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Louvet A, Mantoux C, Machon N. Assessing the extinction risk of the spontaneous flora in urban tree bases. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012191. [PMID: 38935782 PMCID: PMC11236206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As the spatial arrangement of trees planted along streets in cities makes their bases potential ecological corridors for the flora, urban tree bases may be a key contributor to the overall connectivity of the urban ecosystem. However, these tree bases are also a highly fragmented environment in which extinctions are frequent. The goal of this study was to assess the plant species' ability to survive and spread through urban tree bases. To do so, we developed a Bayesian framework to assess the extinction risk of a plant metapopulation using presence/absence data, assuming that the occupancy dynamics was described by a Hidden Markov Model. The novelty of our approach is to take into account the combined effect of low-distance dispersal and the potential presence of a seed bank on the extinction risk. We introduced a metric of the extinction risk and examined its performance over a wide range of metapopulation parameters. We applied our framework to yearly floristic inventories carried out in 1324 tree bases in Paris, France. While local extinction risks were generally high, extinction risks at the street scale varied greatly from one species to another. We identified 10 plant species that could survive and spread through urban tree bases, and three plant traits correlated with the extinction risk at the metapopulation scale: the maximal height, and the beginning and end of the flowering period. Our results suggest that some plant species can use urban tree bases as ecological corridors despite high local extinction risks by forming a seed bank. We also identified other plant traits correlated with the ability to survive in tree bases, related to the action of gardeners. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that our Bayesian estimation framework based on percolation theory has the potential to be extended to more general metapopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Louvet
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nathalie Machon
- Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
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Breitbart ST, Agrawal AA, Wagner HH, Johnson MTJ. Urbanization and a green corridor do not impact genetic divergence in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.). Sci Rep 2023; 13:20437. [PMID: 37993590 PMCID: PMC10665382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is altering landscapes globally at an unprecedented rate. While ecological differences between urban and rural environments often promote phenotypic divergence among populations, it is unclear to what degree these trait differences arise from genetic divergence as opposed to phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, little is known about how specific landscape elements, such as green corridors, impact genetic divergence in urban environments. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) urbanization, and (2) proximity to an urban green corridor influence genetic divergence in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) populations for phenotypic traits. Using seeds from 52 populations along three urban-to-rural subtransects in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada, one of which followed a green corridor, we grew ~ 1000 plants in a common garden setup and measured > 20 ecologically-important traits associated with plant defense/damage, reproduction, and growth over four years. We found significant heritable variation for nine traits within common milkweed populations and weak phenotypic divergence among populations. However, neither urbanization nor an urban green corridor influenced genetic divergence in individual traits or multivariate phenotype. These findings contrast with the expanding literature demonstrating that urbanization promotes rapid evolutionary change and offer preliminary insights into the eco-evolutionary role of green corridors in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie T Breitbart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E145 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 2126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Helene H Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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Jung S, Lauter J, Hartung NM, These A, Hamscher G, Wissemann V. Genetic and chemical diversity of the toxic herb Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. (syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) in Northern Germany. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 172:112235. [PMID: 31926379 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tansy ragwort, Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. (syn. Senecio jacobaea L.), is a common Asteraceae in Europe and Asia and known to be an invasive pest in several regions in the world. Recently it is also spreading immensely in native regions like Northern Germany. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are found in high amounts in Jacobaea vulgaris, are toxic for humans and potentially lethal for grazing animals. In this study we investigated 27 populations of tansy ragwort in Northern Germany for their PA concentration and composition using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we investigated the genetic structure of selected populations using amplified length polymorphism markers. We detected 98 different PAs in the samples and considerable differences of PA composition between populations. In contrast, PA content of populations did not differ significantly. Genetic (4%) differentiation among populations was low while average genetic diversity was high (0.35). There was no correlation between genetic and geographic distance. Neither genetic markers nor chemical composition revealed any connection to the geographic pattern. As we could not detect any pattern in genetic or chemical diversity, we suggest that the existence of this diversity is a result of a broad interaction with the environment rather than that of evolutionary constraints in the current selection process driving PA composition in J. vulgaris in certain chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Jung
- Systematic Botany, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jan Lauter
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicole M Hartung
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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Omar M, Schneider‐Maunoury L, Barré K, Al Sayed N, Halwani J, Machon N. Colonization and extinction dynamics among the plant species at tree bases in Paris (France). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8414-8428. [PMID: 31410250 PMCID: PMC6686358 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In cities, trees planted along streets could play an important ecological role for spontaneous plants growing at their bases. For example, these trees could represent corridors by potentially connecting large green spaces (e.g., parks, gardens), which allow species to move within the urban matrix. We considered sets of urban trees in 15 streets in Paris, France, as metapopulations for 15 plant species. Our objective was to determine the factors influencing the dynamics of colonization and extinction of populations based on the distance of the streets to green spaces and biological traits of each species.Plant species in 1,324 tree bases of the Bercy District of Paris were surveyed annually from 2009 to 2015. For each species and each street, we used SPOMSIM software to identify the best-fit metapopulation model between four models with different colonization and extinction functions: propagule rain model (PRM) and Levins' model with or without rescue effect.Results demonstrated that species more often conformed to the PRM in streets near green spaces, which suggested that green spaces could act as sources for the populations in those streets. Species with seeds with long-term persistence more often conformed to the PRM, indicating that a soil seed bank helps species invade entire streets. Finally, a higher percentage of species with a short height conformed to models with a rescue effect, which indicated that those small species resisted the effects of weeding by the city technical services better than taller species.Synthesis and applications. This study showed how biological traits of species and geography of the district determine the dynamics of plants in the streets, and these results may provide important information for biodiversity management in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Omar
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
- Water & Environment Science Laboratory, Faculty of Public HealthLebanese UniversityTripoliLebanon
| | - Laure Schneider‐Maunoury
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | - Kévin Barré
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | - Nazir Al Sayed
- Faculty of Engineering, Section ILebanese UniversityTripoliLebanon
| | - Jalal Halwani
- Water & Environment Science Laboratory, Faculty of Public HealthLebanese UniversityTripoliLebanon
| | - Nathalie Machon
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
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Kast C, Kilchenmann V, Reinhard H, Droz B, Lucchetti MA, Dübecke A, Beckh G, Zoller O. Chemical fingerprinting identifies Echium vulgare, Eupatorium cannabinum and Senecio spp. as plant species mainly responsible for pyrrolizidine alkaloids in bee-collected pollen. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:316-327. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1378443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans Reinhard
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Droz
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Angelo Lucchetti
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arne Dübecke
- Quality Services International GmbH (QSI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Gudrun Beckh
- Quality Services International GmbH (QSI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Otmar Zoller
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
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Flood PJ, van Heerwaarden J, Becker F, de Snoo CB, Harbinson J, Aarts MG. Whole-Genome Hitchhiking on an Organelle Mutation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1306-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rosche C, Durka W, Hensen I, Mráz P, Hartmann M, Müller-Schärer H, Lachmuth S. The population genetics of the fundamental cytotype-shift in invasive Centaurea stoebe s.l.: genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and small-scale genetic structure differ between cytotypes but not between ranges. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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