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Joulaei H, Fatemi M, Joulaei R, Heydari MR, Pourmontaseri AR, Foroozanfar Z. Determinants of unmet needs for mental health services amongst adolescents in Shiraz, Iran: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1265611. [PMID: 38379675 PMCID: PMC10876837 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1265611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mental disorders are increasingly prevalent among adolescents without appropriate response. There are a variety of reasons for unmet mental health needs, including attitudinal and structural barriers. Accordingly, we investigated perceived mental health needs, using mental health services, and their barriers in adolescents. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 in Shiraz, Iran. Demographic characteristics, the Adolescent Unmet Needs Checklist, and the Young Schema Questionnaire were administered to 348 adolescents aged 13-19 years. Adolescents were classified as having no needs, fully met needs, partially met needs, or wholly unmet needs. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with perceived unmet need and refer participants to healthcare centers. Results 193 (55.5%) adolescents reported perceived need for mental healthcare out of whom, 21.6% reported fully and 21.6% partially unmet needs. Noticeably, only 12.4% of needy participants reported met need. "Reluctance to seek mental healthcare" and "asked but not receiving help" were common barriers to using the services. Conclusion The present study reveals unmet mental healthcare needs as a significant public health concern among the adolescents. To address this significant concern, reorientation of primary care, removing economic barriers from mental healthcare services, and improving health literacy in the community are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Joulaei
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Fatemi
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Razieh Joulaei
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Heydari
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Zohre Foroozanfar
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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2
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Estévez A, Macía L, Macía P. Looking at Sex Differences in Gambling Disorder: The Predictive Role of the Early Abandonment Schema, Gambling Motives and Alexithymia in Depression. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1815-1832. [PMID: 37733147 PMCID: PMC10628046 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research indicates differences between men and women with gambling disorder. However, although alexithymia, gambling motives or abandonment have been associated with GD, women's clinical profile remains unexplored. This study aims, firstly, to explore mean differences in gambling motives (i.e. enhancement, coping and social [SOC]), the early maladaptive abandonment schema, alexithymia and depression in women and men with GD. Secondly, to analyse the correlation between the aforementioned variables as a function of sex. Thirdly, to examine the predictive role of gambling motives, early abandonment schema and alexithymia in depression as a function of sex. Lastly, to analyse the mediating role of COP between the early maladaptive abandonment schema and depression in women with GD, and the mediating role of ENH and the early maladaptive abandonment schema between alexithymia and depression in men with GD. The sample comprised 108 adults with GD diagnosis, of whom 60 were women and 48 were men. Regression and mediation analyses were carried out to explore possible sex differences in GD, through the SPSS programme. Results showed that depressive symptoms are predicted by alexithymia in men with GD and by the early maladaptive abandonment schema in women with GD. Regarding mediation analyses, the results suggest that COP mediated the relationship between early abandonment schema and depressive symptoms in females; and ENH and abandonment schema mediated the relationship between alexithymia and depressive symptoms in males. These results provide evidence of the relevance of considering sex differences when establishing therapeutic strategies in GD rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Estévez
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Laura Macía
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Patricia Macía
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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3
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Liu J, Bai R, Liu X. Reciprocal associations between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence: long-term effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:134. [PMID: 38037149 PMCID: PMC10688108 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent depression has grown to be a major social concern in China. During the coronavirus pandemic, the incidence of depression among Chinese adolescents increased substantially. More research is required to inform the prevention and intervention of adolescent depression in China. Depression is associated with Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs). Childhood abuse and neglect are distal antecedents of adolescent depression. It is not known how depression and EMSs interact in adolescence and how childhood abuse and neglect contribute to this relationship. This study aimed to examine the reciprocal relationships between depression and EMSs, as well as the long-term effects of childhood abuse and neglect on depression and EMSs during adolescence. The work also investigates gender differences in these mechanisms. METHODS Using a two-wave longitudinal design, we recruited 3,485 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.2; 43.2% females) from three Shanxi Province, China middle schools. All participants completed self-report questionnaires addressing childhood abuse and neglect, depression, and EMSs. Structural equation models examined reciprocal relationships between depression and EMS, as well as the effect of childhood abuse and neglect on depression and EMSs. Multi-group analysis addressed gender differences. RESULTS Results indicated that greater depression predicted more EMSs measured later, but EMSs did not predict subsequent depression. Childhood abuse and neglect had different effects on depression and EMSs during adolescence. Specifically, exposure to childhood abuse related to more severe depression and EMSs in adolescence and contributed to the perpetuation of EMSs by increasing depression. Exposure to childhood neglect showed a direct effect on depression and indirectly reinforced subsequent EMSs through depression. There were no gender differences. CONCLUSION These findings contribute to a better understanding of the emergence and course of depression in early adolescence, suggesting that childhood abuse and neglect are critical early risk factors. Additionally, depression plays a key role in promoting schema perpetuation among adolescents exposed to childhood maltreatment, providing important implications for relevant prevention and intervention in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yemiao Gao
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinmeng Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Rong Bai
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Fontanil Y, Méndez MD, Postigo Á, Martín-Higarza Y, Ezama E. How are adverse childhood experiences and women's mental health associated? A latent class analysis. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 241:104088. [PMID: 38000365 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a cumulative effect on adult mental health; however, the effect of such combinations is less well known. The purpose of this study is to assess the association between specific combinations of early adversities and women's mental health. METHODS A total of 378 women (Myears = 41.4; SDyears = 13) receiving support from mental health and social services participated in this cross-sectional study. Latent class analysis was performed to classify participants based on the number of ACEs types. RESULTS Our results provided support for four latent classes which differed in ACEs types reported: class 1 range of maltreatment but no family disruption (16.40 %; n = 62), class 2 range of maltreatment with family disruption (24.87 %; n = 94), class 3 few ACEs (44.71 %; n = 169), class 4 high maltreatment/high family disruption (14.02 %; n = 53). Differences in psychological functioning (presence of psychopathology, attachment, emotion dysregulation, and coping strategies) were found between the classes, especially between few ACEs and high maltreatment/high family disruption classes. In addition, women who lived in a low-adversity home and those who lived in a home with maltreatment, but no family disruption, differed in their desire for closeness, problem-solving and emotional expression strategies. CONCLUSION This study highlights that the probability of exposure to different combinations of ACEs is associated with differences in adult psychological functioning. Deeper insight into this association may contribute to a better understanding of mental health problems and to improved prevention and intervention strategies in public support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Fontanil
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Méndez
- Central University Hospital of Asturias, Mental Health Services of the Principality of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Postigo
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Martín-Higarza
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Government of the Principality of Asturias, 33001 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Esteban Ezama
- Cabueñes University Hospital, Mental Health Services of the Principality of Asturias, 33201 Gijón, Asturias, Spain
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Sakulsriprasert C, Thawornwutichat R, Phukao D, Guadamuz TE. Early maladaptive schemas and addictive behaviours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:1416-1432. [PMID: 37464912 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, early maladaptive schemas have been increasingly focused as the underlying factor of several psychopathologies. The primary objective is to systematically review and meta-analytically analyse the evidence on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and types of addictive behaviours. Additionally, the secondary objective was to examine potential moderators of the effect sizes. METHODS The systematic search was conducted on three databases including 'Scopus', 'Web of Science' and 'PubMed'. They were searched for quantitative studies investigating the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and addictive behaviours. The studies that were non-English and had insufficient information to calculate effect sizes were excluded. The random-effect model was utilized to estimate the pool effect sizes, and the meta-regression was used for moderation analysis. RESULTS Thirty-three studies with 12,577 participants were included for analyses. Most of included studies were conducted in the United States (k = 12, 36.36%). The mean ages of participants varied from 13.32 to 46.09 years. The findings indicated that all of early maladaptive schemas and schema domains positively correlated with addictive behaviours. The disconnection and rejection, impaired limits and impaired autonomy were the domains with the highest association with substance addictions (pool r = 0.338, 3.26 and 3.16, respectively). Furthermore, disconnection and rejection and impaired autonomy were the schema domains with the highest association with behavioural addictions (0.310 and 0.304, respectively). The moderation analysis demonstrated that study design was the factor affecting the effect sizes between schema domain and addictive behaviours. LIMITATION All included studies were from peer-reviewed journals in English. Moreover, the number of research examining the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and behavioural addictions was limited. CONCLUSION The findings provide evidence supporting the idea that substance addictions and behavioural addictions have shared risk factors, supporting the validity of the schema model, which can be applied for targeting and preventing addictive behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiyun Sakulsriprasert
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ratipan Thawornwutichat
- Center of Excellence in Research on Gender, Sexuality and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Darunee Phukao
- Department of Health Social Science, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Thomas E Guadamuz
- Center of Excellence in Research on Gender, Sexuality and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Panagiotopoulos A, Despoti A, Varveri C, Wiegand MCA, Lobbestael J. The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Cluster C Personality Disorder Traits: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:439-453. [PMID: 37870687 PMCID: PMC10627891 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the literature on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and Cluster C personality disorders (PDs). Our aim was to clarify which of the 18 EMSs exhibit the strongest associations and are most frequently endorsed in clinical and non-clinical samples with Cluster C PDs and traits. RECENT FINDINGS After initially screening 2622 records, 12 studies were selected with 5310 participants. Meta-analyses of the raw correlation coefficients for each EMS-Cluster C PD link (3-8 studies per meta-analysis) indicated that the 18 EMSs were significantly related to all three Cluster C PDs with r's ranging from .13 to .63. However, when considering endorsement rates among multiple regression studies that controlled for the EMSs intercorrelations and the effects of other PD traits and demographics, specific EMS constellations emerged for each Cluster C PD. Overall, the findings of the current paper suggest that Cluster C PDs might be conceptualized on the basis of a hybrid EMS model, in which all EMSs contribute to global personality dysfunction whereas specific EMS patterns reflect unique personality disorder style expressions. Longitudinal research with appropriate methodology is needed to draw more definite conclusions on the EMSs-Cluster C PDs relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Behavioural Research and Therapy, Athens, Greece
| | - Akylina Despoti
- Clinical Ergospirometry, Exercise and Rehabilitation Laboratory, 1st Intensive Care Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marie C A Wiegand
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, University single 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jill Lobbestael
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, University single 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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7
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Barnby JM, Dayan P, Bell V. Formalising social representation to explain psychiatric symptoms. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:317-332. [PMID: 36609016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent work in social cognition has moved beyond a focus on how people process social rewards to examine how healthy people represent other agents and how this is altered in psychiatric disorders. However, formal modelling of social representation has not kept pace with these changes, impeding our understanding of how core aspects of social cognition function, and fail, in psychopathology. Here, we suggest that belief-based computational models provide a basis for an integrated sociocognitive approach to psychiatry, with the potential to address important but unexamined pathologies of social representation, such as maladaptive schemas and illusory social agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Barnby
- Social Computation and Cognitive Representation Lab, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Peter Dayan
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, 72076, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Vaughan Bell
- Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
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8
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Bruysters NYF, Pilkington PD. Overprotective parenting experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adolescence and adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:10-23. [PMID: 35927065 PMCID: PMC10088016 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Young's schema model identifies overprotection as a type of childhood experience associated with early maladaptive schemas. This review evaluated the evidence base examining overprotective parenting as a predictor of schema endorsement in adolescence and adulthood. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021258990). PsycINFO, CINAHL and PubMed databases were searched on 5 June 2021 for eligible studies reporting original data on unadjusted association(s) between overprotective parenting and schema endorsement in samples with a mean age of 12 years or older. Studies were excluded if they were not in English or peer reviewed or participants were exposed to an intervention. Meta-analyses using Meta-Essentials software examined the relationship between maternal and paternal overprotective parenting with Young's 18 schemas. An adapted version of the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) was used to assess methodological quality. A total of 16 articles were included. Based on 36 meta-analyses (Pooled N = 1,496 to 3,218), several schemas demonstrated positive small correlations with maternal overprotective parenting (range: r = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.19 [Entitlement] to r = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.13, 0.43 [Enmeshment]) and paternal overprotective parenting (range: r = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.20 [Abandonment] to r = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.10, .36 [Enmeshment]). Considerable heterogeneity was detected, but subgroup analyses were not significant. Overall, recollections of overprotective parenting experiences were primarily associated with schemas relating to disconnection and rejection, and impaired autonomy and performance. However, the literature has thus far relied on retrospective measures of parenting, and longitudinal research is needed to establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Yuen Fen Bruysters
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pamela D Pilkington
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
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Güler Aksu G, Kayar O, Tufan AE, Kütük MÖ, Özdağ Acarli AN, Sucu DH, Taşdelen B, Toros F, Özge A. Early maladaptive schemas in episodic and chronic migraine in adolescents. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1128953. [PMID: 37153683 PMCID: PMC10162494 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1128953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psychotherapies, such as schema therapy, are receiving increasing attention in the management of pediatric headaches. The purpose of this study was to investigate early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) in adolescents with episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM). Methods This clinic-based, cross-sectional study consisted of 167 adolescents, aged 12-18, who were diagnosed with EM (n = 140) and CM (n = 27). The clinical characteristics of migraine, its accompanying symptoms, EMSs, the interrelationship of EMSs, depression, and anxiety were evaluated. We specifically analyzed psychopathology and abuse history as covariates in this study. Results Defectiveness/shame, mistrust/abuse, abandonment/instability, enmeshment/undeveloped self, self-sacrifice, and subjugation schemas were more prevalent in the CM group. In terms of schema domains, the CM group scored significantly higher in disconnection/rejection and other orientations. Psychopathology did not affect the EMS scores, but a history of sexual abuse did. In patients with EM, a relationship was found between the variables of anxiety, depression, and five of the EMS domains. On the other hand, the CM group showed a significant relationship with anxiety, hypervigilance/inhibition, disconnection/rejection, and other orientation domains. Discussion This study highlights the value of EMSs, anxiety, and depression in young people with EM and CM. Schema therapy and schema-based therapeutic interventions should be researched, especially in pediatric migraine, as they may potentially prevent the progression to treatment-resistant migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülen Güler Aksu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Türkiye
- *Correspondence: Gülen Güler Aksu
| | - Ozan Kayar
- Department of Psychology, Çankiri Karatekin University, Çankiri, Türkiye
| | - Ali Evren Tufan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Meryem Özlem Kütük
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Başkent University School of Medicine, Adana, Türkiye
| | | | - Damla Hazal Sucu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Bahar Taşdelen
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Fevziye Toros
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Aynur Özge
- Department of Neurology, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Türkiye
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Lian AEZ, Chooi WT, Bono SA. A Narrative Review Investigating the Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) in Individuals with Trauma Experiences and PTSD. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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11
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Are Perceived Executive Functions Beneficial for Adolescents Who Experience Peer Victimization? JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-10005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeer victimization can lead to dysfunctional cognitions and numerous internalizing psychological problems. Thus, it is essential to identify factors that can moderate the impact of victimization. This study aimed to analyze the potential moderating role of perceived executive functions (PEF) in the impact of peer victimization (traditional and online) on internalizing symptoms (depression and social anxiety), early maladaptive schemas (disconnection/rejection domain), and PEF in adolescents. A two-wave longitudinal study was carried out with 680 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age (M = 14.58, SD = 1.36; 41.18% girls). Participants completed measures of self-reported executive functions, traditional and online victimization, early maladaptive schemas of the disconnection/rejection domain, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety symptoms in waves 1 and 2. Traditional and online perpetration was completed only in wave 1. The results indicated that when PEF were high (i.e., adolescents perceive that they have good executive functions), traditional and online victimization predicted more schemas of the disconnection/rejection domain and internalizing symptoms of depression and social anxiety. In non-victims, high PEF showed a protective role in the development of depressive symptoms and schemas of the disconnection/rejection domain. The findings highlight that PEF have a protective role that disappears when victimization (traditional and online) occurs.
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Kallay E, Cheie L. “Can I still blame my parents?” Links between perceived parenting, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and adolescent mental health. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Devoisin-Lagarde C, Trémolière B, Charbonnier E, Caparos S. Effects of a Cognitive Schema Account on the Stigma of Schizophrenia: A Study in a French University Student Sample. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5406/19398298.135.3.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Among people with psychiatric disorders, those with schizophrenia are subject to high levels of stigmatization. Research is necessary to identify new strategies that may help reduce the stigma of schizophrenia. Educational strategies using cognitive accounts, particularly early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), have shown promising results in the context of depression, but they have not been evaluated in the context of schizophrenia. The present study compared the effect on the stigma of three different educational strategies, based on cognitive distortions, biogenetics, and EMSs. A total of 378 students were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. Three experimental groups were presented with a vignette that introduced 1 of 3 different etiological accounts of schizophrenia (cognitive distortions, EMSs, or biogenetics). The fourth group was presented with a text unrelated to schizophrenia. The participants completed questionnaires that measured their attitudes, empathic concern, and social distance toward people with schizophrenia, before and after reading the text. The intervention using the EMS etiology account for schizophrenia was the only one that led to a significant decrease in stigma. The latter effect was driven mainly by an increase in the level of empathic concern toward people with schizophrenia. Given that similar results have been observed for depression and that the role of EMSs in many psychiatric disorders has been demonstrated, studying the effects of EMS explanations for other stigmatized disorders may be promising for reducing the stigma of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Serge Caparos
- Université Paris and Institut Universitaire de France
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14
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Köse Karaca B, Armağan Küçükseymen ZC, Aytaç M, Karaosmanoğlu HA. Turkish Adaptation of the Dusseldorf Illustrated Schema Questionnaire for Children: Psychometric Properties and Relationship with Childhood Difficulties. Int J Cogn Ther 2022; 15:336-353. [PMID: 35991193 PMCID: PMC9375193 DOI: 10.1007/s41811-022-00141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dusseldorf Illustrated Schema Questionnaire for Children (DISC) measures early maladaptive schemas (EMS) in childhood. EMS are emotional and cognitive rules and patterns formed in childhood and adolescence because of unmet emotional needs which are maintained throughout life and negatively affect one’s potential. The first aim of the current study is to adapt DISC to the Turkish language and examine its psychometric properties to facilitate preventive intervention during early childhood. The second aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between schemas and childhood difficulties. The sample consisted of 771 (419 females, 352 males) children of first graders (8-year-old) to twelfth graders (14-year-old) from 54 of the 81 cities in Turkey. Cronbach’s α value for the total of 36 items was calculated as .89 and α values for subscales ranged between .42 and .83. The test–retest reliability coefficient of the total of the scale was .79 at 1 month and subscales’ test–retest values ranged between .31 and .91. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for the purported 18-factor model of the original DISC in the Turkish version within a sample of children from diverse socio-economic and cultural backgrounds from Turkey. The Turkish version of the DISC indicated a reliable and valid instrument to assess maladaptive schemas in children.
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Güler Aksu G, Kayar O, Tufan AE, Kütük MÖ, Sucu DH, Taşdelen B, Toros F, Özge A. Early maladaptive schemas differing according to sex may contribute to migraine among the youth. Brain Dev 2022; 44:427-437. [PMID: 35459526 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite many diverse findings from studies about the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and migraine, there are still unknown points. Schemas, which are the basic structures of cognition, are understudied. This study examined the effects of sex on early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and the clinical characteristics of migraine in adolescents with migraine. METHODS The sample comprised 171 adolescents (67.3% females, n = 115) aged 12-18 years. The clinical characteristics of migraine (duration, severity, frequency of headaches, etc.), accompanying symptoms (nausea, vomiting, photophobia, etc.) and EMSs were evaluated depending on sex. Psychopathology and abuse history were analyzed as covariates in this study. RESULTS The mean age was 15.4 ± 1.9 among the females and 15.2 ± 2.0 among the males (p = 0.65). There was no difference in terms of migraine characteristics, and except for dizziness and pain relief by massage, all other symptoms were similar between the sexes. Female adolescent migraineurs significantly elevated scores for EMS of emotional deprivation, abandonment/instability, defectiveness/shame (disconnection/rejection domain), dependence/incompetence, vulnerability to harm/illness, failure (in impaired autonomy/performance domain) and negativity/pessimism (in hypervigilance/inhibition domain). On the other hand, male migraineurs had significantly elevated scores only in insufficient self-control/self-discipline (in impaired limits domain). Type of migraine and current psychopathology had no significant effect on the EMS domains, while sexual abuse history significantly affected some EMS. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the importance of screening for EMSs among adolescent patients with migraine. Schema therapy and similar therapeutic interventions may be used in the management of migraine in adolescents. Gender may also be important factor the schema therapy in adolescent migraine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülen Güler Aksu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Ozan Kayar
- Department of Psychology, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Ali Evren Tufan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Meryem Özlem Kütük
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Başkent University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Damla Hazal Sucu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bahar Taşdelen
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Fevziye Toros
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Aynur Özge
- Department of Neurology, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
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16
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Cudo A, Dobosz M, Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ. The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas, Depression, Anxiety and Problematic Video Gaming Among Female and Male Gamers. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022:1-28. [PMID: 35789815 PMCID: PMC9244023 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between problematic video gaming (PVG) and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) among male and female gamers. Additionally, the present study investigated depression and anxiety as mediators in the relationship between EMSs and PVG. The study comprised 673 videogame players (391 female gamers) aged from 18 to 38 years. PVG was assessed using the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF). Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). EMS dimensions were assessed using the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3). Results suggested that EMSs such as practical incompetence/dependence were positively related to PVG. The findings showed gender differences in these relationships. The vulnerability to harm or illness, enmeshment and subjugation schemas were positively related to PVG among male gamers. However, depression and anxiety did not mediate the relationship between EMSs and PVG. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms related to PVG development, which are associated with maladaptive schemas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary materials available at 10.1007/s11469-022-00858-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Cudo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dobosz
- The Psychological and Psychotherapeutic Care Center for Children and Youth in Klimkówka, ul. Kasztanowa 30, 38-480 Klimkówka, Poland
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare St, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Daria J. Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare St, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
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17
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Nicol A, Mak AS, Murray K, Kavanagh PS. The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and the functions of self-injurious behaviour in youth. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13284207.2022.2046976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Nicol
- Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anita S. Mak
- Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristen Murray
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Phillip S. Kavanagh
- Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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18
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Faustino B, Vasco AB, da Silva AN, Matos M. Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Personality Belief Questionnaire—Short Form in a Community Sample. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-022-00448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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May T, Younan R, Pilkington PD. Adolescent Maladaptive Schemas and Childhood Abuse and Neglect: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 2022; 29:1159-1171. [PMID: 35060262 PMCID: PMC9544896 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara May
- Department of PaediatricsMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Rita Younan
- Schema Therapy Institute of AustraliaEssendonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Pamela D. Pilkington
- School of Behavioural and Health SciencesAustralian Catholic UniversityFitzroyVictoriaAustralia
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20
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A Multi-Faceted Evaluation of Impulsivity Traits and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245895. [PMID: 34945191 PMCID: PMC8703582 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) are classified either as restrictive (ANr) or binge/purge (ANbp) according to the absence or presence of impulsive eating and compensatory behaviors. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of impulsivity in both AN subtypes and to explore whether individual differences in impulsivity may be explained by differences in the presence of early maladaptive schemas. (2) Methods: the sample group included 122 patients with ANr, 112 patients with ANbp, and 131 healthy women (HW). All of these participants completed the UPPS-P scale for an assessment of impulsive behaviors and the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3) for an assessment of early maladaptive schemas. (3) Results: the patients with ANbp displayed higher levels of impulsivity compared with the patients with ANr and HW. Patients with AN, especially the restrictive subtype, also reported higher levels of early maladaptive schemas than HW, and regression analyses revealed that specific maladaptive schemas partially explain the variability in impulsivity in both patients and HW. (4) Conclusions: it appears that maladaptive beliefs developed during childhood or adolescence may predict the development of impulsivity, a personality trait usually associated with maladaptive behaviors, and appears to be prevalent among ANbp patients. The clinical effects of this, as well as directions for future study, are also discussed in this paper.
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21
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Yaldız AH, Solak N, Ikizer G. Negative emotions in siblings of individuals with developmental disabilities: The roles of early maladaptive schemas and system justification. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 117:104046. [PMID: 34388576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental disabilities (DD) in close family members have profound effects on psychological adjustment of siblings of individuals with DD. One factor that influences the psychological adjustment of siblings is emotions. However, little is known about emotions among siblings of individuals with DD. AIMS This study sought to examine negative emotions of adolescent siblings of individuals with DD and focus on the roles of individual- and system-related factors, namely early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and system justification. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A cross-sectional study including adolescent 72 siblings of individuals with DD and 109 adolescent siblings of individuals without DD was conducted. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The siblings of individuals with DD had higher scores on the Other-Directedness schema domain and system justification than the siblings of individuals without DD. However, the frequency of negative emotions did not differ between groups. Lower scores on EMS and higher scores on system justification were associated with less frequent negative emotions. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Negative emotions seem to be common in adolescents regardless of having a sibling with DD or not. Nevertheless, EMS and system justification tendencies in siblings of individuals with DD may act as vulnerability factors for negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybüke Halime Yaldız
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ziya Gokalp Street, No: 47-48, 06420, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nevin Solak
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ziya Gokalp Street, No: 47-48, 06420, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gözde Ikizer
- Department of Psychology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Street, No: 43, 06510, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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22
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D'Rozario AB, Pilkington PD. Parental Separation and Divorce and Adulthood Attachment: The Mediating Role of the Abandonment Schema. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 29:664-675. [PMID: 34396641 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the Abandonment schema mediates the relationship between a history of parental separation or divorce and attachment styles in adulthood. Participants (N = 426; Mage = 30.78 years) completed online measures, using Qualtrics. Results demonstrated that a history of parental separation or divorce was positively associated with anxious and avoidant attachment styles in adulthood. Mediation analyses revealed that the Abandonment schema mediated these relationships (p <.001). This suggests that adults with a history of parental divorce or separation are more likely to report anxious and avoidant attachment styles, and this is partially accounted for by an expectation that they will be abandoned by others. These findings have implications for case formulation and can be used to inform treatment. Schema therapy focused on healing the Abandonment schema could promote attachment security in individuals with a history of parental separation or divorce. For example, limited reparenting (i.e., the therapist seeking to meet the client's unmet emotional needs, within the professional boundaries of the relationship), could be tailored to address the individual's underlying unmet need for security and stability. Further research is needed to advance our understanding of the implications of these findings for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelyse B D'Rozario
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pamela D Pilkington
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Nicol A, Mak AS, Murray K, Kavanagh PS. Early maladaptive schemas in young people who self-injure. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77:1745-1762. [PMID: 34105782 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is emerging evidence that early maladaptive schemas (EMS) may be a cognitive vulnerability factor in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The current study sought to examine the relationship between EMS and NSSI history, and whether this is moderated by gender, in a community youth sample. METHOD Participants were 403 Australian secondary and university students aged between 16 and 25 years, who completed a survey of NSSI history, EMS, and general emotional distress. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis indicated that being female, depression, and EMS scores were useful for differentiating between youth reporting NSSI history and those who did not. High levels of Defectiveness/Shame and Abandonment/Instability schema scores, and low levels of Emotional Inhibition schema scores, were associated with NSSI history. Gender did not moderate the relationships between these EMS scores and NSSI history. CONCLUSIONS Present results suggest that aspects of the schema domain of Disconnection and Rejection are important for identifying NSSI history beyond young people's emotional distress. This provides researchers and clinicians with an opportunity to better target key EMS, especially beliefs about self-defectiveness and feelings of shame, that may be driving the regulatory function of self-injury among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Nicol
- Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Canberra, Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Anita S Mak
- Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Canberra, Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristen Murray
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Phillip S Kavanagh
- Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Canberra, Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT, Australia
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24
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Siahmoshtei J, Delavar A, Borjali A. A preliminary study: designing and validating projective images of Young's early maladaptive schema (EMS) domains. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:16. [PMID: 33509281 PMCID: PMC7841900 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to design and validate ten projective images of Young's Early Maladaptive Schema (EMS) domains. For this purpose, two questions are to be addressed. (1) How is the factorial structure of the projective images of EMS domains? (2) Do the images designed in the domains of disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, other-directedness, and over-vigilance and inhibition have sufficient validity? METHODS This is an applied mixed-methods exploratory study, in which the statistical population consisted of psychologists from Tehran Province in the qualitative section (n = 8) as well as other individuals aged between 18 and 65 years (mean age = 33) from Qazvin in the quantitative section (n = 102) in 2018. The research questions were analyzed through principal axis factoring with a varimax rotation, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS According to the results, ten images and five domains of Young's EMSs contribute to a simple structure. Accounting for 70.35% of the total variance of EMSs, the five dimensions include disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, other-directedness, and over-vigilance and inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the designed projective images yielded acceptable construct validity.
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25
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Pilkington PD, Bishop A, Younan R. Adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 28:569-584. [PMID: 33270299 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schema Therapy is based on the theory that trauma and neglect in childhood lead to early maladaptive schemas and psychopathology in adulthood. The aim of this review was to evaluate support for this theory by synthesizing the literature on childhood adversity and schemas. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were completed in compliance with PRISMA. PsycInfo, CINAHL and PubMed were searched to identify eligible studies that reported unadjusted association(s) between adverse childhood events and schema scores when participants were 18 years or older. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the pooled effect size of associations between schemas and experiences of childhood adversity. RESULTS A total of 33 studies met inclusion criteria and provided sufficient data for meta-analyses on childhood experiences relating to toxic frustration of needs (emotional neglect and physical neglect) and trauma and victimization (emotional abuse, physical abuse and sexual abuse). Of the 124 meta-analyses, 65 indicated that schemas show small to large correlations with emotional neglect (range: r = .16 [Failure] to r = .51 [Emotional Deprivation]); small to moderate correlations with emotional abuse (range: r = .20 [Vulnerability to Harm] to r = .44 [Emotional Deprivation]); and small correlations with physical neglect, physical abuse and sexual abuse (range: r = .16 [Vulnerability to Harm] to .26 [Emotional Deprivation and Social Isolation]). CONCLUSIONS Of the 33 included studies, only one used a longitudinal design. However, based on the correlational studies available, early maladaptive schemas in adulthood are associated with a history of childhood abuse and neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela D Pilkington
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Bishop
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rita Younan
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Schema Therapy Institute of Australia, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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