed similar potency, indicating that the newly exposed C-terminal SVVYGLR sequence in OPN-R was not involved in the pro-chemotactic effect. OPN-FL and OPN-CTF did not directly bind to the CD44 standard form or CD44v6. In conclusion, thrombin cleavage of OPN disrupts a pro-chemotactic sequence in intact OPN, and its loss of pro-chemotactic activity is compensated by the release of OPN-CTF, which assumes a new conformation and possesses substantial activity in enhancing chemokine-induced migration of DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Shao
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 and; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 and; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Lawrence L K Leung
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 and; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Naito M, Taguchi O, Kobayashi T, Takagi T, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Matsushima Y, Boveda-Ruiz D, Gil-Bernabe P, Matsumoto T, Chelakkot-Govindalayathil AL, Toda M, Yasukawa A, Hataji O, Morser J, Takei Y, Gabazza EC. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor protects against acute lung injury by inhibiting the complement system. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:646-53. [PMID: 23721130 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0454oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating disease with an overall mortality rate of 30 to 40%. The coagulation/fibrinolysis system is implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI. Thrombin-activatable fibronolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is an important component of the fibrinolysis system. Recent studies have shown that the active form of TAFI can also regulate inflammatory responses by its ability to inhibit complement C3a, C5a, and osteopontin. We hypothesized that TAFI might have a protective role in ALI. To demonstrate this hypothesis, the development of ALI was compared between wild-type (WT) and TAFI-deficient mice. ALI was induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS. Control mice were treated with saline. Animals were killed 24 hours after LPS. The number of inflammatory cells and the concentration of total protein and inflammatory cytokines were significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from LPS-treated, TAFI-deficient mice compared with their WT counterparts. Significantly higher concentrations of C5a were found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma in LPS-treated TAFI knockout mice compared with WT mice. Pretreatment with inhaled C5a receptor antagonist blocked the detrimental effects of TAFI deficiency to levels found in WT mice. Our results show that TAFI protects against ALI, at least in part, by inhibiting the complement system.
Collapse
|
36
|
Toda M, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Takagi T, Chelakkot-Govindalayathila AL, Taguchi O, Roeen Z, Munesue S, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H, Gabazza EC, Morser J. Thrombomodulin modulates dendritic cells via both antagonism of high mobility group protein B1 and an independent mechanism. Allergol Int 2014; 63:57-66. [PMID: 24368584 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.13-oa-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombomodulin treatment modulates the properties of dendritic cells (DCs) converting them from immunogenic to tolerogenic and inducing its own expression on DCs. Thrombomodulin binds to the inflammatory mediator, high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), antagonizing signalling through its receptor, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). METHODS To test if soluble thrombomodulin could antagonize HMGB1 signaling via RAGE on DCs. DCs were prepared from mouse bone marrow cells or human monocytes. In some experiments dendritic cells were sorted into thrombomodulin+ and thrombomodulin- populations. Expression of surface maturation markers was determined by flow cytometry following treatment with thrombomodulin in the presence or absence of HMGB1. RESULTS Thrombomodulin+ dendritic cells secrete less HMGB1 into the medium. HMGB1 reduces the effects of thrombomodulin on expression of DC maturation markers. Treatment with thrombomodulin reduces the expression of maturation markers such as CD80 and CD86 and increases the expression of thrombomodulin on the DC surface. Treatment of DCs with neutralizing anti-HMGB1 antibody acted synergistically with thrombomodulin in increasing thrombomodulin expression on DCs. Treatment with thrombomodulin can still reduce the expression of surface markers on DCs derived from mice that are deficient in RAGE showing that thrombomodulin can affect DCs by an alternative mechanism. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that thrombomodulin modulates DCs both by antagonizing the interaction of HMGB1 with RAGE and by an independent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Toda
- Department of Immunology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Corina N D'Alessandro-Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Takehiro Takagi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Osamu Taguchi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Ziaurahman Roeen
- Department of Immunology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Seiichi Munesue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Esteban C Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - John Morser
- Department of Immunology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan; Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Miyake Y, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Takagi T, Naito M, Hataji O, Nakahara H, Yuda H, Fujimoto H, Kobayashi H, Yasuma T, Toda M, Kobayashi T, Yano Y, Morser J, Taguchi O, Gabazza EC. Dose-dependent differential effects of thrombin in allergic bronchial asthma. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1903-15. [PMID: 23964923 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from its role in the coagulation system, thrombin plays an important role in the inflammatory response through its protease-activated receptors (PARs). However, the role of thrombin in the immune response is not clear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether thrombin has a modulatory role in allergic bronchial asthma. METHODS Bronchial asthma was induced in mice by intraperitoneal sensitization and inhalation challenge with ovalbumin. Thrombin or its inhibitors were administered by inhalation before each allergen challenge. RESULTS Mice with low but sustained coagulation activation had reduced allergic inflammation, and allergic asthma was inhibited by low doses of thrombin but worsened by high doses. Allergic asthma was worsened by antithrombin, argatroban, hirudin, and anti-thrombomodulin antibody. Mice with a higher level of an inhibitor of both thrombin and activated protein C had worse disease. Heterozygous PAR-1 mice had less allergic inflammation, but PAR-1 agonist worsened it. Allergic bronchial inflammation was worsened in mice that received adoptive transfer of PAR-1 agonist-treated Th2 cells as compared with controls. Low levels of thrombin suppressed the maturation and secretion of cytokines in dendritic cells, but high levels enhanced this. CONCLUSIONS The effects of thrombin on allergic asthma are dose-dependent, with detrimental effects at high doses and protective effects at low doses. These data demonstrate that thrombin modulates the outcome in allergic bronchial asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Toda M, Shao Z, Yamaguchi KD, Takagi T, D’Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Taguchi O, Salamon H, Leung LLK, Gabazza EC, Morser J. Differential gene expression in thrombomodulin (TM; CD141)(+) and TM(-) dendritic cell subsets. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72392. [PMID: 24009678 PMCID: PMC3751914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown in a mouse model of bronchial asthma that thrombomodulin can convert immunogenic conventional dendritic cells into tolerogenic dendritic cells while inducing its own expression on their cell surface. Thrombomodulin+ dendritic cells are tolerogenic while thrombomodulin− dendritic cells are pro-inflammatory and immunogenic. Here we hypothesized that thrombomodulin treatment of dendritic cells would modulate inflammatory gene expression. Murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were treated with soluble thrombomodulin and expression of surface markers was determined. Treatment with thrombomodulin reduces the expression of maturation markers and increases the expression of TM on the DC surface. Thrombomodulin treated and control dendritic cells were sorted into thrombomodulin+ and thrombomodulin− dendritic cells before their mRNA was analyzed by microarray. mRNAs encoding pro-inflammatory genes and dendritic cells maturation markers were reduced while expression of cell cycle genes were increased in thrombomodulin-treated and thrombomodulin+ dendritic cells compared to control dendritic cells and thrombomodulin− dendritic cells. Thrombomodulin-treated and thrombomodulin+ dendritic cells had higher expression of 15-lipoxygenase suggesting increased synthesis of lipoxins. Thrombomodulin+ dendritic cells produced more lipoxins than thrombomodulin− dendritic cells, as measured by ELISA, confirming that this pathway was upregulated. There was more phosphorylation of several cell cycle kinases in thrombomodulin+ dendritic cells while phosphorylation of kinases involved with pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling was reduced. Cultures of thrombomodulin+ dendritic cells contained more cells actively dividing than those of thrombomodulin− dendritic cells. Production of IL-10 is increased in thrombomodulin+ dendritic cells. Antagonism of IL-10 with a neutralizing antibody inhibited the effects of thrombomodulin treatment of dendritic cells suggesting a mechanistic role for IL-10. The surface of thrombomodulin+ dendritic cells supported activation of protein C and procarboxypeptidase B2 in a thrombomodulin-dependent manner. Thus thrombomodulin treatment increases the number of thrombomodulin+ dendritic cells, which have significantly altered gene expression compared to thrombomodulin− dendritic cells in key immune function pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Toda
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Shi, Mie Ken, Japan
| | - Zhifei Shao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Ken D. Yamaguchi
- Knowledge Synthesis Inc., Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Takehiro Takagi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Shi, Mie Ken, Japan
| | | | - Osamu Taguchi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Shi, Mie Ken, Japan
| | - Hugh Salamon
- Knowledge Synthesis Inc., Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence L. K. Leung
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Esteban C. Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Shi, Mie Ken, Japan
| | - John Morser
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
We present the design and performance characteristics of a platelet analysis platform based on a microfluidic impedance cytometer. Dielectrophoretic focusing is used to centre cells in a fluid stream, which then forms the core of a two-phase flow (dielectric focusing). This flow then passes between electrodes for analysis by differential impedance spectroscopy at multiple frequencies from 280 kHz to 4 MHz. This approach increases the signal-to-noise ratio relative to a single-phase, unfocused stream, while minimising the shear forces to which the cells are subjected. The percentage of activated platelets before and after passage through the chip was measured using flow cytometry, and no significant change was measured. Measuring the in-phase amplitude at a single frequency is sufficient to distinguish platelets from erythrocytes. Using multi-frequency impedance measurements and discriminant analysis, resting platelets can be discriminated from activated platelets. This multifrequency impedance cytometer therefore allows ready determination of the degree of platelet activation in blood samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Evander
- Dept. of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Morser J. Thrombomodulin links coagulation to inflammation and immunity. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:421-31. [PMID: 22206250 DOI: 10.2174/138945012799424606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is a type 1 membrane bound glycoprotein that has a C-type lectin domain at its Nterminus, 6 copies of the epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) motif and serine/threonine rich domain carrying a glycosoaminoglycan external to the membrane. TM binds thrombin changing thrombin's substrate specificity from procoagulant and pro-inflammatory to anti-coagulant and anti-inflammatory because of the activation of protein C (PC) and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI). Thrombin's anion binding site 1 binds to TM's EGF domains 5 and 6. EGF4 is required for PC activation and EGF3 and 4 for TAFI activation in addition to EGF56. The X-ray structure of thrombin bound to TM has been solved and shows few major alterations in the active site of thrombin. The lectin domain can bind high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and a sugar, Lewis Y. TM's lectin domain behaves as an antagonist to HMGB1 endowing it with intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity. Treatment of dendritic cells with TM converts them from immunogenic to tolerogenic. TM is necessary for maintenance of pregnancy as well as prevention of coagulation throughout life. Soluble TM has been developed as an anticoagulant possessing favorable pharmacokinetics that has been approved for treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation in Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 1155, MC5156, Stanford, CA 9435-5156, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yamaguchi Y, Shao Z, Sharif S, Du XY, Myles T, Merchant M, Harsh G, Glantz M, Recht L, Morser J, Leung LLK. Thrombin-cleaved fragments of osteopontin are overexpressed in malignant glial tumors and provide a molecular niche with survival advantage. J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23204518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.362954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), which is highly expressed in malignant glioblastoma (GBM), possesses inflammatory activity modulated by proteolytic cleavage by thrombin and plasma carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2) at a highly conserved cleavage site. Full-length OPN (OPN-FL) was elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from all cancer patients compared with noncancer patients. However, thrombin-cleaved OPN (OPN-R) and thrombin/CPB2-double-cleaved OPN (OPN-L) levels were markedly increased in GBM and non-GBM gliomas compared with systemic cancer and noncancer patients. Cleaved OPN constituted ∼23 and ∼31% of the total OPN in the GBM and non-GBM CSF samples, respectively. OPN-R was also elevated in GBM tissues. Thrombin-antithrombin levels were highly correlated with cleaved OPN, but not OPN-FL, suggesting that the cleaved OPN fragments resulted from increased thrombin and CPB2 in this extracellular compartment. Levels of VEGF and CCL4 were increased in CSF of GBM and correlated with the levels of cleaved OPN. GBM cell lines were more adherent to OPN-R and OPN-L than OPN-FL. Adhesion to OPN altered gene expression, in particular genes involved with cellular processes, cell cycle regulation, death, and inflammation. OPN and its cleaved forms promoted motility of U-87 MG cells and conferred resistance to apoptosis. Although functional mutation of the RGD motif in OPN largely abolished these functions, OPN(RAA)-R regained significant cell binding and signaling function, suggesting that the SVVYGLR motif in OPN-R may substitute for the RGD motif if the latter becomes inaccessible. OPN cleavage contributes to GBM development by allowing more cells to bind in niches where they acquire anti-apoptotic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Yamaguchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hamasaki T, Suzuki H, Shirohzu H, Matsumoto T, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Gil-Bernabe P, Boveda-Ruiz D, Naito M, Kobayashi T, Toda M, Mizutani T, Taguchi O, Morser J, Eguchi Y, Kuroda M, Ochiya T, Hayashi H, Gabazza EC, Ohgi T. Efficacy of a novel class of RNA interference therapeutic agents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42655. [PMID: 22916145 PMCID: PMC3419724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is being widely used in functional gene research and is an important tool for drug discovery. However, canonical double-stranded short interfering RNAs are unstable and induce undesirable adverse effects, and thus there is no currently RNAi-based therapy in the clinic. We have developed a novel class of RNAi agents, and evaluated their effectiveness in vitro and in mouse models of acute lung injury (ALI) and pulmonary fibrosis. The novel class of RNAi agents (nkRNA®, PnkRNA™) were synthesized on solid phase as single-stranded RNAs that, following synthesis, self-anneal into a unique helical structure containing a central stem and two loops. They are resistant to degradation and suppress their target genes. nkRNA and PnkRNA directed against TGF-β1mRNA ameliorate outcomes and induce no off-target effects in three animal models of lung disease. The results of this study support the pathological relevance of TGF-β1 in lung diseases, and suggest the potential usefulness of these novel RNAi agents for therapeutic application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- BONAC Corporation, BIO Factory 4F, Aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisao Shirohzu
- BONAC Corporation, BIO Factory 4F, Aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- BONAC Corporation, BIO Factory 4F, Aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Corina N. D'Alessandro-Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Paloma Gil-Bernabe
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Daniel Boveda-Ruiz
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masahiro Naito
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kobayashi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toda
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mizutani
- BONAC Corporation, BIO Factory 4F, Aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Taguchi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - John Morser
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yutaka Eguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hirotake Hayashi
- BONAC Corporation, BIO Factory 4F, Aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Esteban C. Gabazza
- BONAC Corporation, BIO Factory 4F, Aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
- * E-mail: (ECG); (T. Ohgi)
| | - Tadaaki Ohgi
- BONAC Corporation, BIO Factory 4F, Aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (ECG); (T. Ohgi)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Relja B, Lustenberger T, Puttkammer B, Jakob H, Morser J, Gabazza EC, Takei Y, Marzi I. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is enhanced in major trauma patients without infectious complications. Immunobiology 2012; 218:470-6. [PMID: 22749979 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious complications frequently occur after major trauma, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), a procarboxypeptidase in plasma, plays a dual role in regulating both coagulation and inflammation. Activated TAFI (TAFIa) has broad anti-inflammatory properties due to its inactivation of active inflammatory mediators (anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, bradykinin, osteopontin). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine if TAFI plays a role in the development of inflammatory complications after major trauma. PATIENTS/METHODS Upon arrival at the emergency department (ED), plasma levels of TAFI and TAFIa were measured in 26 multiple traumatized patients for 10 consecutive days. Systemic levels of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocytes were determined. RESULTS Fifteen patients developed pneumonia and/or sepsis (compl) and 11 had no complications (wo compl). Overall injury severity and age were comparable in both groups. Complications occurred approximately 5 days after trauma. IL-6 increased on day 5, whereas CRP, PCT and leukocytes started to increase on day 6 in the compl-group. Upon arrival at the ED and on days 1 and 4, TAFI levels were significantly lower in the compl-group compared to the wo compl-group (p=0.0215). Similarly, TAFIa was significantly lower on day 4 in the compl-group than in the wo compl-group (p=0.049). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study shows that TAFI levels are inversely correlated with inflammation-associated development of complications after major trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Relja
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Boveda-Ruiz D, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Toda M, Takagi T, Naito M, Matsushima Y, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi T, Gil-Bernabe P, Chelakkot-Govindalayathil AL, Miyake Y, Yasukawa A, Morser J, Taguchi O, Gabazza EC. Differential role of regulatory T cells in early and late stages of pulmonary fibrosis. Immunobiology 2012; 218:245-54. [PMID: 22739236 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specific subset of T lymphocytes that regulate the function of other subsets of lymphocytes. Contradictory results have been reported regarding the role of Tregs in lung fibrosis. We wished to clarify the role of Tregs in the early and late stages of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice by depleting them with anti-CD25+ antibody (PC61). Mice treated with PC61 in early stages had significantly decreased number of CD4+CD25+ T cells compared to mice treated with the isotype control. The number of inflammatory cells, the concentrations of collagen, TGFβ1, the content of collagen and hydroxyproline in lung tissue were significantly reduced in PC61-treated mice compared to mice treated with the isotype control group. Pathological examination of the lung also disclosed reduced fibrotic changes and decreased fibrosis score in the PC61 group compared to control group. By contrast, mice treated with PC61 in late stages of the disease showed more infiltration of inflammatory cells and higher fibrotic score and hydroxyproline content in the lungs than mice treated with the isotype control. Our results suggest that Tregs play a detrimental role in early stages but protective role in late stages of pulmonary fibrosis in mice.
Collapse
|
45
|
Gil-Bernabe P, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Toda M, Boveda Ruiz D, Miyake Y, Suzuki T, Onishi Y, Morser J, Gabazza EC, Takei Y, Yano Y. Exogenous activated protein C inhibits the progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:337-46. [PMID: 22236035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated protein C (APC) can regulate immune and inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Protein C transgenic mice develop less diabetic nephropathy but whether exogenous administration of APC suppresses established diabetic nephropathy is unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated the therapeutic potential of APC in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced in unilaterally nephrectomized C57/Bl6 mice using intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin. Four weeks later, the mice were treated with i.p. exogenous APC every other day for 1 month. RESULTS APC-treated mice had a significantly improved blood nitrogen urea-to-creatinine ratio, urine total protein to creatinine ratio and proteinuria, and had significantly less renal fibrosis as measured by the levels of collagen and hydroxyproline. The renal tissue concentration of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the RNA expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β1 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were significantly lower in APC-treated mice than in untreated animals. The percentage of apoptotic cells was reduced and the expression of podocin, nephrin and WT-1 in the glomeruli was significantly improved in mice treated with APC compared with untreated mice. The levels of coagulation markers were not affected by APC treatment. CONCLUSION Exogenous APC improves renal function and mitigates pathological changes in mice with diabetic nephropathy by suppressing the expression of fibrogenic cytokines, growth factors and apoptosis, suggesting its potential usefulness for the therapy of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Gil-Bernabe
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Kobayashi T, Boveda-Ruiz D, Takagi T, Toda M, Gil-Bernabe P, Miyake Y, Yasukawa A, Matsuda Y, Suzuki N, Saito H, Yano Y, Fukuda A, Hasegawa T, Toyobuku H, Rennard SI, Wagner PD, Morser J, Takei Y, Taguchi O, Gabazza EC. Development and preclinical efficacy of novel transforming growth factor-β1 short interfering RNAs for pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:397-406. [PMID: 22033267 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0158oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic devastating disease of unknown etiology. No therapy is currently available. A growing body of evidence supports the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 as the major player in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, attempts to control its expression and to improve the outcome of pulmonary fibrosis have been disappointing. We tested the hypothesis that TGF-β1 is the dominant factor in the acute and chronic phases of pulmonary fibrosis and developed short interfering (si)RNAs directed toward molecules implicated in the disease. This study developed novel sequences of siRNAs targeting the TGF-β1 gene and evaluated their therapeutic efficacy in two models of pulmonary fibrosis: a model induced by bleomycin and a novel model of the disease developed spontaneously in mice overexpressing the full length of human TGF-β1 in the lungs. Intrapulmonary delivery of aerosolized siRNAs of TGF-β1 with sequences common to humans and rodents significantly inhibited bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the acute and chronic phases of the disease and in a dose-dependent manner. Aerosolized human-specific siRNA also efficiently inhibited pulmonary fibrosis, improved lung function, and prolonged survival in human TGF-β1 transgenic mice. Mice showed no off-target effects after intratracheal administration of siRNA. These results suggest the applicability of these novel siRNAs as tools for treating pulmonary fibrosis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina N D'Alessandro-Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu city, Mie prefecture 514 8507, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yamaguchi Y, Du XY, Zhao L, Morser J, Leung LLK. Proteolytic cleavage of chemerin protein is necessary for activation to the active form, Chem157S, which functions as a signaling molecule in glioblastoma. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39510-9. [PMID: 21949124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.258921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a chemoattractant involved in innate and adaptive immunity as well as an adipokine implicated in adipocyte differentiation. Chemerin circulates as an inactive precursor in blood whose bioactivity is closely regulated through proteolytic processing at its C terminus. We developed methodology for production of different recombinant chemerin isoforms (chem163S, chem157S, and chem155A) which allowed us to obtain large quantities of these proteins with purity of >95%. Chem158K was generated from chem163S by plasmin cleavage. Characterization by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation demonstrated that both the N and C termini were correct for each isoform. Ca(2+) mobilization assays showed that the EC(50) values for chem163S and chem158K were 54.2 ± 19.9 nm and 65.2 ± 13.2 nm, respectively, whereas chem157S had a ∼50-fold higher potency with an EC(50) of 1.2 ± 0.7 nm. Chem155A had no agonist activity and weak antagonist activity, causing a 50% reduction of chem157S activity at a molar ratio of 100:1. Similar results were obtained in a chemotaxis assay. Because chem158K is the dominant form in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with glioblastoma (GBM), we examined the significance of chemerin in GBM biology. In silico analysis showed chemerin mRNA was significantly increased in tissue from grade III and IV gliomas. Furthermore, U-87 MG cells, a human GBM line, express the chemerin receptors, chemokine-like receptor 1 and chemokine receptor-like 2, and chem157S triggered Ca(2+) flux. This study emphasized the necessity of appropriate C-terminal proteolytic processing to generate the likely physiologic form of active chemerin, chem157S, and suggested a possible role in malignant GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Yamaguchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhao L, Yamaguchi Y, Sharif S, Du XY, Song JJ, Lee DM, Recht LD, Robinson WH, Morser J, Leung LLK. Chemerin158K protein is the dominant chemerin isoform in synovial and cerebrospinal fluids but not in plasma. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39520-7. [PMID: 21930706 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.258954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a chemoattractant involved in immunity that may also function as an adipokine. Chemerin circulates as an inactive precursor (chem163S), and its activation requires proteolytic cleavages at its C terminus, involving proteases involved in coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation. However, the key proteolytic steps in prochemerin activation in vivo remain to be established. Previously, we have shown that C-terminal cleavage of chem163S by plasmin to chem158K, followed by a carboxypeptidase cleavage, leads to the most active isoform, chem157S. To identify and quantify the in vivo chemerin isoforms in biological specimens, we developed specific ELISAs for chem163S, chem158K, and chem157S, using antibodies raised against peptides from the C terminus of the different chemerin isoforms. We found that the mean plasma concentrations of chem163S, chem158K, and chem157S were 40 ± 7.9, 8.1 ± 2.9, and 0.7 ± 0.8 ng/ml, respectively. The total level of cleaved and noncleaved chemerins in cerebrospinal fluids was ∼10% of plasma levels whereas it was elevated ∼2-fold in synovial fluids from patients with arthritis. On the other hand, the fraction of cleaved chemerins was much higher in synovial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid samples than in plasma (∼75%, 50%, and 18% respectively). Chem158K was the dominant chemerin isoform, and it was not generated by ex vivo processing, indicating that cleavage of prochemerin at position Lys-158, whether by plasmin or another serine protease, represents a major step in prochemerin activation in vivo. Our study provides the first direct evidence that chemerin undergoes extensive proteolytic processing in vivo, underlining the importance of measuring individual isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Song JJ, Hwang I, Cho KH, Garcia MA, Kim AJ, Wang TH, Lindstrom TM, Lee AT, Nishimura T, Zhao L, Morser J, Nesheim M, Goodman SB, Lee DM, Bridges SL, Gregersen PK, Leung LL, Robinson WH. Plasma carboxypeptidase B downregulates inflammatory responses in autoimmune arthritis. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3517-27. [PMID: 21804193 DOI: 10.1172/jci46387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune and coagulation systems are both implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Plasma carboxypeptidase B (CPB), which is activated by the thrombin/thrombomodulin complex, plays a procoagulant role during fibrin clot formation. However, an antiinflammatory role for CPB is suggested by the recent observation that CPB can cleave proinflammatory mediators, such as C5a, bradykinin, and osteopontin. Here, we show that CPB plays a central role in downregulating C5a-mediated inflammatory responses in autoimmune arthritis. CPB deficiency exacerbated inflammatory arthritis in a mouse model of RA, and cleavage of C5a by CPB suppressed the ability of C5a to recruit immune cells in vivo. In human patients with RA, genotyping of nonsynonymous SNPs in the CPB-encoding gene revealed that the allele encoding a CPB variant with longer half-life was associated with a lower risk of developing radiographically severe RA. Functionally, this CPB variant was more effective at abrogating the proinflammatory properties of C5a. Additionally, expression of both CPB and C5a in synovial fluid was higher in patients with RA than in those with osteoarthritis. These findings suggest that CPB plays a critical role in dampening local, C5a-mediated inflammation and represents a molecular link between inflammation and coagulation in autoimmune arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Song
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gil-Bernabe P, Boveda-Ruiz D, D'Alessandro-Gabazza C, Toda M, Miyake Y, Mifuji-Moroka R, Iwasa M, Morser J, Gabazza EC, Takei Y. Atherosclerosis amelioration by moderate alcohol consumption is associated with increased circulating levels of stromal cell-derived factor-1. Circ J 2011; 75:2269-79. [PMID: 21757824 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A moderate intake of alcohol is associated with lower cardiovascular mortality, and the role of circulating progenitor cells in the beneficial effect of alcohol on atherosclerosis is unclear. The hypothesis of this study was that alcohol ameliorates atherosclerosis by modulating the circulating levels of stromal cell-derived growth factor (SDF)-1 and vascular progenitor cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis was induced by infusion of angiotensin II in apolipoprotein-E deficient mice, which were treated with high and low doses of ethanol for 28 days by intraperitoneal injection. Mice treated with low-dose ethanol had significantly less dilatation and fewer atheromatous lesions than mice receiving the high-dose ethanol. The number of circulating fibrocytes was significantly lower in mice treated with high-dose ethanol compared with mice with atherosclerosis untreated with ethanol. The plasma CXCL12/SDF-1 level was significantly increased in mice treated with low-dose ethanol compared with mice treated with a high dose, and the plasma concentration of transforming growth factor-β1 was significantly increased in mice treated with high-dose ethanol compared with control mice. Ethanol regulated the secretion of SDF-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor from fibroblasts in a dose-dependent and bimodal fashion. CONCLUSIONS The circulating level of CXCL12/SDF-1 may be involved, at least in part, in the differential effects of alcohol consumption on atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Gil-Bernabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|