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Yang W, Zhang C, Liu LB, Bian ZZ, Chang JT, Fan DY, Gao N, Wang PG, An J. Immunocompetent mouse models revealed that S100A4 + monocytes/macrophages facilitate long-term Zika virus infection in the testes. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2300466. [PMID: 38164719 PMCID: PMC10773650 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2300466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
During its global epidemic, Zika virus (ZIKV) attracted widespread attention due to its link with various severe neurological symptoms and potential harm to male fertility. However, the understanding of how ZIKV invades and persists in the male reproductive system is limited due to the lack of immunocompetent small animal models. In this study, immunocompetent murine models were generated by using anti-IFNAR antibody blocked C57BL/6 male mice and human STAT2 (hSTAT2) knock in (KI) male mice. After infection, viral RNA could persist in the testes even after the disappearance of viremia. We also found a population of ZIKV-susceptible S100A4+ monocytes/macrophages that were recruited into testes from peripheral blood and played a crucial role for ZIKV infection in the testis. By using single-cell RNA sequencing, we also proved that S100A4+ monocytes/macrophages had a great impact on the microenvironment of ZIKV-infected testes, thus promoting ZIKV-induced testicular lesions. In conclusion, this study proposed a novel mechanism of long-term ZIKV infection in the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Bo Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Zhan Bian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Tong Chang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei-Gang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Nazari H, Cho AN, Goss D, Thiery JP, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Impact of brain organoid-derived sEVs on metastatic adaptation and invasion of breast carcinoma cells through a microphysiological system. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3434-3455. [PMID: 38888211 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00296b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Brain metastases are common in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), suggesting a complex process of cancer spread. The mechanisms enabling TNBC cell adaptation and proliferation in the brain remain unclear. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) play a crucial role in communication between breast carcinoma cells and the brain. However, the lack of relevant models hinders understanding of sEV-mediated communication. The present study assesses the impact of brain organoid-derived sEVs (BO-sEVs) on various behaviours of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, chosen as a representative of TNBC in a 3D microfluidic model. Our results demonstrate that 150-200 nm sEVs expressing CD63, CD9, and CD81 from brain organoid media decrease MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, enhance their wound-healing capacity, alter their morphology into more mesenchymal mode, and increase their stemness. BO-sEVs led to heightened PD-L1, CD49f, and vimentin levels of expression in MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting an amplified immunosuppressive, stem-like, and mesenchymal phenotype. Furthermore, these sEVs also induced the expression of neural markers such as GFAP in carcinoma cells. The cytokine antibody profiling array also showed that BO-sEVs enhanced the secretion of MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8 by MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, sEVs significantly enhance the migration and invasion of carcinoma cells toward brain organoids in a 3D organoid-on-a-chip system. Our findings emphasize the potential significance of metastatic site-derived sEVs as pivotal mediators in carcinoma progression and adaptation to the brain microenvironment, thereby unveiling novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjatollah Nazari
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ann-Na Cho
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dale Goss
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- UMR 7057 CNRS Matter and Complex Systems, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Ogura T, Okada T, Hatano M, Nakamura M, Agemura T. Development of General-purpose Dielectric Constant Imaging Unit for SEM and Direct Observation of Samples in Aqueous Solution. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1037-1046. [PMID: 37749668 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopes can observe samples with a spatial resolution of 10 nm or higher; however, they cannot observe samples in solutions due to the vacuum conditions inside the sample chamber. Recently, we developed a scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscope (SE-ADM), based on scanning electron microscope, which enables the observation of various specimens in solution. Until now, the SE-ADM system used a custom-made SE-ADM stage with a built-in amplifier and could not be linked to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) operation system. Therefore, it was necessary to manually acquire images from the SE-ADM system after setting the EB focus, astigmatism, and observation field-of-view from the SEM operating console. In this study, we developed a general-purpose dielectric constant imaging unit attached to commercially available SEMs. The new SE-ADM unit can be directly attached to the standard stage of an SEM, and the dielectric signal detected from this unit can be input to the external input terminal of the SEM, enabling simultaneous observation yielding SEM and SE-ADM images. Furthermore, 4.5 nm spatial resolution was achieved using a 10 nm thick silicon nitride film in the sample holder in the observation of aggregated PM2.5. We carried out the observation of cultured cells, PM2.5, and clay samples in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ogura
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Michio Hatano
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, Ichige 882, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-8504, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, Ichige 882, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-8504, Japan
| | - Toshihide Agemura
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, Ichige 882, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-8504, Japan
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Yoshimura T, Li C, Wang Y, Matsukawa A. The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCL2 is a promoter of breast cancer metastasis. Cell Mol Immunol 2023:10.1038/s41423-023-01013-0. [PMID: 37208442 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer worldwide, and metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) was isolated from the culture supernatants of not only mitogen-activated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes but also malignant glioma cells based on its in vitro chemotactic activity toward human monocytes. MCP-1 was subsequently found to be identical to a previously described tumor cell-derived chemotactic factor thought to be responsible for the accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and it became a candidate target of clinical intervention; however, the role of TAMs in cancer development was still controversial at the time of the discovery of MCP-1. The in vivo role of MCP-1 in cancer progression was first evaluated by examining human cancer tissues, including breast cancers. Positive correlations between the level of MCP-1 production in tumors and the degree of TAM infiltration and cancer progression were established. The contribution of MCP-1 to the growth of primary tumors and metastasis to the lung, bone, and brain was examined in mouse breast cancer models. The results of these studies strongly suggested that MCP-1 is a promoter of breast cancer metastasis to the lung and brain but not bone. Potential mechanisms of MCP-1 production in the breast cancer microenvironment have also been reported. In the present manuscript, we review studies in which the role of MCP-1 in breast cancer development and progression and the mechanisms of its production were examined and attempt to draw a consensus and discuss the potential use of MCP-1 as a biomarker for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Chunning Li
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuze Wang
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Łabędź W, Przybyla A, Zimna A, Dąbrowski M, Kubaszewski Ł. The Role of Cytokines in the Metastasis of Solid Tumors to the Spine: Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043785. [PMID: 36835198 PMCID: PMC9962202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have investigated the role of cytokines in bone metastases, our knowledge of their function in spine metastasis is limited. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to map the available evidence on the involvement of cytokines in spine metastasis in solid tumors. A PubMed search identified 211 articles demonstrating a functional link between cytokines/cytokine receptors and bone metastases, including six articles confirming the role of cytokines/cytokine receptors in spine metastases. A total of 68 cytokines/cytokine receptors were identified to mediate bone metastases; 9 (mostly chemokines) played a role in spine metastases: CXC motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 5, CXCL12, CXC motif chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4, CXCR6, interleukin (IL) 10 in prostate cancer, CX3C motif chemokine ligand (CX3CL) 1 and CX3C motif chemokine receptor (CX3CR) 1 in liver cancer, CC motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 in breast cancer, and transforming growth factor (TGF) β in skin cancer. Except for CXCR6, all cytokines/cytokine receptors were shown to operate in the spine, with CX3CL1, CX3CR1, IL10, CCL2, CXCL12, and CXCR4 mediating bone marrow colonization, CXCL5 and TGFβ promoting tumor cell proliferation, and TGFβ additionally driving bone remodeling. The number of cytokines/cytokine receptors confirmed to mediate spinal metastasis is low compared with the vast spectrum of cytokines/cytokine receptors participating in other parts of the skeleton. Therefore, further research is needed, including validation of the role of cytokines mediating metastases to other bones, to precisely address the unmet clinical need associated with spine metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Łabędź
- Adult Spine Orthopaedics Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.Ł.); (M.D.)
| | - Anna Przybyla
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zimna
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Dąbrowski
- Adult Spine Orthopaedics Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.Ł.); (M.D.)
| | - Łukasz Kubaszewski
- Adult Spine Orthopaedics Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland
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Nakayama A, Roquid KA, Iring A, Strilic B, Günther S, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Offermanns S. Suppression of CCL2 angiocrine function by adrenomedullin promotes tumor growth. J Exp Med 2022; 220:213682. [PMID: 36374225 PMCID: PMC9665902 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells and endothelial cells regulate each other. While tumor cells induce angiogenic responses in endothelial cells, endothelial cells release angiocrine factors, which act on tumor cells and other stromal cells. We report that tumor cell-derived adrenomedullin has a pro-angiogenic as well as a direct tumor-promoting effect, and that endothelium-derived CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) suppresses adrenomedullin-induced tumor cell proliferation. Loss of the endothelial adrenomedullin receptor CALCRL or of the G-protein Gs reduced endothelial proliferation. Surprisingly, tumor cell proliferation was also reduced after endothelial deletion of CALCRL or Gs. We identified CCL2 as a critical angiocrine factor whose formation is inhibited by adrenomedullin. Furthermore, CCL2 inhibited adrenomedullin formation in tumor cells through its receptor CCR2. Consistently, loss of endothelial CCL2 or tumor cell CCR2 normalized the reduced tumor growth seen in mice lacking endothelial CALCRL or Gs. Our findings show tumor-promoting roles of adrenomedullin and identify CCL2 as an angiocrine factor controlling adrenomedullin formation by tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany,Correspondence to Akiko Nakayama:
| | - Kenneth Anthony Roquid
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - András Iring
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Boris Strilic
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Min Chen
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA
| | - Lee S. Weinstein
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany,Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany,Cardiopulmonary Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany,Stefan Offermanns:
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Kurokawa H, Matsui H. The Cytotoxicity of Doxorubicin Can Be Accelerated by a Combination of Hyperthermia and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101531. [PMID: 34679666 PMCID: PMC8532950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is cytotoxic to various cancer cells and as well as normal cells. Thus, treatments that demonstrate selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells are desired. The combination of chemotherapy and other cancer therapies can show synergic cytotoxicity, which may be a clue to the nature of the involved cancer cellar-specific damage. We previously reported a phenomenon whereby mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitROS) regulate the expression transporters involved in anticancer drug transport and mitROS production is increased by hyperthermia. Moreover, the uptake of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was enhanced by the increase in mitROS production. In this study, we investigated whether the combination of hyperthermia and ALA can enhance the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin. MitROS production and ALA-derived porphyrin accumulation by hyperthermia (HT) were increased in a murine breast cancer cell line. The expression of solute carrier 15A1 (SLC15A1) upregulated and an ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) downregulated by HT. Since SLC15A1 is an accumulating transporter for ALA, while ABCG2 is a porphyrin efflux transporter, porphyrin accumulation was enhanced. ABCG2 is also a doxorubicin efflux transporter. Thus, ALA treatment accelerates the intracellular concentration of porphyrin, which acts as a competitive inhibitor of doxorubicin. Indeed, the amount of intracellular doxorubicin was increased by a combination of HT and ALA. The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin was also enhanced. This enhancement was observed in the human breast cancer cell line while it was not seen in normal cells. The combination of HT and ALA treatment can enhance the cancer-specific cytotoxicity of doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kurokawa
- Algae Biomass Research and Development, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-853-3466
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Algae Biomass Research and Development, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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Göbel A, Dell’Endice S, Jaschke N, Pählig S, Shahid A, Hofbauer LC, Rachner TD. The Role of Inflammation in Breast and Prostate Cancer Metastasis to Bone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5078. [PMID: 34064859 PMCID: PMC8151893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis to bone is a common event in multiple forms of malignancy. Inflammation holds essential functions in homeostasis as a defense mechanism against infections and is a strategy to repair injured tissue and to adapt to stress conditions. However, exaggerated and/or persistent (chronic) inflammation may eventually become maladaptive and evoke diseases such as autoimmunity, diabetes, inflammatory tissue damage, fibrosis, and cancer. In fact, inflammation is now considered a hallmark of malignancy with prognostic relevance. Emerging studies have revealed a central involvement of inflammation in several steps of the metastatic cascade of bone-homing tumor cells through supporting their survival, migration, invasion, and growth. The mechanisms by which inflammation favors these steps involve activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), chemokine-mediated homing of tumor cells, local activation of osteoclastogenesis, and a positive feedback amplification of the protumorigenic inflammation loop between tumor and resident cells. In this review, we summarize established and evolving concepts of inflammation-driven tumorigenesis, with a special focus on bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Göbel
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01159 Dresden, Germany; (S.D.); (N.J.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (L.C.H.); (T.D.R.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefania Dell’Endice
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01159 Dresden, Germany; (S.D.); (N.J.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (L.C.H.); (T.D.R.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Jaschke
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01159 Dresden, Germany; (S.D.); (N.J.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (L.C.H.); (T.D.R.)
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, 01159 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Pählig
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01159 Dresden, Germany; (S.D.); (N.J.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (L.C.H.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Amna Shahid
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01159 Dresden, Germany; (S.D.); (N.J.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (L.C.H.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01159 Dresden, Germany; (S.D.); (N.J.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (L.C.H.); (T.D.R.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, 01159 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilman D. Rachner
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01159 Dresden, Germany; (S.D.); (N.J.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (L.C.H.); (T.D.R.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, 01159 Dresden, Germany
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Postoperative elevation in the plasma CCL2 level is a predictive biomarker of colorectal cancer recurrence. Surg Today 2021; 51:1671-1681. [PMID: 33797637 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-021-02273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is currently no adequate biomarker for predicting colorectal cancer (CRC) recurrence. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) induces macrophages and fibroblasts to occupy metastatic niches in distant organs. The purpose of this study was to examine CCL2 as a potential predictive biomarker for CRC recurrence. METHODS Plasma samples (n = 402) were collected from 80 stage II/III/IV CRC cases and the relationship between CCL2 profiles and recurrence was investigated. The tumor immune response genes associated with CCL2 mRNA expression in a subgroup of 8 stage I/II CRC cases with 12 recurrent sites and The Cancer Genome Atlas database were also analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Sixteen stage II/III/IV postoperative recurrent CRC cases experienced a significant increase in plasma CCL2 levels 6 months after surgery and continuously increased even after R0-1 resection. The 6-month postoperative CCL2 levels in recurrent cases of ≥ 1 year were significantly higher than in non-recurrent cases and recurrent cases of < 1 year. The CCL2 level in the primary tumor cases significantly correlated with the cytolytic activity, thus indicating a tumor immune response from the CD163-expressing macrophages. CONCLUSION Plasma CCL2 was found to be a predictive biomarker of postoperative CRC recurrence. CCL2 in metastatic sites derives from metastatic niches that surpass the host immune response.
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Okada T, Ogura T. Scanning Electron-Assisted Dielectric Microscopy Reveals Autophagosome Formation by LC3 and ATG12 in Cultured Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041834. [PMID: 33673233 PMCID: PMC7917705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular self-devouring system that plays a central role in cellular recycling. The formation of functional autophagosomes depends on several autophagy-related proteins, including the microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3) and the conserved autophagy-related gene 12 (Atg12). We have recently developed a novel scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscope (SE-ADM) for nanoscale observations of intact cells. Here, we used the SE-ADM system to observe LC3- and Atg12-containing autophagosomes in cells labelled in the culture medium with antibodies conjugated to colloidal gold particles. We observed that, during autophagosome formation, Atg12 localized along the actin meshwork structure, whereas LC3 formed arcuate or circular alignments. Our system also showed a difference in the distribution of LC3 and Atg12; Atg12 was broadly distributed while LC3 was more localized. The difference in the spatial distribution demonstrated by our system explains the difference in the size of fluorescent spots due to the fluorescently labelled antibodies observed using optical microscopy. The direct SE-ADM observation of cells should thus be effective in analyses of autophagosome formation.
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Okada T, Iwayama T, Murakami S, Torimura M, Ogura T. Nanoscale observation of PM2.5 incorporated into mammalian cells using scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscope. Sci Rep 2021; 11:228. [PMID: 33420286 PMCID: PMC7794539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 has been correlated with risk factors for various diseases and infections. It promotes tissue injury by direct effects of particle components. However, effects of PM2.5 on cells have not been fully investigated. Recently, we developed a novel imaging technology, scanning electron-assisted dielectric-impedance microscopy (SE-ADM), which enables observation of various biological specimens in aqueous solution. In this study, we successfully observed PM2.5 incorporated into living mammalian cells in culture media. Our system directly revealed the process of PM2.5 aggregation in the cells at a nanometre resolution. Further, we found that the PM2.5 aggregates in the intact cells were surrounded by intracellular membrane-like structures of low-density in the SE-ADM images. Moreover, the PM2.5 aggregates were shown by confocal Raman microscopy to be located inside the cells rather than on the cell surface. We expect our method to be applicable to the observation of various nanoparticles inside cells in culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Okada
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Iwayama
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0851, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0851, Japan
| | - Masaki Torimura
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ogura
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
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O'Connor T, Heikenwalder M. CCL2 in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1302:1-14. [PMID: 34286437 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-62658-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a crucial mediator of immune cell recruitment during microbial infections and tissue damage. CCL2 is also frequently overexpressed in cancer cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment, and a large body of evidence indicates that high CCL2 levels are associated with more aggressive malignancies, a higher probability of metastasis, and poorer outcomes in a wide range of cancers. CCL2 plays a role in recruiting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which adopt a pro-tumorigenic phenotype and support cancer cell survival, facilitate tumor cell invasion, and promote angiogenesis. CCL2 also has direct, TAM-independent effects on tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, including recruitment of other myeloid subsets and non-myeloid cells, maintaining an immunosuppressive environment, stimulating tumor cell growth and motility, and promoting angiogenesis. CCL2 also plays important roles in the metastatic cascade, such as creating a pre-metastatic niche in distant organs and promoting tumor cell extravasation across endothelia. Due to its many roles in tumorigenesis and metastatic processes, the CCL2-CCR2 signaling axis is currently being pursued as a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy O'Connor
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Wang Y, Ren S, Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhu N, Cai D, Ye Z, Ruan J. Chemokines in bone-metastatic breast cancer: Therapeutic opportunities. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106815. [PMID: 32711376 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to non-response to chemotherapy, incomplete surgical resection, and resistance to checkpoint inhibitors, breast cancer with bone metastasis is notoriously difficult to cure. Therefore, the development of novel, efficient strategies to tackle bone metastasis of breast cancer is urgently needed. Chemokines, which induce directed migration of immune cells and act as guide molecules between diverse cells and tissues, are small proteins indispensable in immunity. These complex chemokine networks play pro-tumor roles or anti-tumor roles when produced by breast cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, chemokines have diverse roles when secreted by various immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer, which can be roughly divided into immunosuppressive effects and immunostimulatory effects. Recently, targeting chemokine networks has been shown to have potential for use in treatment of metastatic malignancies, including bone-metastatic breast cancer. In this review, we focus on the role of chemokines networks in the biology of breast cancer and metastasis to the bone. We also discuss the therapeutic opportunities and future prospects of targeting chemokine networks, in combination with other current standard therapies, for the treatment of bone-metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shihong Ren
- First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zenan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | | | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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14
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The Role of Adipokines and Bone Marrow Adipocytes in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144967. [PMID: 32674405 PMCID: PMC7404398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of breast cancer is mostly due to a distant metastasis, especially to the bone. Many factors may be responsible for bone metastasis in breast cancer, but interactions between tumor cells and other surrounding types of cells, and cytokines secreted by both, are expected to play the most important role. Bone marrow adipocyte (BMA) is one of the cell types comprising the bone, and adipokine is one of the cytokines secreted by both breast cancer cells and BMAs. These BMAs and adipokines are known to be responsible for cancer progression, and this review is focused on how BMAs and adipokines work in the process of breast cancer bone metastasis. Their potential as suppressive targets for bone metastasis is also explored in this review.
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15
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Terasaki A, Kurokawa H, Indo HP, Bando H, Hara H, Majima HJ, Matsui H, Ito H. Enhancement of PDT-cytotoxicity via ROS induced by indomethacin in metastatic breast cancer. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancers prevalent in women. Several types of breast cancers can easily metastasize to bone and cause disease complications such as hypercalcemia and pathologic fracture, thus compromising the quality of life of people affected by it. Bisphosphonate drugs are often used for the treatment of bone metastasis to suppress osteoclastic bone resorption. However, bisphosphonate has adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys and also induces osteonecrosis of the jaw. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative cancer treatment approach with minimal invasiveness. It is a combination treatment that uses photosensitizers, which accumulate in tumor cells, followed by laser irradiation. We previously reported that the cellular incorporation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), which was a precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), was regulated by reactive oxygen species derived from mitochondria (mitROS). In this study, we investigated the incorporation of 5-ALA, accumulation of PpIX, and subsequent effects on cell viability after laser irradiation of two different breast cancer cell lines with different metastaticites. The highly metastatic breast cancer cell line 4T1E/M3 showed a significant increase in ROS production after treatment with indomethacin (IND). In addition, IND treatment enhanced the cellular uptake of 5-ALA via PEPT1 upregulation in 4T1E/M3, but not in the non-metastatic cell line. Overall, metastatic breast cancer is likely to be sensitive to ROS and activate signaling pathways associated with 5-ALA transportation, suggesting that ALA-PDT could be an effective treatment with low invasiveness for metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Terasaki
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kurokawa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroko P. Indo
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hiroko Bando
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hisato Hara
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hideyuki J. Majima
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
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16
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Mulholland BS, Forwood MR, Morrison NA. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) Drives Activation of Bone Remodelling and Skeletal Metastasis. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2019; 17:538-547. [PMID: 31713180 PMCID: PMC6944672 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to explore the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2) in the processes that underpin bone remodelling, particularly the action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and its role in the development and metastasis of cancers that target the bone. RECENT FINDINGS MCP-1 is a key mediator of osteoclastogenesis, being the highest induced gene during intermittent treatment with parathyroid hormone (iPTH), but also regulates catabolic effects of continuous PTH on bone including monocyte and macrophage recruitment, osteoclast formation and bone resorption. In concert with PTH-related protein (PTHrP), MCP-1 mediates the interaction between tumour-derived factors and host-derived chemokines to promote skeletal metastasis. In breast and prostate cancers, an osteolytic cascade is driven by tumour cell-derived PTHrP that upregulates MCP-1 in osteoblastic cells. This relationship between PTHrP and osteoblastic expression of MCP-1 may drive the colonisation of disseminated breast cancer cells in the bone. There is mounting evidence to suggest a pivotal role of MCP-1 in many diseases and an important role in the establishment of comorbidities. Coupled with its role in bone remodelling and the regulation of bone turnover, there is the potential for pathological relationships between bone disorders and bone-related cancers driven by MCP-1. MCP-1's role in bone remodelling and bone-related cancers highlights its potential as a novel anti-resorptive and anti-metastatic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridie S Mulholland
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Mark R Forwood
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Nigel A Morrison
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
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Immune effector monocyte-neutrophil cooperation induced by the primary tumor prevents metastatic progression of breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21704-21714. [PMID: 31591235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907660116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic behavior varies significantly among breast cancers. Mechanisms explaining why the majority of breast cancer patients never develop metastatic outgrowth are largely lacking but could underlie the development of novel immunotherapeutic target molecules. Here we show interplay between nonmetastatic primary breast cancer and innate immune response, acting together to control metastatic progression. The primary tumor systemically recruits IFNγ-producing immune effector monocytes to the lung. IFNγ up-regulates Tmem173/STING in neutrophils and enhances their killing capacity. The immune effector monocytes and tumoricidal neutrophils target disseminated tumor cells in the lungs, preventing metastatic outgrowth. Importantly, our findings could underlie the development of immunotherapeutic target molecules that augment the function of immune effector monocytes and neutrophils.
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18
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Hou JG, Jeon BM, Yun YJ, Cui CH, Kim SC. Ginsenoside Rh2 Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Senescence Bystander Effect in Breast Carcinoma Cell MDA-MB-231 and Normal Epithelial Cell MCF-10A. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051244. [PMID: 30871042 PMCID: PMC6429443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin is commonly used antineoplastic drug in breast cancer treatment. Like most chemotherapy, doxorubicin does not selectively target tumorigenic cells with high proliferation rate and often causes serve side effects. In the present study, we demonstrated the cellular senescence and senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) of both breast tumor cell MDA-MB-231 and normal epithelial cell MCF-10A induced by clinical dose of doxorubicin (100 nM). Senescence was confirmed by flattened morphology, increased level of beta galactose, accumulating contents of lysosome and mitochondrial, and elevated expression of p16 and p21 proteins. Similarly, SASP was identified by highly secreted proteins IL-6, IL-8, GRO, GM-CSF, MCP-1, and MMP1 by antibody array assay. Reciprocal experiments, determined by cell proliferation and apoptosis assays and cell migration and cell invasion, indicated that SASP of MDA-MB-231 cell induces growth arrest of MCF-10A, whereas SASP of MCF-10A significantly stimulates the proliferation of MDA-MB-231. Interestingly, SASP from both cells powerfully promotes the cell migration and cell invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment with the natural product ginsenoside Rh2 does not prevent cellular senescence or exert senolytic. However, SASP from senescent cells treated with Rh2 greatly attenuated the above-mentioned bystander effect. Altogether, Rh2 is a potential candidate to ameliorate this unwanted chemotherapy-induced senescence bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gang Hou
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Byeong-Min Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Yee-Jin Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Chang-Hao Cui
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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19
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Huang BR, Bau DT, Chen TS, Chuang IC, Tsai CF, Chang PC, Hsu HC, Lu DY. Pro-Inflammatory Stimuli Influence Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 in Human Anulus Fibrosus Cells through FAK/ERK/GSK3 and PKCδ Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010077. [PMID: 30585203 PMCID: PMC6337379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and disc herniation are major causes of lower back pain, which involve the presence of inflammatory mediators and tissue invasion by immune cells. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1, also termed CD54) is an adhesion molecule that mediates cell-cell interactions, particularly between immune cells and target tissue. The aim of this study was to examine the intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammatory stimuli-induced ICAM1 expression in human anulus fibrosus (AF) cells. METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blotting, and flow cytometry were performed to dissect the roles of different signaling pathways in inflammatory stimuli-mediated ICAM1 expression. RESULTS Using qPCR and western blot analyses, a significant increase in ICAM1 expression was observed in AF cells after stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma (IFNγ) in a time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry revealed ICAM1 upregulation on the surface of AF cells. Importantly, LPS plus IFNγ treatment also significantly promoted Chemokine ligand (CCL)2 expression, but not CCL3. The enhanced ICAM1 expression was abolished after incubation with antibody against CCL2. In AF cells, treatment with LPS plus IFNγ activated the FAK/ERK/GSK3 signaling pathways, promoted a time-dependent increase in PKCδ phosphorylation, and promoted PKCδ translocation to the nucleus. Treatment with the pharmacological PKCδ inhibitor; rottlerin, effectively blocked the enhanced productions of ICAM1 and CCL2. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory stimuli in AF cells are part of a specific pathophysiology in IVD degeneration and disc herniation that modulates CCL2/ICAM1 activation through the FAK/ERK/GSK3 and PKCδ signaling pathways in AF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Ren Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Neurosurgery Department, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 42743, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan.
| | - Da-Tian Bau
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 42743, Taiwan.
| | - I-Chen Chuang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Horng-Chaung Hsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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20
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Gonzalez H, Hagerling C, Werb Z. Roles of the immune system in cancer: from tumor initiation to metastatic progression. Genes Dev 2018; 32:1267-1284. [PMID: 30275043 PMCID: PMC6169832 DOI: 10.1101/gad.314617.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1218] [Impact Index Per Article: 203.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, Gonzelez et al. provide an update of recent accomplishments, unifying concepts, and futures challenges to study tumor-associated immune cells, with an emphasis on metastatic carcinomas. The presence of inflammatory immune cells in human tumors raises a fundamental question in oncology: How do cancer cells avoid the destruction by immune attack? In principle, tumor development can be controlled by cytotoxic innate and adaptive immune cells; however, as the tumor develops from neoplastic tissue to clinically detectable tumors, cancer cells evolve different mechanisms that mimic peripheral immune tolerance in order to avoid tumoricidal attack. Here, we provide an update of recent accomplishments, unifying concepts, and future challenges to study tumor-associated immune cells, with an emphasis on metastatic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gonzalez
- Department of Anatomy, the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Catharina Hagerling
- Department of Anatomy, the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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21
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Okada T, Ogura T. Nanoscale imaging of the adhesion core including integrin β1 on intact living cells using scanning electron-assisted dielectric-impedance microscopy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204133. [PMID: 30235285 PMCID: PMC6147470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrins are a superfamily of transmembrane proteins composed of α and β subunit dimers involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The largest integrin subgroup is integrin β1, which contributes to several malignant phenotypes. Recently, we have developed a novel imaging technology named scanning electron-assisted dielectric-impedance microscopy (SE-ADM), which visualizes untreated living mammalian cells in aqueous conditions with high contrast. Using the SE-ADM system, we observed 60-nm gold colloids with antibodies directly binding to the focal adhesion core containing integrin β1 on mammalian cancer cells without staining and fixation. The adhesion core contains three or four high-density regions of integrin β1 and connects to the actin filament. An adhesion core with high-density integrin β1 is suggested to contain 10-20 integrin dimers. Our SE-ADM system can also visualize various other membrane proteins in living cells in medium without staining and fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Okada
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ogura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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22
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23
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Tamura M, Sugiura S, Takagi T, Satoh T, Sumaru K, Kanamori T, Okada T, Matsui H. Morphology-based optical separation of subpopulations from a heterogeneous murine breast cancer cell line. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179372. [PMID: 28665963 PMCID: PMC5493304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding tumor heterogeneity is an urgent and unmet need in cancer research. In this study, we used a morphology-based optical cell separation process to classify a heterogeneous cancer cell population into characteristic subpopulations. To classify the cell subpopulations, we assessed their morphology in hydrogel, a three-dimensional culture environment that induces morphological changes according to the characteristics of the cells (i.e., growth, migration, and invasion). We encapsulated the murine breast cancer cell line 4T1E, as a heterogeneous population that includes highly metastatic cells, in click-crosslinkable and photodegradable gelatin hydrogels, which we developed previously. We observed morphological changes within 3 days of encapsulating the cells in the hydrogel. We separated the 4T1E cell population into colony- and granular-type cells by optical separation, in which local UV-induced degradation of the photodegradable hydrogel around the target cells enabled us to collect those cells. The obtained colony- and granular-type cells were evaluated in vitro by using a spheroid assay and in vivo by means of a tumor growth and metastasis assay. The spheroid assay showed that the colony-type cells formed compact spheroids in 2 days, whereas the granular-type cells did not form spheroids. The tumor growth assay in mice revealed that the granular-type cells exhibited lower tumor growth and a different metastasis behavior compared with the colony-type cells. These results suggest that morphology-based optical cell separation is a useful technique to classify a heterogeneous cancer cell population according to its cellular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tamura
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Sugiura
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takagi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taku Satoh
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kimio Sumaru
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kanamori
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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High-resolution imaging of living mammalian cells bound by nanobeads-connected antibodies in a medium using scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43025. [PMID: 28230204 PMCID: PMC5322383 DOI: 10.1038/srep43025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanometre-scale-resolution imaging technologies for liquid-phase specimens are indispensable tools in various scientific fields. In biology, observing untreated living cells in a medium is essential for analysing cellular functions. However, nanoparticles that bind living cells in a medium are hard to detect directly using traditional optical or electron microscopy. Therefore, we previously developed a novel scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscope (SE-ADM) capable of nanoscale observations. This method enables observation of intact cells in aqueous conditions. Here, we use this SE-ADM system to clearly observe antibody-binding nanobeads in liquid-phase. We also report the successful direct detection of streptavidin-conjugated nanobeads binding to untreated cells in a medium via a biotin-conjugated anti-CD44 antibody. Our system is capable of obtaining clear images of cellular organelles and beads on the cells at the same time. The direct observation of living cells with nanoparticles in a medium allowed by our system may contribute the development of carriers for drug delivery systems (DDS).
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25
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Lavender N, Yang J, Chen SC, Sai J, Johnson CA, Owens P, Ayers GD, Richmond A. The Yin/Yan of CCL2: a minor role in neutrophil anti-tumor activity in vitro but a major role on the outgrowth of metastatic breast cancer lesions in the lung in vivo. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:88. [PMID: 28143493 PMCID: PMC5286656 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of the chemokine CCL2 in breast cancer is controversial. While CCL2 recruits and activates pro-tumor macrophages, it is also reported to enhance neutrophil-mediated anti-tumor activity. Moreover, loss of CCL2 in early development enhances breast cancer progression. Methods To clarify these conflicting findings, we examined the ability of CCL2 to alter naïve and tumor entrained neutrophil production of ROS, release of granzyme-B, and killing of tumor cells in multiple mouse models of breast cancer. CCL2 was delivered intranasally in mice to elevate CCL2 levels in the lung and effects on seeding and growth of breast tumor cells were evaluated. The TCGA data base was queried for relationship between CCL2 expression and relapse free survival of breast cancer patients and compared to subsets of breast cancer patients. Results Even though each of the tumor cell lines studied produced approximately equal amounts of CCL2, exogenous delivery of CCL2 to co-cultures of breast tumor cells and neutrophils enhanced the ability of tumor-entrained neutrophils (TEN) to kill the less aggressive 67NR variant of 4T1 breast cancer cells. However, exogenous CCL2 did not enhance naïve or TEN neutrophil killing of more aggressive 4T1 or PyMT breast tumor cells. Moreover, this anti-tumor activity was not observed in vivo. Intranasal delivery of CCL2 to BALB/c mice markedly enhanced seeding and outgrowth of 67NR cells in the lung and increased the recruitment of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ central memory T cells into lungs of tumor bearing mice. There was no significant increase in the recruitment of CD19+ B cells, or F4/80+, Ly6G+ and CD11c + myeloid cells. CCL2 had an equal effect on CD206+ and MHCII+ populations of macrophages, thus balancing the pro- and anti-tumor macrophage cell population. Analysis of the relationship between CCL2 levels and relapse free survival in humans revealed that overall survival is not significantly different between high CCL2 expressing and low CCL2 expressing breast cancer patients grouped together. However, examination of the relationship between high CCL2 expressing basal-like, HER2+ and luminal B breast cancer patients revealed that higher CCL2 expressing tumors in these subgroups have a significantly higher probability of surviving longer than those expressing low CCL2. Conclusions While our in vitro data support a potential anti-tumor role for CCL2 in TEN neutrophil- mediated tumor killing in poorly aggressive tumors, intranasal delivery of CCL2 increased CD4+ T cell recruitment to the pre-metastatic niche of the lung and this correlated with enhanced seeding and growth of tumor cells. These data indicate that effects of CCL2/CCR2 antagonists on the intratumoral leukocyte content should be monitored in ongoing clinical trials using these agents. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3074-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lavender
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 432 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jinming Yang
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 432 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 432 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Center for Quantitative Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jiqing Sai
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 432 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - C Andrew Johnson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 432 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Philip Owens
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 432 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Gregory D Ayers
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Center for Quantitative Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 432 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Expression of Cadherin-17 Promotes Metastasis in a Highly Bone Marrow Metastatic Murine Breast Cancer Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8494286. [PMID: 28197418 PMCID: PMC5288516 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8494286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously established 4T1E/M3 highly bone marrow metastatic mouse breast cancer cells through in vivo selection of 4T1 cells. But while the incidence of bone marrow metastasis of 4T1E/M3 cells was high (~80%) when injected intravenously to mice, it was rather low (~20%) when injected subcutaneously. Therefore, using 4T1E/M3 cells, we carried out further in vitro and in vivo selection steps to establish FP10SC2 cells, which show a very high incidence of metastasis to lungs (100%) and spines (85%) after subcutaneous injection into mice. qRT-PCR and western bolt analysis revealed that cadherin-17 gene and protein expression were higher in FP10SC2 cells than in parental 4T1E/M3 cells. In addition, immunostaining revealed the presence of cadherin-17 at sites of bone marrow and lung metastasis after subcutaneous injection of FP10SC2 cells into mice. Suppressing cadherin-17 expression in FP10SC2 cells using RNAi dramatically decreased the cells' anchorage-independent growth and migration in vitro and their metastasis to lung and bone marrow in vivo. These findings suggest that cadherin-17 plays a crucial role in mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone marrow.
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Awolaran O, Brooks SA, Lavender V. Breast cancer osteomimicry and its role in bone specific metastasis; an integrative, systematic review of preclinical evidence. Breast 2016; 30:156-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Chen X, Wang Y, Nelson D, Tian S, Mulvey E, Patel B, Conti I, Jaen J, Rollins BJ. CCL2/CCR2 Regulates the Tumor Microenvironment in HER-2/neu-Driven Mammary Carcinomas in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165595. [PMID: 27820834 PMCID: PMC5098736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of cancer. Inflammatory chemokines, such as C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), are often present in tumors but their roles in cancer initiation and maintenance are not clear. Here we report that CCL2 promotes mammary carcinoma development in a clinically relevant murine model of breast cancer. Targeted disruption of Ccl2 slowed the growth of activated Her2/neu-driven mammary tumors and prolonged host survival. Disruption of Ccl2 was associated with a decrease in the development and mobilization of endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) which can contribute to tumor neovascularization. In contrast, disruption of Ccr2, which encodes CCL2's sole signaling receptor, accelerated tumor development, shortened host survival, and mobilized EPCs. However, pharmacological inhibition of CCR2 phenocopied Ccl2 disruption rather than Ccr2 disruption, suggesting that the Ccr2-/- phenotype is a consequence of unanticipated alterations not linked to intact CCL2/CCR2 signaling. Consistent with this explanation, Ccr2-/- monocytes are more divergent from wild type monocytes than Ccl2-/- monocytes in their expression of genes involved in key developmental and functional pathways. Taken together, our data suggest a tumor-promoting role for CCL2 acting through CCR2 on the tumor microenvironment and support the targeting of this chemokine/receptor pair in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
| | - Yunyue Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
| | - David Nelson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America
| | - Sara Tian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America
| | - Erin Mulvey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America
| | - Bhumi Patel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America
| | - Ilaria Conti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America
| | - Juan Jaen
- ChemoCentryx, Inc., Mountain View, California 94043, United States of America
| | - Barrett J. Rollins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nanoscale imaging of untreated mammalian cells in a medium with low radiation damage using scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29169. [PMID: 27375121 PMCID: PMC4931576 DOI: 10.1038/srep29169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging of untreated living cells in a medium at a nanometre-scale resolution under physiological conditions is a significant challenge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used to observe cells in various atmospheric holders or special equipment. However, untreated biological specimens in aqueous solution generally incur heavy radiation damage from the direct electron beam (EB); and these images exhibit very poor contrast. Therefore, a new method for generating high-contrast images of living cells under physiological conditions without radiation damage has been strongly desired. Here, we demonstrate the first nanoscale observation of living cultured mammalian cells using our newly developed scanning-electron assisted dielectric microscopy (SE-ADM) method with a culture dish holder. Using the difference in relative permittivity between water and specimens, our SE-ADM system aids in the visualisation of untreated biological samples in aqueous solution. In addition, specimens incurred only a low level of radiation damage because the tungsten (W)-coated silicon nitride (SiN) film absorbs irradiated electrons. Untreated cells and organelles are clearly visible in high-contrast and high-resolution images without staining and fixation. Furthermore, our method enables the detection of changes in organelle structures within cells via time-lapse imaging with minimal radiation damage.
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Broggini T, Czabanka M, Piffko A, Harms C, Hoffmann C, Mrowka R, Wenke F, Deutsch U, Grötzinger C, Vajkoczy P. ICAM1 depletion reduces spinal metastasis formation in vivo and improves neurological outcome. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 24:2173-81. [PMID: 25711910 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-3811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical treatment of spinal metastasis is gaining in complexity while the underlying biology remains unknown. Insufficient biological understanding is due to a lack of suitable experimental animal models. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) has been implicated in metastasis formation. Its role in spinal metastasis remains unclear. It was the aim to generate a reliable spinal metastasis model in mice and to investigate metastasis formation under ICAM1 depletion. MATERIAL AND METHODS B16 melanoma cells were infected with a lentivirus containing firefly luciferase (B16-luc). Stable cell clones (B16-luc) were injected retrogradely into the distal aortic arch. Spinal metastasis formation was monitored using in vivo bioluminescence imaging/MRI. Neurological deficits were monitored daily. In vivo selected, metastasized tumor cells were isolated (mB16-luc) and reinjected intraarterially. mB16-luc cells were injected intraarterially in ICAM1 KO mice. Metastasis distribution was analyzed using organ-specific fluorescence analysis. RESULTS Intraarterial injection of B16-luc and metastatic mB16-luc reliably induced spinal metastasis formation with neurological deficits (B16-luc:26.5, mB16-luc:21 days, p<0.05). In vivo selection increased the metastatic aggressiveness and led to a bone specific homing phenotype. Thus, mB16-luc cells demonstrated higher number (B16-luc: 1.2±0.447, mB16-luc:3.2±1.643) and increased total metastasis volume (B16-luc:2.87±2.453 mm3, mB16-luc:11.19±3.898 mm3, p<0.05) in the spine. ICAM1 depletion leads to a significantly reduced number of spinal metastasis (mB16-luc:1.2±0.84) with improved neurological outcome (29 days). General metastatic burden was significantly reduced under ICAM1 depletion (control: 3.47×10(7)±1.66×10(7); ICAM-1-/-: 5.20×10(4)±4.44×10(4), p<0.05 vs. control) CONCLUSION Applying a reliable animal model for spinal metastasis, ICAM1 depletion reduces spinal metastasis formation due to an organ-unspecific reduction of metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Broggini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Czabanka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andras Piffko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Harms
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hoffmann
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Mrowka
- Experimental Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Wenke
- Experimental Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum, Jena, Germany
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Berne, Germany
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Department for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Memtily N, Okada T, Ebihara T, Sato M, Kurabayashi A, Furihata M, Suga M, Nishiyama H, Mio K, Sato C. Observation of tissues in open aqueous solution by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy: applicability to intraoperative cancer diagnosis. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1872-82. [PMID: 25707365 PMCID: PMC4383018 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM), a 2- to 3-μm layer of the sample resting on a silicon nitride-film window in the base of an open sample dish is imaged, in liquid, at atmospheric pressure, from below by an inverted SEM. Thus, the time-consuming pretreatments generally required for biological samples to withstand the vacuum of a standard electron microscope are avoided. In the present study, various mouse tissues (brain, spinal cord, muscle, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and stomach) were fixed, stained with heavy metals, and visualized in radical scavenger D-glucose solution using the ASEM. While some stains made the nuclei of cells very prominent (platinum-blue, phosphotungstic acid), others also emphasized cell organelles and membranous structures (uranium acetate or the NCMIR method). Notably, symbiotic bacteria were sometimes observed on stomach mucosa. Furthermore, kidney tissue could be stained and successfully imaged in <30 min. Lung and spinal cord tissue from normal mice and mice metastasized with breast cancer cells was also examined. Cancer cells present in lung alveoli and in parts of the spine tissue clearly had larger nuclei than normal cells. The results indicate that the ASEM has the potential to accelerate intraoperative cancer diagnosis, the diagnosis of kidney diseases and pathogen detection. Importantly, in the course of the present study it was possible to increase the observable tissue area by using a new multi-windowed ASEM sample dish and sliding the tissue across its eight windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassirhadjy Memtily
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ebihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kurabayashi
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, University of Kochi, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Furihata
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, University of Kochi, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Suga
- Advanced Technology Division, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo 196‑8558, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Mio
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
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Takeda S, Okazaki H, Kohro-Ikeda E, Yoshida K, Tokuyasu M, Takemoto Y, Mizunoe R, Tanaka S, Okada T, Aramaki H. DNA microarray analysis of genes in highly metastatic 4T1E/M3 murine breast cancer cells following exposure to cannabidiolic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuso Takeda
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | | | | | | | - Miki Tokuyasu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Yukimi Takemoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Ramu Mizunoe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Sawa Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Hironori Aramaki
- Drug Innovation Research Center, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
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Gorczynski RM, Chen Z, Erin N, Khatri I, Podnos A. Comparison of immunity in mice cured of primary/metastatic growth of EMT6 or 4THM breast cancer by chemotherapy or immunotherapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113597. [PMID: 25409195 PMCID: PMC4237434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We have compared cure from local/metastatic tumor growth in BALB/c mice receiving EMT6 or the poorly immunogenic, highly metastatic 4THM, breast cancer cells following manipulation of immunosuppressive CD200:CD200R interactions or conventional chemotherapy. METHODS We reported previously that EMT6 tumors are cured in CD200R1KO mice following surgical resection and immunization with irradiated EMT6 cells and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG), while wild-type (WT) animals developed pulmonary and liver metastases within 30 days of surgery. We report growth and metastasis of both EMT6 and a highly metastatic 4THM tumor in WT mice receiving iv infusions of Fab anti-CD200R1 along with CpG/tumor cell immunization. Metastasis was followed both macroscopically (lung/liver nodules) and microscopically by cloning tumor cells at limiting dilution in vitro from draining lymph nodes (DLN) harvested at surgery. We compared these results with local/metastatic tumor growth in mice receiving 4 courses of combination treatment with anti-VEGF and paclitaxel. RESULTS In WT mice receiving Fab anti-CD200R, no tumor cells are detectable following immunotherapy, and CD4+ cells produced increased TNFα/IL-2/IFNγ on stimulation with EMT6 in vitro. No long-term cure was seen following surgery/immunotherapy of 4THM, with both microscopic (tumors in DLN at limiting dilution) and macroscopic metastases present within 14 d of surgery. Chemotherapy attenuated growth/metastases in 4THM tumor-bearers and produced a decline in lung/liver metastases, with no detectable DLN metastases in EMT6 tumor-bearing mice-these latter mice nevertheless showed no significantly increased cytokine production after restimulation with EMT6 in vitro. EMT6 mice receiving immunotherapy were resistant to subsequent re-challenge with EMT6 tumor cells, but not those receiving curative chemotherapy. Anti-CD4 treatment caused tumor recurrence after immunotherapy, but produced no apparent effect in either EMT6 or 4THM tumor bearers after chemotherapy treatment. CONCLUSION Immunotherapy, but not chemotherapy, enhances CD4+ immunity and affords long-term control of breast cancer growth and resistance to new tumor foci.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/surgery
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- Orexin Receptors/deficiency
- Orexin Receptors/genetics
- Orexin Receptors/metabolism
- Paclitaxel/therapeutic use
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/transplantation
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald M. Gorczynski
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhiqi Chen
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nuray Erin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ismat Khatri
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anna Podnos
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Phospholipase cε, an effector of ras and rap small GTPases, is required for airway inflammatory response in a mouse model of bronchial asthma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108373. [PMID: 25269075 PMCID: PMC4182471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phospholipase Cε (PLCε) is an effector of Ras and Rap small GTPases and expressed in non-immune cells. It is well established that PLCε plays an important role in skin inflammation, such as that elicited by phorbol ester painting or ultraviolet irradiation and contact dermatitis that is mediated by T helper (Th) 1 cells, through upregulating inflammatory cytokine production by keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. However, little is known about whether PLCε is involved in regulation of inflammation in the respiratory system, such as Th2-cells-mediated allergic asthma. Methods We prepared a mouse model of allergic asthma using PLCε+/+ mice and PLCεΔX/ΔX mutant mice in which PLCε was catalytically-inactive. Mice with different PLCε genotypes were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) followed by the challenge with an OVA-containing aerosol to induce asthmatic response, which was assessed by analyzing airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, inflammatory cytokine levels, and OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. Effects of PLCε genotype on cytokine production were also examined with primary-cultured bronchial epithelial cells. Results After OVA challenge, the OVA-immunized PLCεΔX/ΔX mice exhibited substantially attenuated airway hyper-responsiveness and broncial inflammation, which were accompanied by reduced Th2 cytokine content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. In contrast, the serum levels of OVA-specific IgGs and IgE were not affected by the PLCε genotype, suggesting that sensitization was PLCε-independent. In the challenged mice, PLCε deficiency reduced proinflammatory cytokine production in the bronchial epithelial cells. Primary-cultured bronchial epithelial cells prepared from PLCεΔX/ΔX mice showed attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine production when stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α, suggesting that reduced cytokine production in PLCεΔX/ΔX mice was due to cell-autonomous effect of PLCε deficiency. Conclusions PLCε plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma through upregulating inflammatory cytokine production by the bronchial epithelial cells.
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Formica V, Luccchetti J, Cunningham D, Smyth EC, Ferroni P, Nardecchia A, Tesauro M, Cereda V, Guadagni F, Roselli M. Systemic inflammation, as measured by the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, may have differential prognostic impact before and during treatment with fluorouracil, irinotecan and bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Med Oncol 2014; 31:166. [PMID: 25148896 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory index neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has an adverse prognostic value in patients with localized colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed at evaluating its role in metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients treated with standard first-line chemotherapy. Among consecutive CRC patients referred to our Unit, those with metastatic disease eligible for treatment with fluorouracil, irinotecan and bevacizumab (FOLFIRI-Bev) were included in the study. NLR was routinely assessed before each treatment cycle and correlated with outcome together with common clinical, biochemical and histological variables. A sub-analysis focused on patients with stable disease (SD) was also performed to test the net influence of NLR changes independently of tumor shrinkage. At multivariate Cox regression analysis, baseline NLR, taken as continuous variable, was the most powerful prognosticator for survival (HR 1.80, p 0.0019). Surprisingly, among SD patients, the prognostic effect of NLR changes after two cycles of therapy was of opposite sign, and those in whom NLR increased or was maintained had a 67 % reduction in the risk of death as compared with patients with significant NLR decrease: mOS 56 versus 23 months, respectively, p 0.02. In conclusion, we were able to confirm the adverse prognostic value of high baseline NLR for mCRC patients treated with FOLFIRI-Bev. However, FOLFIRI-Bev-induced NLR changes in SD patients seem to differently affect survival. The specific molecular pathways involved in NLR modulation by FOLFIRI-Bev warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Formica
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, 'Tor Vergata' University Hospital, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133, Rome, Italy,
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Li MH, Harel M, Hla T, Ferrer F. Induction of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 by sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:1286-91. [PMID: 25092091 PMCID: PMC4122984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood. Preliminary data derived from a human angiogenesis array in NB showed that the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) induced the secretion of several angiogenesis-related proteins including the important inflammatory factor chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of S1P-induced CCL2 expression in NB. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR and CCL2 ELISA were conducted to detect the mRNA expression and protein secretion of CCL2 in NB cells. Gain and loss of function studies were performed by using specific S1PR antagonists, adenoviral transduction and siRNA transfection. Macrophage F4/80 receptor in NB xenografts was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS S1P induced CCL2 mRNA expression and protein secretion in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in NB cells. Blockade of S1P2 signaling using the selective S1P2 antagonist JTE-013 inhibited S1P-induced CCL2 expression. Overexpression of S1P2 by adenoviral transduction increased CCL2 secretion while knockdown of S1P2 by siRNA transfection decreased S1P-induced CCL2 secretion in NB cells. Macrophage infiltration, as detected by F4/80 staining, was significantly decreased in JTE-013-treated NB xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data for the first time demonstrate that S1P induced the macrophage-recruiting factor CCL2 expression in NB cells via S1P2, providing new insights into the complicated functions of S1P2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hong Li
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030.
| | - Miriam Harel
- Department of Urology and Surgery, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT 06106
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Fernando Ferrer
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030; Department of Urology and Surgery, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT 06106.
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Sun X, Ingman WV. Cytokine networks that mediate epithelial cell-macrophage crosstalk in the mammary gland: implications for development and cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:191-201. [PMID: 24924120 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between the hormone responsive mammary gland epithelium and surrounding stromal macrophage populations are critical for normal development and function of the mammary gland. Macrophages are versatile cells capable of diverse roles in mammary gland development and maintenance of homeostasis, and their function is highly dependent on signals within the local cytokine microenvironment. The mammary epithelium secretes a number of cytokines, including colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) that affect the abundance, phenotype and function of macrophages. However, aberrations in these interactions have been found to increase the risk of tumour formation, and utilisation of stromal macrophage support by tumours can increase the invasive and metastatic potential of the cancer. Studies utilising genetically modified mouse models have shed light on the significance of epithelial cell-macrophage crosstalk, and the cytokines that mediate this communication, in mammary gland development and tumourigenesis. This article reviews the current status of our understanding of the roles of epithelial cell-derived cytokines in mammary gland development and cancer, with a focus on the crosstalk between epithelial cells and the local macrophage population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Sun
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Sarabia-Estrada R, Zadnik PL, Molina CA, Jimenez-Estrada I, Groves ML, Gokaslan ZL, Bydon A, Witham TF, Wolinsky JP, Sciubba DM. A rat model of metastatic spinal cord compression using human prostate adenocarcinoma: histopathological and functional analysis. Spine J 2013; 13:1597-606. [PMID: 23810458 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Cancer is a major global public health problem responsible for one in every four deaths in the United States. Prostate cancer alone accounts for 29% of all cancers in men and is the sixth leading cause of death in men. It is estimated that up to 30% of patients with cancer will develop metastatic disease, the spine being one of the most frequently affected sites in patients with prostate cancer. PURPOSE To study this condition in a preclinical setting, we have created a novel animal model of human metastatic prostate cancer to the spine and have characterized it histologically, functionally, and via bioluminescence imaging. STUDY DESIGN Translational science investigation of animal model of human prostate cancer in the spine. METHODS Luciferase-positive human prostate tumor cells PC3 (PC3-Luc) were injected in the flank of athymic male rats. PC3-Luc tumor samples were then implanted into the L5 vertebral body of male athymic rats (5 weeks old). Thirty-two rats were randomized into three surgical groups: experimental, control, and sham. Tumor growth was assessed qualitatively and noninvasively via bioluminescence emission, upon luciferin injection. To determine the functional impact of tumor growth in the spine, rats were evaluated for gait abnormalities during gait locomotion using video-assisted gait analysis. Rats were euthanized 22 days after tumor implantation, and spines were subjected to histopathological analyses. RESULTS Twenty days after tumor implantation, the tumor-implanted rats showed distinct signs of gait disturbances: dragging tail, right- or left-hind limb uncoordination, and absence of toe clearance during forward limb movement. At 20 days, all rats experienced tumor growth, evidenced by bioluminescent signal. Locomotion parameters negatively affected in tumor-implanted rats included stride length, velocity, and duration. At necropsy, all spines showed evidence of tumor growth, and the histological analysis found spinal cord compression and peritumoral osteoblastic reaction characteristic of bony prostate tumors. None of the rats in the sham or control groups demonstrated any evidence of bioluminescence signal or signs of gait disturbances. CONCLUSIONS In this project, we have developed a novel animal model of metastatic spine cancer using human prostate cancer cells. Tumor growth, evaluated via bioluminescence and corroborated by histopathological analyses, affected hind limb locomotion in ways that mimic motor deficits present in humans afflicted with metastatic spine disease. Our model represents a reliable method to evaluate the experimental therapeutic approaches of human tumors of the spine in animals. Gait locomotion and bioluminescence analyses can be used as surrogate noninvasive methods to evaluate tumor growth in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sarabia-Estrada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Meyer 7-109, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Cure of metastatic growth of EMT6 tumor cells in mice following manipulation of CD200:CD200R signaling. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 142:271-82. [PMID: 24166280 PMCID: PMC3832754 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we observed that regulation of expression of CD200, both on cells of a transplantable breast cancer, EMT6, and of the host, as well as of the receptor, CD200R in host mice, regulated local tumor growth and metastasis in immunocompetent animals. This in turn led to an improved ability to document immunity to EMT6 in CD200R1KO mice. In the current study, we have explored the ability to cure BALB/c CD200KO or CD200R1KO mice of tumors ≤1 cm3 in size by surgical resection of localized tumor, followed by immunization with irradiated EMT6 cells along with CpG as adjuvant. While control animals treated in this fashion developed significant pulmonary and liver metastases within 30 days of surgery, significant protection was seen in both CD200KO or CD200R1KO mice, with no macroscopic lung/liver metastases observed in CD200R1KO mice on sacrifice at day 300. Following surgical resection and immunization, draining lymph nodes from control mice contained tumor cells cloned at limiting dilution in vitro even before pulmonary and hepatic metastasis was seen. In contrast, within the limits of detection of the assay used (sensitivity ~1 in 107 cells), no tumor cells were detected at limiting dilution in similarly treated CD200R1KO mice, and significant reductions were seen in CD200KO mice. Infusion of anti-CD4, but less so anti-CD8, mAb into surgically treated and immunized CD200R1KO mice attenuated protection from both macroscopic (liver/lung) and microscopic (assayed by limiting dilution of DLN) metastasis. Adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from treated CD200R1KO mice to surgically treated control mice also attenuated metastatic growth of tumor, which was abolished by pretreatment of transferred cells with anti-CD4 mAb. Our data suggest that CD200:CD200R attenuates a potentially tumor-protective CD4 host response to breast cancer.
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An in vivo mouse model of intraosseous spinal cancer causing evolving paraplegia. J Neurooncol 2013; 115:189-96. [PMID: 23955595 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The spine is the commonest site of skeletal metastatic disease and uncontrolled growth of cancer in the spine will inevitably cause pain and neurologic compromise. Improved understanding of the pathobiology behind this devastating condition is urgently needed. For this reason, the aim of this study was to establish a clinically relevant, animal model of spinal cancer. A percutaneous orthotopic injection of human breast (MDA-MB-231) or human prostate (PC-3) cancer cells was administered into the upper lumbar spine of nude mice (n = 6). Animals were monitored twice daily for general welfare, gait asymmetry or disturbance, and hindlimb weakness. After sacrifice, plain radiographs, micro-CT imaging and histological analysis of the spines were performed on each mouse. All mice recovered fully from the inoculation procedure and displayed normal gait and behaviour patterns for at least 3 weeks post-inoculation. Subsequently, between 3 and 5 weeks post-inoculation, each mouse developed evolving paralysis in their hindlimbs over 48-72 h. All followed the same pattern of decline following onset of neurological dysfunction; from gait asymmetry and unilateral hindlimb weakness, to complete unilateral hindlimb paralysis and finally to complete bilateral hindlimb paralysis. Plain radiographs, micro-CT scanning and histological analysis confirmed local tumour growth and destruction of the spine in all six mice. An in vivo mouse model of human intraosseous spinal cancer has been established forming cancers that grow within the spine and cause epidural spinal cord compression, resulting in a reproducible, evolving neurological deficit and paralysis that closely resembles the human condition.
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Hibberd C, Cossigny DAF, Quan GMY. Animal cancer models of skeletal metastasis. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2013; 6:23-34. [PMID: 24665205 PMCID: PMC3941154 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s11284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The bony skeleton is one of the most common sites of metastatic spread of cancer and is a significant source of morbidity in cancer patients, causing pain and pathologic fracture, impaired ambulatory ability, and poorer quality of life. Animal cancer models of skeletal metastases are essential for better understanding of the molecular pathways behind metastatic spread and local growth and invasion of bone, to enable analysis of host-tumor cell interactions, identify barriers to the metastatic process, and to provide platforms to develop and test novel therapies prior to clinical application in human patients. Thus, the ideal model should be clinically relevant, reproducible and representative of the human condition. This review summarizes the current in vivo animal models used in the study of cancer metastases of the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hibberd
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria 3084, Australia. ; Department of Spinal Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Davina A F Cossigny
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Gerald M Y Quan
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria 3084, Australia. ; Department of Spinal Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria 3084, Australia
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Borsig L, Wolf MJ, Roblek M, Lorentzen A, Heikenwalder M. Inflammatory chemokines and metastasis--tracing the accessory. Oncogene 2013; 33:3217-24. [PMID: 23851506 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment consists of stromal cells and leukocytes that contribute to cancer progression. Cross-talk between tumor cells and their microenvironment is facilitated by a variety of soluble factors, including growth factors and cytokines such as chemokines. Due to a wide expression of chemokine receptors on cells in the tumor microenvironment, including tumor cells, chemokines affect various processes such as leukocyte recruitment, angiogenesis, tumor cell survival, tumor cell adhesion, proliferation, vascular permeability, immune suppression, invasion and metastasis. Inflammatory chemokines are instrumental players in cancer-related inflammation and significantly contribute to numerous steps during metastasis. Recruitment of myeloid-derived cells to metastatic sites is mainly mediated by the inflammatory chemokines CCL2 and CCL5. Tumor cell homing and extravasation from the circulation to distant organs are also regulated by inflammatory chemokines. Recent experimental evidence demonstrated that besides leukocyte recruitment, tumor cell-derived CCL2 directly activated endothelial cells and together with monocytes facilitated tumor cell extravasation, in a CCL2- and CCL5-dependent manner. Furthermore, CX3CL1 expression in the bone facilitated metastasis of CX3CR1 expressing tumor cells to this site. Current findings in preclinical models strongly suggest that inflammatory chemokines have an important role during metastasis and targeting of the chemokine axis might have a therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Borsig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M J Wolf
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Roblek
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
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Importance of chemokine (CC-motif) ligand 2 in breast cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2012; 27:e179-85. [PMID: 22865298 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2012.9345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women in the United States. Chemokine (CC-motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), an inflammatory cytokine and chemokine, is highly expressed within the tumor and stromal cell populations and has been associated with enhanced tumorigenesis. In breast cancer patients, CCL2 has been correlated with high tumor grade and has been shown to have significant prognostic value for relapse-free survival. CCL2 likely exerts its pro-tumorigenic effects through recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs); TAMs promote a tumorigenic microenvironment through the induction of growth enhancers, angiogenic factors and inflammatory mediators. CCL2 may also stimulate angiogenesis independently of TAM recruitment as it is closely associated with several endothelial cell growth factors. Additionally, CCL2 has been implicated in several processes leading to metastatic establishment including the development of bone metastasis. It has also been reported to directly upregulate pro-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators, including regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). While there is emerging support for a tumor promoting role of CCL2 in breast cancer, additional research is required before CCL2 can be decisively established as a prognostic factor and/or treatment target in breast cancer.
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Podnos A, Clark DA, Erin N, Yu K, Gorczynski RM. Further evidence for a role of tumor CD200 expression in breast cancer metastasis: decreased metastasis in CD200R1KO mice or using CD200-silenced EMT6. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136:117-27. [PMID: 23053647 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that CD200 expression on cells of the transplantable EMT6 mouse breast cancer line was increased during growth in immunocompetent mice. Low levels of expression persisted in NOD-SCID.IL-2(γr-/-) mice or mice with generalized over-expression of a CD200 transgene (CD200(tg) mice), despite the faster tumor growth in both of these latter strains. We also showed that CD200 expression (by the host and/or tumor cells) led to increased seeding of tumor cells to DLN in immunocompromised (CD200(tg) or NOD-SCID.IL-2(γr-/-)) vs immunocompetent mice, using limiting dilution cloning of tumor cells from DLN (vs contralateral lymph nodes, CLN). Evidence for an important role for CD200 expression in this increased metastasis came from the observation that neutralization of CD200 by anti-CD200mAbs decreased tumor metastasis and increased levels of cytotoxic anti-tumor immune cells in DLN. In the current studies, we have extended these observations by exploring tumor growth/metastasis in CD200R1 KO mice in which we have previously shown, in a transplant model, that expression of CD200 fails to deliver an immunosuppressive signal. In addition, we have studied local and metastatic growth in healthy control mice of EMT6 tumor cells stably transduced with shRNA able to silence CD200 expression. In both scenarios, decreased metastasis was observed, with increased immunity to EMT6 detected by cytotoxicity assays. In addition, adoptive transfer of DLN to control mice attenuated EMT6 metastases implying a potential therapeutic benefit from neutralizing CD200 expression in breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Metastasis/immunology
- Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology
- Neoplasm Metastasis/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podnos
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The vertebral column is the commonest site for skeletal metastases, with breast, prostate and lung cancers being the most common primary sources. The spine has structural and neural-protective properties thus involvement by metastatic cancer often causes bony instability and fracture, intractable pain and neurological deficit. In vivo animal models which resemble the human condition are essential in order to improve understanding of the pathophysiology behind the spread of metastatic cancer to the spine and its subsequent local growth and invasion, to enable in-depth analysis of the interaction between host and tumour cells and the molecular processes behind local cancer invasion and barriers to invasion as well as to allow assessment of novel treatment modalities for spinal metastases. This review summarizes the current status of the animal models specifically used for the study of spinal metastasis, their relevance, advantages and limitations, and important considerations for the development of future in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina Cossigny
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Targeting monocyte chemotactic protein-1 synthesis with bindarit induces tumor regression in prostate and breast cancer animal models. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:585-601. [PMID: 22484917 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate and breast cancer are major causes of death worldwide, mainly due to patient relapse upon disease recurrence through formation of metastases. Chemokines are small proteins with crucial roles in the immune system, and their regulation is finely tuned in early inflammatory responses. They are key molecules during inflammatory processes, and many studies are focusing on their regulatory functions in tumor growth and angiogenesis during metastatic cell seeding and spreading. Bindarit is an anti-inflammatory indazolic derivative that can inhibit the synthesis of MCP-1/CCL2, with a potential inhibitory function in tumor progression and metastasis formation. We show here that in vitro, bindarit can modulate cancer-cell proliferation and migration, mainly through negative regulation of TGF-β and AKT signaling, and it can impair the NF-κB signaling pathway through enhancing the expression of the NF-κB inhibitor IkB-α. In vivo administration of bindarit results in impaired metastatic disease in prostate cancer xenograft mice (PC-3M-Luc2 cells injected intra-cardially) and impairment of local tumorigenesis in syngeneic Balb/c mice injected under the mammary gland with murine breast cancer cells (4T1-Luc cells). In addition, bindarit treatment significantly decreases the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in 4T1-Luc primary tumors. Overall, our data indicate that bindarit is a good candidate for new therapies against prostate and breast tumorigenesis, with an action through impairment of inflammatory cell responses during formation of the tumor-stroma niche microenvironment.
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Sakai H, Furihata M, Matsuda C, Takahashi M, Miyazaki H, Konakahara T, Imamura T, Okada T. Augmented autocrine bone morphogenic protein (BMP) 7 signaling increases the metastatic potential of mouse breast cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:327-38. [PMID: 22274590 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
As malignant breast cancers progress, they acquire the ability to spread to other regions of the body, including bone and lung, but the molecular mechanism underlying the increase in metastatic potential is not fully understood. Here we studied murine 4T1E/M3 highly bone marrow metastatic breast cancer cells, which we established previously. These cells show upregulated expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 and BMP receptors, as well as augmented phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8. Both anchorage-independent cell growth measured in colony forming assays and cell migration measured in wound healing assays were suppressed in 4T1E/M3 cells following treatment with a neutralizing anti-BMP7 antibody or knockdown of BMP7 gene expression. In addition, metastasis of 4T1E/M3 cells to the spine and lung and intracellular levels of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 were suppressed by knocking down BMP7. Conversely, overexpression of BMP7 in the weakly metastatic parental 4T1E cells augmented their anchorage-independent growth, migration and metastasis to spine and lung. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that augmented autocrine BMP7 signaling leads to increases in the anchorage-independent cell growth, migration and metastatic potential in our bone marrow metastatic breast cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Sakai
- Signaling Molecules Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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Role of CD200 expression in regulation of metastasis of EMT6 tumor cells in mice. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 130:49-60. [PMID: 21165772 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that levels of CD200 expression on the cells of the transplantable EMT6 mouse breast cancer line are increased markedly during growth in immunocompetent mice, unlike the persistent low levels of expression observed in NOD-SCID.IL-2(γr-/-) mice or mice with generalized over-expression of a CD200 transgene (CD200(tg) mice). Faster tumor growth occurs in both of these latter mice, with decreased evidence for a host immune reaction in lymph nodes draining the tumor (DLN). We now report evidence for a role for CD200 expression (by the host and/or tumor cells) in increased seeding of tumor cells to DLN in immunocompromised (CD200(tg) or NOD-SCID.IL-2(γr-/-)) vs immunocompetent mice, by limiting dilution cloning of tumor cells from DLN (vs contralateral lymph nodes, CLN), using control and GFP-tagged EMT6 cells. Neutralization of expressed CD200 by anti-CD200mAbs decreased the tumor metastasis at the same time as increasing detection of cytotoxic anti-tumor immune cells in DLN. Infusion of either anti-CD4 to deplete T-effector cells, or anti-TGFβ antibody, increased metastasis to DLN, as did indeed the infusion of EMT6 cells selected for the loss of TGFβRII expression. It is concluded that the increased CD200 expression by breast cancer cells (and/or host tissue) may be an important variable involved in determining the risk of metastasis.
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CCL2 −2518 A/G single nucleotide polymorphism as a risk factor for breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1263-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
The metastasis of tumor cells to distant organs is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality in most cancers. The interaction of tumor cells with local stroma at the metastatic site plays a critical role in metastatic dissemination and the establishment of metastases. These tumor-stromal interactions regulate several important steps including degradation of extracellular matrix, release of sequestered growth factors, and expression of chemokines, cytokines, and receptors on tumor cells and the interacting stromal cells. Breast, prostate, and lung cancers preferentially metastasize to bone. Tumor cell interactions with the bone microenvironment initiate a series of complex cellular interactions that promotes establishment of osteoclastic and/or osteoblastic metastasis. Understanding the interactions between tumor cells and the stroma is important to identify molecular targets to develop novel therapies aimed at reducing metastasis formation. In this article, we review the important mechanisms of tumor-stromal interaction in the development of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan C Nannuru
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
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