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Deng H, Zheng S, Li Y, Mo X, Zhao J, Yin J, Shi C, Wang Q, Wang Y. Establishment and characterization of a kidney cell line from hybrid snakehead (male Channa argus × female Channa maculata) and its susceptibility to hybrid snakehead rhabdovirus (HSHRV). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 273:110971. [PMID: 38621626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid snakehead (male Channa argus × female Channa maculata) is an emerging fish breed with increasing production levels. However, infection with hybrid snakehead rhabdovirus (HSHRV) critically affects hybrid snakehead farming. In this study, a fish cell line called CAMK, derived from the kidneys of hybrid snakehead, was established and characterized. CAMK cells exhibited the maximum growth rate at 28 °C in Leibovitz's-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum(FBS). Karyotyping revealed diploid chromosomes in 54% of the cells at the 50th passage (2n = 66), and 16S rRNA sequencing validated that CAMK cells originated fromhybrid snakehead, and the detection of kidney-specific antibodies suggested that it originated from kidney. .The culture was free from mycoplasma contamination, and the green fluorescent protein gene was effectively transfected into CAMK cells, indicating their potential use for in vitro gene expression investigations. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that HSHRV could replicate in CAMK cells, indicating that the cells were susceptible to the virus. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the viral particles had bullet-like morphology. The replication efficiency of HSHRV was 107.33 TCID50/mL. Altogether, we successfully established and characterized a kidney cell line susceptible to the virus. These findings provide a valuable reference for further genetic and virological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Deng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China 510380; College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China 510380; Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club School of Animal Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China 510380.
| | - Xubing Mo
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China 510380.
| | - Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China 510380.
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China 510380.
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China 510380.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China 510380.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China 510380.
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2
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Song Y, Shao L, Yu X. Transcriptome Analysis of Transiently Reversible Cell Vacuolization Caused by Excessive Serum Concentration in Scophthalmus maximus. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:545. [PMID: 39056737 PMCID: PMC11274238 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
As an important research tool, cell lines play a vital role in life science research, medical research, and drug development. During the culture of the Scophthalmus maximus head kidney (TK) cell line, we found a phenomenon of cell vacuolization caused by excessive serum concentration. Moreover, the vacuolization of the cells gradually disappeared after passage by trypsin digestion. In clarifying the formation mechanism of this reversible cellular vacuolation, transcriptomics was utilized to explore the mechanism of cell vacuolization caused by excessive serum concentration. Transcriptome analysis indicated that excessive serum concentration could cause the up-regulated expression of PORCN and other genes to promote cell proliferation. Compared with cells whose vacuolization disappeared after trypsin digestion and passage, the expression of mitosis-related genes (BUB1, ttk, Mad2, Cdc20, CDK1, CCNB1), nuclear stability-related genes LMNB1 and tissue stress and repair-related genes HMMR in vacuolated cells caused by excessive serum concentration was significantly up-regulated. There is a regulatory system related to adaptation and stress repair in the cells, which can maintain cell stability to a certain extent. This study provides a theoretical basis for the stable culture of fish cell lines and the solution to the problem of cell vacuolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Song
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lijun Shao
- School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China;
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China;
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3
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Qin P, Munang'andu HM, Xu C, Xie J. Megalocytivirus and Other Members of the Family Iridoviridae in Finfish: A Review of the Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control. Viruses 2023; 15:1359. [PMID: 37376659 DOI: 10.3390/v15061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has expanded to become the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world. However, its expansion has come under threat due to an increase in diseases caused by pathogens such as iridoviruses commonly found in aquatic environments used for fish farming. Of the seven members belonging to the family Iridoviridae, the three genera causing diseases in fish comprise ranaviruses, lymphocystiviruses and megalocytiviruses. These three genera are serious impediments to the expansion of global aquaculture because of their tropism for a wide range of farmed-fish species in which they cause high mortality. As economic losses caused by these iridoviruses in aquaculture continue to rise, the urgent need for effective control strategies increases. As a consequence, these viruses have attracted a lot of research interest in recent years. The functional role of some of the genes that form the structure of iridoviruses has not been elucidated. There is a lack of information on the predisposing factors leading to iridovirus infections in fish, an absence of information on the risk factors leading to disease outbreaks, and a lack of data on the chemical and physical properties of iridoviruses needed for the implementation of biosecurity control measures. Thus, the synopsis put forth herein provides an update of knowledge gathered from studies carried out so far aimed at addressing the aforesaid informational gaps. In summary, this review provides an update on the etiology of different iridoviruses infecting finfish and epidemiological factors leading to the occurrence of disease outbreaks. In addition, the review provides an update on the cell lines developed for virus isolation and culture, the diagnostic tools used for virus detection and characterization, the current advances in vaccine development and the use of biosecurity in the control of iridoviruses in aquaculture. Overall, we envision that the information put forth in this review will contribute to developing effective control strategies against iridovirus infections in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | | | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China
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Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Hick PM, Hall E, Waltzek TB, Becker JA. Partial validation of a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the three genotypes of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281292. [PMID: 36735738 PMCID: PMC9897559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalocytiviruses (MCVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses known to infect important freshwater and marine fish species in the aquaculture, food, and ornamental fish industries worldwide. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species within the genus Megalocytivirus that causes red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) which is a reportable disease to the World Animal Health Organization (WOAH). To better control the transboundary spread of this virus and support WOAH reporting requirements, we developed and partially validated a TaqMan real-time qPCR assay (ISKNV104R) to detect all three genotypes of ISKNV, including the two genotypes that cause RSIVD. Parameters averaged across 48 experiments used a 10-fold dilution series of linearized plasmid DNA (107-101 copies), carrying a fragment of the three-spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) hypothetical protein revealed that the assay was linear over 7 orders of magnitude (107-101), a mean efficiency of 99.97 ± 2.92%, a mean correlation coefficient of 1.000 ± 0.001, and a limit of detection (analytical sensitivity) of ≤10 copies of TSGIV DNA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was evaluated and compared to other published assays using a panel of 397 samples from 21 source populations with different prevalence of ISKNV infection (0-100%). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was 91.99% (87.28-95.6; 95% CI) and 89.8% (83.53-94.84). The latent class analysis showed that the ISKNV104R qPCR assay had similar diagnostic sensitivities and specificities with overlapping confidence limits compared to a second TaqMan qPCR assay and a SYBR green assay. This newly developed TaqMan assay represents a partially validated qPCR assay for the detection of the three genotypes of the species ISKNV. The ISKNV104R qPCR assay once fully validated, will serve as an improved diagnostic tool that can be used for ISKNV surveillance efforts and diagnosis in subclinical fish to prevent further spread of MCVs throughout the aquaculture and ornamental fish industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAB); (TBW)
| | - Joy A. Becker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (JAB); (TBW)
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Liu Y, Ge X, Li C, Xue T. Derivation and characterization of new cell line from intestine of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:153-162. [PMID: 36809593 PMCID: PMC10073165 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A continuous intestine cell line from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) designated as SMI was established utilizing the tissue explant technique. Primary SMI cell was cultured at 24 °C in a medium with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), then subcultured in 10% FBS after 10 passages. Impacts of medium or temperature on the growth of SMI were examined and the results indicated it grew well in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS at 24 °C. The SMI cell line was subcultured more than 60 times. Karyotyping, chromosome number, and ribosomal RNA genotyping analysis revealed that SMI had a modal diploid chromosome number of 44 and originated from turbot. After being transfected with pEGFP-N1 and FAM-siRNA, a large number of green fluorescence signals were observed in SMI, indicating that SMI could be used as an ideal platform to explore gene function in vitro. In addition, the expression of epithelium-associated genes such as itga6, itgb4, gja1, claudin1, zo-1, and E-cadherin in SMI suggested the SMI had some characteristics of epidermal cells. The upregulation of immune-associated genes such as TNF-β, NF-κB, and IL-1β in SMI after stimulation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns suggested the SMI might exhibit immune functions similar to the intestinal epithelium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xuefeng Ge
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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6
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Zeng R, Pan W, Lin Y, He J, Luo Z, Li Z, Weng S, He J, Guo C. Development of a gene-deleted live attenuated candidate vaccine against fish virus (ISKNV) with low pathogenicity and high protection. iScience 2021; 24:102750. [PMID: 34278259 PMCID: PMC8261673 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture provides important food, nutrition, and income sources for humans. However, aquaculture industry is seriously threatened by viral diseases. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) disease causes high mortality and economic losses to the fish culture industry in Asia and has been listed as a certifiable disease by the International Epizootic Office. Vaccine development is urgent to control this disease. Here, a gene-deleted live attenuated candidate vaccine (ΔORF022L) against ISKNV with low pathogenicity and high protection was developed. ΔORF022L replicated well in mandarin fish fry-1 cells and showed similar structure with wild-type ISKNV. However, the pathogenicity was significantly lower as 98% of the mandarin fish infected with ΔORF022L survived, whereas all those infected with wild-type ISKNV died. Of importance, 100% of the ΔORF022L-infected fish survived the ISKNV challenge. ΔORF022L induced anti-ISKNV specific antibody response and upregulation of immune-related genes. This work could be beneficial to the control of fish diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Weiqiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Yifan Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Changjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Johan CAC, Zainathan SC. Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish: A review. Vet World 2020; 13:2565-2577. [PMID: 33363355 PMCID: PMC7750215 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2565-2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses, especially megalocytiviruses, are related to severe disease resulting in high economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. The ornamental fish industry has been affected severely due to Megalocytivirus infections. Megalocytivirus is a DNA virus that has three genera; including red sea bream iridovirus, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, and turbot reddish body iridovirus. Megalocytivirus causes non-specific clinical signs in ornamental fish. Cell culture, histology, immunofluorescence test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay have been used to diagnose megalocytiviruses. Risk factors such as temperature, transportation (export and import), and life stages of ornamental fish have been reported for the previous cases due to Megalocytivirus infections. In addition, other prevention and control methods also have been practiced in farms to prevent Megalocytivirus outbreaks. This is the first review of megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish since its first detection in 1989. This review discusses the occurrences of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish, including the history, clinical signs, detection method, risk factors, and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Azarulzaman Che Johan
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Catherine Zainathan
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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8
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Gao Y, Zhou H, Gao Z, Jiang H, Wang X, Mai K, He G. Establishment and characterization of a fibroblast-like cell line from the muscle of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1129-1139. [PMID: 30888578 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A continuous fibroblast-like cell line, TMF (turbot muscle fibroblasts), was established from juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus muscle with the method of trypsin digestion. It has been subcultured more than 60 passages for over 150 days. The TMF cells were cultured in L-15 medium supplemented with HEPES, fetal bovine serum (FBS), GlutaMAX, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The optimal temperature for TMF culture was 24 °C. TMF cells were predominantly composed of fibroblastic-like cells, and the transcription factor 4 (TCF-4) was highly expressed in TMF cells. Chromosome analysis revealed that it had a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 44. The transfection efficiency achieved 54.95 ± 6.59%, and the cell mortality rate was about 8.70% when transfected with the nucleofection method. Meanwhile, the TMF cells showed a sensitive response to amino acid levels and activation target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway. These results indicate that TMF was a potential tool to explore the signal transduction of teleost in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd., Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd., Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd., Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd., Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd., Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd., Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen He
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Rd., Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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9
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Halaly MA, Subramaniam K, Koda SA, Popov VL, Stone D, Way K, Waltzek TB. Characterization of a Novel Megalocytivirus Isolated from European Chub ( Squalius cephalus). Viruses 2019; 11:v11050440. [PMID: 31096590 PMCID: PMC6563503 DOI: 10.3390/v11050440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel virus from moribund European chub (Squalius cephalus) was isolated on epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed abundant non-enveloped, hexagonal virus particles in the cytoplasm of infected EPC cells consistent with an iridovirus. Illumina MiSeq sequence data enabled the assembly and annotation of the full genome (128,216 bp encoding 108 open reading frames) of the suspected iridovirus. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses based on 25 iridovirus core genes supported the European chub iridovirus (ECIV) as being the sister species to the recently-discovered scale drop disease virus (SDDV), which together form the most basal megalocytivirus clade. Genetic analyses of the ECIV major capsid protein and ATPase genes revealed the greatest nucleotide identity to members of the genus Megalocytivirus including SDDV. These data support ECIV as a novel member within the genus Megalocytivirus. Experimental challenge studies are needed to fulfill River’s postulates and determine whether ECIV induces the pathognomonic microscopic lesions (i.e., megalocytes with basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions) observed in megalocytivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya A Halaly
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Samantha A Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - David Stone
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Keith Way
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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10
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Soni P, Pradhan PK, Swaminathan TR, Sood N. Development, characterization and application of a new epithelial cell line from caudal fin of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage 1878). Acta Trop 2018; 182:215-222. [PMID: 29545155 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A cell line, designated as PHF, has been established from caudal fin of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The cell line was developed using explant method and PHF cells have been subcultured for more than 72 passages over a period of 14 months. The cells were able to grow at temperatures between 24 and 32° C, with an optimum temperature of 28° C. The growth rate of PHF cells was directly proportional to FBS concentration, with optimum growth observed at 20% FBS concentration. On the basis of immunophenotyping assay, PHF cells were confirmed to be of epithelial type. Karyotyping of PHF cells revealed diploid number of chromosomes (2n = 60) at 39th and 65th passage, which indicated that the developed cell line is chromosomally stable. The origin of the cell line was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of cytochrome oxidase c subunit I and 16S rRNA genes. The cell line was tested for Mycoplasma contamination and found to be negative. The cells were successfully transfected with GFP reporter gene suggesting that the developed cell line could be utilized for gene expression studies in future. The cell line could be successfully employed for evaluating the cytotoxicity of heavy metals, namely mercuric chloride and sodium arsenite suggesting that PHF cell line can be potential surrogate for whole fish for studying the cytotoxicity of water soluble compounds. The result of virus susceptibility to tilapia lake virus (TiLV) revealed that PHF cells were refractory to TiLV virus. The newly established cell line would be a useful tool for investigating disease outbreaks particularly of viral etiology, transgenic as well as cytotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Soni
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pravata K Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - T R Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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11
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Oh SY, Nishizawa T. Multiple Passages of Grunt Fin Cells Persistently Infected with Red Seabream Iridovirus (RSIV) at 15ºC or 30ºC to Yield Uninfected Cells. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:214-221. [PMID: 27737618 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1208120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), a member within genus Megalocytivirus (Iridoviridae), causes serious economic losses to marine fish aquaculture industry in East Asia. In this study, we established a Blue Striped Grunt Haemulon sciurus fin (grunt fin; GF) cell line persistently infected with RSIV (PI-GFRSIV) by subculturing GF cells that survived RSIV inoculation. PI-GFRSIV cells were morphologically indistinguishable from naive GF cells. They could stably produce RSIV at approximately 104.9 ± 0.5 genomes per microliter after 24 passages over 18 months. The optimum temperature to produce RSIV in PI-GFRSIV cells was 25°C. These cells also produced RSIV at 15, 20, and 30°C with multiple subcultures. The amount of RSIV yielded from PI-GFRSIV cells decreased gradually by multiple subculturing at 15°C or 30°C. Red seabream iridovirus was no longer detected from PI-GFRSIV cells after subcultures at these temperatures. These PI-GFRSIV cells freed from RSIV infection exhibited a level of RSIV productivity similar to those of naive GF cells after inoculation with RSIV. Therefore, we consider that these PI-GFRSIV cells were no longer infected with RSIV after multiple subculturing at 15°C or 30°C. Received October 15, 2015; accepted June 27, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Oh
- a Department of Aqualife Medicine , Chonnam National University , Daehak-ro 50, Yeosu 59626 , South Korea
| | - Toyohiko Nishizawa
- a Department of Aqualife Medicine , Chonnam National University , Daehak-ro 50, Yeosu 59626 , South Korea
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12
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Establishment of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus embryo (RoBE-4) cells with cytolytic infection of red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). J Virol Methods 2016; 238:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Sun A, Chen SL, Gao FT, Li HL, Liu XF, Wang N, Sha ZX. Establishment and characterization of a gonad cell line from half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis pseudomale. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:673-83. [PMID: 25724869 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new cell line was established from half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis pseudomale gonad (CSPMG). Primary culture was initiated from gonad tissues pieces, and the CSPMG cells were cultured at 24 °C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/F12 medium (1:1) (pH7.0), supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, 2-mercaptoethanol, penicillin and streptomycin. The cultured CSPMG cells, in fibroblast shape, proliferated to 100 % confluency 10 days later and had been subcultured to passage 109. Chromosome analyses indicated that the CSPMG cells exhibited chromosomal aneuploidy with a modal chromosome number of 42, which displayed the normal diploid karyotype of half-smooth tongue sole (2n = 42t, NF = 42). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed CSPMG cells could express gonad somatic cell functional genes Sox9a, Wt1a and weakly germ cell marker gene Vasa, but not male specific gene Dmrt1. Transfection experiment demonstrated that CSPMG cells transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmid and small RNA could express green and red fluorescence signals with high transfection efficiency. In conclusion, a continuous CSPMG cell line has been established successfully. The cell line might serve as a valuable tool for studies on the mechanism of sex determination, sex reversal and gonad development in flatfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Sun
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
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14
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Sun A, Wang TZ, Wang N, Liu XF, Sha ZX, Chen SL. Establishment and characterization of an ovarian cell line from half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:46-59. [PMID: 25359438 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new ovarian cell line, CSO, was established from half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. Primary culture of CSO cells was initiated from digestion of ovarian tissues pieces by trypsin solution and cultured at 24° C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-F12 medium (DMEM-F12, 1:1) (pH 7·0), supplemented with 20% foetal bovine serum, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). The cultured CSO cells, fibroblastic in morphology, proliferated to 100% confluency 3 days later and had been subcultured to passage 80. Chromosome analyses indicated that the CSO cells exhibited chromosomal aneuploidy with a modal chromosome number of 42 that displayed the normal diploid karyotype of C. semilaevis [2n = 42 t, fundamental number (NF ) = 42]. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that CSO cells could express ovarian somatic cell functional genes p450armo, foxl2 and sox9a but not ovary germ cell marker gene vasa and male-specific gene dmrt1. Transfection experiment demonstrated that CSO cells transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmid could express green fluorescence protein (GFP) with higher transfection efficiency. The CSO cell line might serve as a valuable tool for studies on the mechanism of sex determination and oogenesis of ovary in flatfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sun
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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15
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Miao Y, Sun Q, Wen Q, Qiu Y, Ge Y, Yu MM, Fan TJ. Cytotoxic effects of betaxolol on healthy corneal endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:14-21. [PMID: 24634857 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To demonstrate the cytotoxic effect of betaxolol and its underlying mechanism on human corneal endothelial cells (HCE cells) in vitro and cat corneal endothelial cells (CCE cells) in vivo, providing experimental basis for safety anti-glaucoma drug usage in clinic of ophthalmology. METHODS In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to explore whether and how betaxolol participates in corneal endothelial cell injury. The in vitro morphology, growth status, plasma membrane permeability, DNA fragmentation, and ultrastructure of HCE cells treated with 0.021875-0.28g/L betaxolol were examined by light microscope, 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay, acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) double-fluorescent staining, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The in vivo density, morphology, and ultrastructure of CCE cells, corneal thickness, and eye pressure of cat eyes treated with 0.28g/L betaxolol were investigated by specular microscopy, applanation tonometer, alizarin red staining, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and TEM. RESULTS Exposure to betaxolol at doses from 0.0875g/L to 2.8g/L induced morphological and ultrastructural changes of in vitro cultured HCE cells such as cytoplasmic vacuolation, cellular shrinkage, structural disorganization, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic body appearance. Simultaneously, betaxolol elevated plasma membrane permeability and induced DNA fragmentation of these cells in a dose-dependent manner in AO/EB staining. Furthermore, betaxolol at a dose of 2.8g/L also induced decrease of density of CCE cells in vivo, and non-hexagonal and shrunk apoptotic cells were also found in betaxolol-treated cat corneal endothelia. CONCLUSION Betaxolol has significant cytotoxicity on HCE cells in vitro by inducing apoptosis of these cells, and induced apoptosis of CCE cells in vivo as well. The findings help provide new insight into the apoptosis-inducing effect of anti-glaucoma drugs in eye clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Miao
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuan Ge
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Miao-Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting-Jun Fan
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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16
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Zhou X, Li YH, Yu HZ, Wang RX, Fan TJ. Local anesthetic lidocaine induces apoptosis in human corneal stromal cells in vitro. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:766-71. [PMID: 24392322 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.06.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To demonstrate the apoptosis-inducing effect of lidocaine on human corneal stromal (HCS) cells in vitro, and provide experimental basis for safety anesthetic usage in clinic of ophthalmology. METHODS In vitro cultured HCS cells were treated with lidocaine at different doses and times, and their morphology was monitored successively with inverted phase contrast microscopy. The membrane permeability of them was detected by acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) double staining. The DNA fragmentation of them was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis, and their ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. RESULTS Exposure to lidocaine at doses from 0.3125g/L to 20g/L induced morphological changes of HCS cells such as cytoplasmic vacuolation, cellular shrinkage, and turning round, and elevated membrane permeability of these cells in AO/EB staining. The change of morphology and membrane permeability was dose- and time-dependent, while lidocaine at dose below 0.15625g/L could not induce these changes. Furthermore, lidocaine induced DNA fragmentation and ultrastructural changes such as cytoplasmic vacuolation, structural disorganization, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic body appearance of the cells. CONCLUSION Lidocaine has significant cytotoxicity on human corneal stromal cells in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis of these cells. The established experimental model and findings based on this model here help provide new insight into the apoptosis-inducing effect of local anesthetics in eye clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-Han Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao-Ze Yu
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rui-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting-Jun Fan
- Key Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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Zhu DM, Yang K, Wang WM, Song W. Establishment and characterization of a fin cell line from blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:1399-1410. [PMID: 23532304 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study established and characterized a new cell line (MAF) from the fin of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), a freshwater fish cultivated in China. MAF cells proliferated well in medium 199 supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum at 28 °C and have been subcultured more than 95 times in almost a year. MAF cells were revived at 90-95 % viability after 3-6 months of storage in liquid nitrogen. Karyotyping indicated that the modal chromosome number of MAF cells was 48. The MAF cell line consisted predominantly of fibroblastic and epithelial-like cells from M. amblycephala, which was confirmed by immunofluorescence and mitochondrial 12s rRNA sequencing. Viral susceptibility tests showed that MAF cells were susceptible to infection by snakehead rhabdovirus, spring viremia carp virus, and channel catfish virus, which was demonstrated by the presence of cytopathic effect, high viral titers, and PCR products. Bacterial cytotoxicity studies showed that extracellular products from Aeromonas hydrophila were toxic to MAF cells. Cu²⁺ was also cytotoxic to MAF cells, and the 24-h IC₅₀ value was 144.48 μmol/l. When MAF cells were transfected with pEGFP-N1 plasmid, bright fluorescent signals were observed, and the transfection efficiency reached up to 5 %. These results suggest that the MAF cell line may provide a valuable tool for studying virus pathogenesis, as well as cytotoxicity testing and genetic manipulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, College of Fisheries, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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Ito T, Yoshiura Y, Kamaishi T, Yoshida K, Nakajima K. Prevalence of red sea bream iridovirus among organs of Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) exposed to cultured red sea bream iridovirus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2094-2101. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) is a representative of the genus Megalocytivirus which causes severe disease to aquaculture fish, mainly in Japan and South-east Asia. However, information to assess the viral kinetics of RSIV in fish is limited since reports on experimental infection by the immersion route, which is the natural infection route, are scarce. In this study, a method to evaluate the titre of RSIV was first developed. Experimental infections were continuously performed using RSIV cell culture as the inoculum to juvenile Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) (initial body weight 12.2 g) by immersion at three different concentrations. In addition, to investigate the prevalence of the virus among the organs of experimentally infected fish, viral DNA was measured at selected times by the real-time PCR method following viral inoculation by immersion. The developed titration method showed a 102 increase in sensitivity compared with the conventional method. We demonstrated that grunt fin cells can be used for continuous passage of RSIV. In the experimental infection, fish which were intraperitoneally injected with the RSIV cell culture or immersed with RSIV cell culture at 10−2 and 10−3 dilutions showed cumulative mortalities of 100 %. The results of measurements of the viral DNA of several organs from infected fish strongly suggest that the spleen is the target organ of RSIV in Japanese amberjack. Since the viral genome was detected from all the tested organs of two of five surviving fish which appeared to completely recover from the disease, it is suggested that these fish may become carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ito
- Tamaki Laboratory, Aquatic Animal Health Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 224-1 Hiruta, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Yoshiura
- Tamaki Laboratory, Aquatic Animal Health Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 224-1 Hiruta, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamaishi
- Aquatic Animal Health Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yoshida
- Goto Laboratory, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 122-7 Nunoura, Tamanoura-cho, Goto, Nagasaki 853-0508, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakajima
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 422-1 Nakatsuhamaura, Minami-Ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
- Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 1-5939-22 Suido-cho, Chuou-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8121, Japan
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Rocco L, Valentino IV, Scapigliati G, Stingo V. RAPD-PCR analysis for molecular characterization and genotoxic studies of a new marine fish cell line derived from Dicentrarchus labrax. Cytotechnology 2013; 66:383-93. [PMID: 23839298 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous cell lines could provide an important tool for studying epidemiology, toxicology, cellular physiology and the host-pathogen interactions. Random amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid analysis by PCR (RAPD-PCR) was used for the molecular characterization of Dicentrarchus labrax embryonic cells (DLEC) as a possible tool to detect DNA alterations in environmental genotoxic studies. We studied the DNA pattern of the DLEC fish cell line, a fibroblast-like cell line derived from European sea bass. From a total of 15 primers only six showed good discriminatory power for the amplification process on DNA samples collected from cells by three different methods (organic extraction, salting-out method and chelating agent extraction). The results obtained show that the cell line chosen for this study could be used as a possible tool for the detection of potential genotoxicity of numerous chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rocco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy,
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Establishment, characterization and immortalization of a fibroblast cell line from the Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima skin. Cytotechnology 2011; 64:95-105. [PMID: 21948116 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin of the amphibian Bombina maxima is rich in biologically active proteins and peptides, most of which have mammalian analogues. The physiological functions of most of the mammalian analogues are still unknown. Thus, Bombina maxima skin may be a promising model to reveal the physiological role of these proteins and peptides because of their large capacity for secretion. To investigate the physiological role of these proteins and peptides in vitro, a fibroblast cell line was successfully established from Bombina maxima tadpole skin. The cell line grew to form a monolayer with cells of a uniform shape and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, which are typical characteristics of fibroblasts. Further identification at a molecular level revealed that they strongly expressed the fibroblast marker protein vimentin. The chromosome number of these cells is 2n = 28, and most of them were diploid. Growth property analysis showed that they grew well for 14 passages. However, cells showed decreased proliferative ability after passage 15. Thus, we tried to immortalize the cells through the overexpression of SV40 T antigen. After selecting by G418, cells stably expressed SV40 large T antigen and showed enhanced proliferative ability and increased telomerase activity. Signal transduction analysis revealed functional p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in immortalized Bombina maxima dermal fibroblasts. Primary fibroblast cells and the immortalized fibroblast cells from Bombina maxima cultured in the present study can be used to investigate the physiological role of Bombina maxima skin-secreted proteins and peptides. In addition, the methods for primary cell culturing and cell immortalization will be useful for culturing and immortalizing cells from other types of amphibians.
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