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Madren S, Yi L. Microchip electrophoresis separation coupled to mass spectrometry (MCE-MS) for the rapid monitoring of multiple quality attributes of monoclonal antibodies. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2453-2465. [PMID: 36027045 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly heterogeneous as a result of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) during bioprocessing and storage. The modifications that impact mAb product quality are regarded as critical quality attributes and require monitoring. The conventional LC-mass spectrometer (MS) method used for product quality monitoring may require protein A purification prior to analysis. In this paper, we present a high-throughput microchip electrophoresis (<4 min) in-line with MS (MCE-MS) that enables baseline separation and characterization of Fc, Fd', and light chain (LC) domains of IdeS-treated mAb sample directly from bioreactor. The NISTmAb was used to optimize the MCE separation and to assess its capability of multiple attribute monitoring. The MCE-MS can uniquely separate and characterize deamidated species at domain level compared to LC-MS method. Two case studies were followed to demonstrate the method capability of monitoring product quality of mAb samples from stability studies or directly from bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Madren
- Analytical Development Department, Biogen, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda Yi
- Analytical Development Department, Biogen, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Redenbaugh V, Flanagan EP. Monoclonal Antibody Therapies Beyond Complement for NMOSD and MOGAD. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:808-822. [PMID: 35267170 PMCID: PMC9294102 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG-associated disease (MOGAD) are inflammatory demyelinating disorders distinct from each other and from multiple sclerosis (MS).While anti-CD20 treatments can be used to treat MS and AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD, some MS medications are ineffective or could exacerbate AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD including beta-interferons, natalizumab, and fingolimod. AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD has a relapsing course in most cases, and preventative maintenance treatments should be started after the initial attack. Rituximab, eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab all have class 1 evidence for use in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD, and the latter three have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). MOGAD is much more likely to be monophasic than AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD, and preventative therapy is usually reserved for those who have had a disease relapse. There is a lack of any class 1 evidence for MOGAD preventative treatment. Observational benefit has been suggested from oral immunosuppressants, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), rituximab, and tocilizumab. Randomized placebo-controlled trials are urgently needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyanka Redenbaugh
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Eoin P Flanagan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Singh SK, Lee KH. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Glycan Heterogeneity Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:805788. [PMID: 35087805 PMCID: PMC8786911 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.805788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) is an invaluable technology for the characterization of protein glycosylation. HILIC/MS-based glycan analysis relies on the library search using Glucose Units (GU) and accurate mass (AM) as the primary search parameters for identification. However, GU-based identifications are gradient-dependent and are not suitable for applications where separation gradients need to be optimized to analyze complex samples or achieve higher throughput. Additionally, the workflow requires calibration curves (using dextran ladder) to be generated for each analysis campaign, which in turn, are used to derive the GU values of the separated glycan species. To overcome this limitation, we employed a two-step strategy for targeted glycan analysis of a mAb expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The first step is to create a custom library of the glycans of interest independent of GU values (thereby eliminating the need for a calibration curve) and instead uses AM and retention time (RT) as the primary search variables. The second step is to perform targeted glycan screening using the custom-built library. The developed workflow was applied for targeted glycan analysis of a mAb expressed in CHO for 1) cell line selection 2) characterizing the day-wise glycan evolution in a model mAb during a fed-batch culture, 3) assessing the impact of different media conditions on glycosylation, and 4) evaluating the impact of two different process conditions on glycosylation changes in a model mAb grown in a bioreactor. Taken together, the data presented in this study provides insights into the sources of glycan heterogeneity in a model mAb that are seen during its commercial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, India
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Frisch ES, Pretzsch R, Weber MS. A Milestone in Multiple Sclerosis Therapy: Monoclonal Antibodies Against CD20-Yet Progress Continues. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1602-1622. [PMID: 33880738 PMCID: PMC8609066 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, still represents one of the most common causes of persisting disability with an early disease onset. Growing evidence suggests B cells to play a crucial role in its pathogenesis and progression. Over the last decades, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the surface protein CD20 have been intensively studied as a B cell targeting therapy in relapsing MS (RMS) as well as primary progressive MS (PPMS). Pivotal studies on anti-CD20 therapy in RMS showed remarkable clinical and radiological effects, especially on acute inflammation and relapse biology. These results paved the way for further research on the implication of B cells in the pathogenesis of MS. Besides controlling relapse development in RMS, ocrelizumab (OCR) also showed clinical benefits in patients with PPMS and became the first approved drug for this disease course. In this review, we provide an overview of the current anti-CD20 mabs used or tested for the treatment of MS-namely rituximab (RTX), OCR, ofatumumab (OFA), and ublituximab (UB). Besides their effectiveness, we also discuss possible limitations and safety concerns especially in regard to long-term treatment, both for this class of drugs overall as well as for each anti-CD20 mab individually. Additionally, we elucidate to what extent anti-CD20 therapy may alter the function of other immune cells, both directly or indirectly. Finally, we cover the current knowledge on repopulation of CD20+ cells after cessation of anti-CD20 treatment and discuss future aspirations towards alternative, further developed B cell silencing therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic/methods
- Humans
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther S Frisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roxanne Pretzsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.
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Alhuthali S, Kotidis P, Kontoravdi C. Osmolality Effects on CHO Cell Growth, Cell Volume, Antibody Productivity and Glycosylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073290. [PMID: 33804825 PMCID: PMC8037477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of nutrients and accumulation of metabolites in a fed-batch culture of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells leads to an increase in extracellular osmolality in late stage culture. Herein, we explore the effect of osmolality on CHO cell growth, specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) productivity and glycosylation achieved with the addition of NaCl or the supplementation of a commercial feed. Although both methods lead to an increase in specific antibody productivity, they have different effects on cell growth and antibody production. Osmolality modulation using NaCl up to 470 mOsm kg-1 had a consistently positive effect on specific antibody productivity and titre. The addition of the commercial feed achieved variable results: specific mAb productivity was increased, yet cell growth rate was significantly compromised at high osmolality values. As a result, Feed C addition to 410 mOsm kg-1 was the only condition that achieved a significantly higher mAb titre compared to the control. Additionally, Feed C supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in galactosylated antibody structures. Cell volume was found to be positively correlated to osmolality; however, osmolality alone could not account for observed changes in average cell diameter without considering cell cycle variations. These results help delineate the overall effect of osmolality on titre and highlight the potentially negative effect of overfeeding on cell growth.
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Klein C, Jamois C, Nielsen T. Anti-CD20 treatment for B-cell malignancies: current status and future directions. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:161-181. [PMID: 32933335 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1822318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The introduction of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy with rituximab in the 1990s greatly improved outcomes for patients with B-cell malignancies. Disease resistance or relapse after successful initial therapy and declining efficacy of subsequent rounds of treatment were the basis for the development of alternative anti-CD20-based antibody therapies. AREAS COVERED The novel anti-CD20 antibodies of atumumab, ublituximab, and obinutuzumab were developed to be differentiated via structural and mechanistic features over rituximab. We provide an overview of preclinical and clinical data, and demonstrate ways in which the pharmacodynamic properties of these novel agents translate into clinical benefit for patients. EXPERT OPINION Of the novel anti-CD20 antibodies, only obinutuzumab has shown consistently improved efficacy over rituximab in randomized pivotal trials in indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The Phase 3 GALLIUM trial demonstrated significant improvements in progression-free survival with obinutuzumab-based immunochemotherapy over rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. Novel combinations of obinutuzumab, including with chemotherapy-free options are being explored, such as with the newly approved combinations of obinutuzumab with venetoclax, ibrutinib, or acalabrutinib. The biggest unmet need remains in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; emerging options in this field include the use of CAR-T cells and T-cell bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Candice Jamois
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tina Nielsen
- Product Development Oncology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel, Switzerland
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Paul K, Böttinger K, Mitic BM, Scherfler G, Posch C, Behrens D, Huber CG, Herwig C. Development, characterization, and application of a 2-Compartment system to investigate the impact of pH inhomogeneities in large-scale CHO-based processes. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:368-378. [PMID: 32774209 PMCID: PMC7401239 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale bioreactors for the production of monoclonal antibodies reach volumes of up to 25 000 L. With increasing bioreactor size, mixing is however affected negatively, resulting in the formation of gradients throughout the reactor. These gradients can adversely affect process performance at large scale. Since mammalian cells are sensitive to changes in pH, this study investigated the effects of pH gradients on process performance. A 2-Compartment System was established for this purpose to expose only a fraction of the cell population to pH excursions and thereby mimicking a large-scale bioreactor. Cells were exposed to repeated pH amplitudes of 0.4 units (pH 7.3), which resulted in decreased viable cell counts, as well as the inhibition of the lactate metabolic shift. These effects were furthermore accompanied by increased absolute lactate levels. Continuous assessment of molecular attributes of the expressed target protein revealed that subunit assembly or N-glycosylation patterns were only slightly influenced by the pH excursions. The exposure of more cells to the same pH amplitudes further impaired process performance, indicating this is an important factor, which influences the impact of pH inhomogeneity. This knowledge can aid in the design of pH control strategies to minimize the effects of pH inhomogeneity in large-scale bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Paul
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
| | - Katharina Böttinger
- Department of BiosciencesBioanalytical Research LabsUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar CharacterizationUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Bernd M. Mitic
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
| | - Georg Scherfler
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of BiosciencesBioanalytical Research LabsUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar CharacterizationUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
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8
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Xu S, Borys M, Khetan A, Pla I. Osmolality as a lever to modulate the N-glycolylneuraminicacid (Neu5Gc) level of a recombinant glycoprotein produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3038. [PMID: 32542945 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins could be highly sialylated, and controlling the sialic acid levels for some therapeutic proteins is critical to ensure product consistency and efficacy. N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, or NANA) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc, or NGNA) are the two most common forms of sialic acids produced in mammalian cells. As Neu5Gc is not produced in humans and can elicit immune responses, minimizing Neu5Gc formation is important in controlling this quality attribute for complex glycoproteins. In this study, a sialylated glycoprotein was used as the model molecule to study the effect of culture osmolality on Neu5Gc. A 14-day fed-batch process with osmolality maintained at physiological levels produced high levels of Neu5Gc. Increase of culture osmolality reduced the Neu5Gc level up to 70-80%, and the effect was proportional to the osmolality level. Through evaluating different osmolality conditions (300-450 mOsm/kg) under low or high pCO2 , we demonstrated that osmolality could be an effective process lever to modulate the Neu5Gc level. Potential mechanism of osmolality impact on Neu5Gc is discussed and is hypothesized to be cytosol NADH availability related. Compared with cell line engineering efforts, this simple process lever provides the opportunity to readily modulate the Neu5Gc level in a cell culture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Itzcoatl Pla
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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Monoclonal Antibody-Based Treatments for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: From Bench to Bedside. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1213-1224. [PMID: 32533450 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)/NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a chronic, recurrent, antibody-mediated, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, characterized by optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. The binding of NMO-IgG with astrocytic aquaporin-4 (AQP4) functions directly in the pathogenesis of >60% of NMOSD patients, and causes astrocyte loss, secondary inflammatory infiltration, demyelination, and neuron death, potentially leading to paralysis and blindness. Current treatment options, including immunosuppressive agents, plasma exchange, and B-cell depletion, are based on small retrospective case series and open-label studies. It is noteworthy that monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is a better option for autoimmune diseases due to its high efficacy and tolerability. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms of NMOSD remain unknown, increasingly, therapeutic studies have focused on mAbs, which target B cell depletion, complement and inflammation cascade inactivation, blood-brain-barrier protection, and blockade of NMO-IgG-AQP4 binding. Here, we review the targets, characteristics, mechanisms of action, development, and potential efficacy of mAb trials in NMOSD, including preclinical and experimental investigations.
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10
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Paul K, Herwig C. Scale-down simulators for mammalian cell culture as tools to access the impact of inhomogeneities occurring in large-scale bioreactors. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:197-204. [PMID: 32874183 PMCID: PMC7447876 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the scale-up of a bioprocess, not all characteristics of the process can be kept constant throughout the different scales. This typically results in increased mixing times with increasing reactor volumes. The poor mixing leads in turn to the formation of concentration gradients throughout the reactor and exposes cells to varying external conditions based on their location in the bioreactor. This can affect process performance and complicate process scale-up. Scale-down simulators, which aim at replicating the large-scale environment, expose the cells to changing environmental conditions. This has the potential to reveal adaptation mechanisms, which cells are using to adjust to rapidly fluctuating environmental conditions and can identify possible root causes for difficulties maintaining similar process performance at different scales. This understanding is of utmost importance in process validation. Additionally, these simulators also have the potential to be used for selecting cells, which are most robust when encountering changing extracellular conditions. The aim of this review is to summarize recent work in this interesting and promising area with the focus on mammalian bioprocesses, since microbial processes have been extensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Paul
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience EngineeringViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesViennaAustria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience EngineeringViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesViennaAustria
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Mishra N, Spearman M, Donald L, Perreault H, Butler M. Comparison of two glycoengineering strategies to control the fucosylation of a monoclonal antibody. J Biotechnol 2020; 324S:100015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.btecx.2020.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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Perdomo-Abúndez FC, Vallejo-Castillo L, Vázquez-Leyva S, López-Morales CA, Velasco-Velázquez M, Pavón L, Pérez-Tapia SM, Medina-Rivero E. Development and validation of a mass spectrometric method to determine the identity of rituximab based on its microheterogeneity profile. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1139:121885. [PMID: 31806401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods have been considered the "eyes" for development, characterization and batch releasing of biotherapeutics over the past 40 years. One of the most powerful analytical platform for biotherapeutic analysis is mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC-MS). Due to its wide flexibility and instrumental configurations, LC-MS can determine different physicochemical attributes of proteins, e.g. molecular mass, primary sequence, and posttranslational modifications. Intact molecular mass analysis of therapeutic proteins is essential to confirm their identity. Analytical methods must be validated to support drug quality information during its approval process. Although there are international guidelines that provide general information on validation of analytical methods, practical examples about the design, selection of validation attributes and acceptance criteria of identity LC-MS methods are scarce. Here, according to the recommendations of Q2R1 ICH guideline, we showcase the validation of an LC-MS-TOF method to identity rituximab by determining its intact and deglycosylated molecular mass profiles. The proposed method specifically identified the m/z profile and deconvoluted mass profile of rituximab from deglycosylated rituximab and from excipient blank (specificity) with a maximum error of 76.63 ppm (accuracy) and a maximum Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 0.00315% (precision). Besides, the system suitability test, which was based on the expected mass value of the mass calibrator, confirmed the reliability of the analytical results. In summary, validation showed that the proposed method is suitable for identifying rituximab based on its glycosylated (intact) and deglycosylated mass profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C Perdomo-Abúndez
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Luis Vallejo-Castillo
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Said Vázquez-Leyva
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Carlos A López-Morales
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Marco Velasco-Velázquez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Unidad Periférica de Investigación en Biomedicina Translacional (CMN 20 de noviembre, ISSSTE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico.
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Emilio Medina-Rivero
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
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14
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Bielser JM, Chappuis L, Xiao Y, Souquet J, Broly H, Morbidelli M. Perfusion cell culture for the production of conjugated recombinant fusion proteins reduces clipping and quality heterogeneity compared to batch-mode processes. J Biotechnol 2019; 302:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Brühlmann D, Vuillemin T, Satwekar A, Galano E, Palmese A, D'Angelo A, Manco Z, Souquet J, Broly H, Sauer M, Hemberger J, Jordan M. Generation of site-distinct N-glycan variants for in vitro bioactivity testing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1017-1028. [PMID: 30659587 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation, a critical product quality attribute, may affect the efficacy and safety of therapeutic proteins in vivo. Chinese hamster ovary fed-batch cell culture batches yielded consistent glycoprofiles of a Fc-fusion antibody comprizing three different N-glycosylation sites. By adding media supplements at specific concentrations in cell culture and applying enzymatic glycoengineering, a diverse N-glycan variant population was generated, including high mannose, afucosylated, fucosylated, agalactosylated, galactosylated, asialylated, and sialylated forms. Site-specific glycosylation profiles were elucidated by glycopeptide mapping and the effect of the glycosylation variants on the FcγRIIIa receptor binding affinity and the biological activity (cell-based and surface plasmon resonance) was assessed. The two fusion body glycosylation sites were characterized by a high degree of sialic acid, more complex N-glycan structures, a higher degree of antennarity, and a site-specific behavior in the presence of a media supplement. On the other hand, the media supplements affected the Fc-site glycosylation heterogeneity similarly to the various studies described in the literature with classical monoclonal antibodies. Enzymatic glycoengineering solely managed to generate high levels of galactosylation at the fusion body sites. Variants with low core fucosylation, and to a lower extent, high mannose glycans exhibited increased FcγRIIIa receptor binding affinity. All N-glycan variants exhibited weak effects on the biological activity of the fusion body. Both media supplementation and enzymatic glycoengineering are suitable to generate sufficient diversity to assess the effect of glycostructures on the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland.,Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vuillemin
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Abhijeet Satwekar
- Merck Serono S.p.A, Analytical Development Biotech Products, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Eugenio Galano
- Merck Serono S.p.A, Analytical Development Biotech Products, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Angelo Palmese
- Merck Serono S.p.A, Analytical Development Biotech Products, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Angelo
- Merck Serono S.p.A, Analytical Development Biotech Products, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Zeynep Manco
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Institute for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics, University of Applied Sciences Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
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16
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Abstract
Although vaccines have been successfully developed against several pathogens, designing an effective vaccine to protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has remained an intractable challenge. To address this, the research community has looked to human and non-human primate studies to understand the correlates of protective immunity, based on which a targeted vaccine strategy may be designed. Two distinct approaches, focused on different immune correlates of protection, have emerged. The first focuses on structure-based design of HIV envelope immunogens that are able to induce antibodies that neutralize the virus. The second focuses on strategies aimed at driving non-neutralizing polyclonal and polyfunctional antibodies that engage other arms of immunity to clear the virus. Here we review these two different vaccine design strategies and posit that ultimately the convergence of these two efforts will likely be necessary for the development of a globally protective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Dan Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Nguyen Dang A, Mun M, Rose CM, Ahyow P, Meier A, Sandoval W, Yuk IH. Interaction of cell culture process parameters for modulating mAb afucosylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:831-845. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Mun
- Cell Culture, PTD, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
| | - Christopher M. Rose
- Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, gRED, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
| | - Patrick Ahyow
- Cell Culture, PTD, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
| | - Angela Meier
- Cell Culture, PTD, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, gRED, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
| | - Inn H. Yuk
- Cell Culture, PTD, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
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18
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Merzlyak E, Syrko D, Musatkina E, Israelson M. The use of monoclonal antibodies in autoimmunity treatment. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2018.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, monoclonal antibodies (MA) have gained popularity as therapeutic agents for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. These antibodies target proinflammatory cytokines, as well as T and B cells potentially involved in the pathogenesis of such conditions. In the present work we attempt to give a systematic description of available therapeutic MA, highlight their key mechanisms of action and pinpoint their adverse effects. We believe that MA that are capable of recognizing and eliminating pathogenic T- and B-cell clones hold the most promise for medical application as biologics. Detection and identification of autoreactive lymphocyte clones is one of the most serious challenges of contemporary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.M. Merzlyak
- Group of structural Organization of T-cell Immunity, Department of Adaptive Immunity Genomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow; Department of Molecular Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - D.S. Syrko
- Department of Molecular Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - E.A. Musatkina
- Department of Molecular Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - M.A. Israelson
- Group of structural Organization of T-cell Immunity, Department of Adaptive Immunity Genomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow; Department of Molecular Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
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19
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Qin J, Wu X, Xia Z, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Fu Q, Zheng C. The effect of hyperosmolality application time on production, quality, and biopotency of monoclonal antibodies produced in CHO cell fed-batch and perfusion cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1217-1229. [PMID: 30554388 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperosmolality has been commonly investigated due to its effects on the production and quality characteristics of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) produced in CHO cell fed-batch cultures. However, the application of hyperosmolality at different times and its effect on biopotency have seldom been researched, especially in perfusion culture. In our study, different degrees of hyperosmolality induced by sodium chloride were investigated in anti-IgE rCHO cell fed-batch cultures and anti-CD52 rCHO cell perfusion cultures during the initial and stable phases. The results showed that the initial hyperosmolality group (IHG) in fed-batch and early phase of perfusion cultures exhibited significant suppression of the viable cell density yet an enhancement in specific productivity, whereas the stable hyperosmolality group (SHG) achieved higher mAb production in both fed-batch and perfusion cultures. Additionally, the SHG produced less aggregates and acidic charge variants than IHG in fed-batch culture, which differed from perfusion cultures. However, the contents of non-glycosylation heavy chain (NGHC) and man5 were higher in SHG than in IHG in fed-batch cultures at plus 60 and 120 mOsm/kg, which was similar to perfusion cultures. Furthermore, the biopotency in the IHG was higher than in the SHG at plus 60 and 120 mOsm/kg in fed-batch cultures, which is similar to complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) efficacy in perfusion cultures. The biopotency of all group was acceptable, except FI3. Thus, the study shows that hyperosmolality at a certain level could be beneficial for both mAb production, quality and biopotency, which could play an important role in process development for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, East Lake Road 185, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.,Shanghai Taiyin Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Shanghai Taiyin Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhigang Xia
- Shanghai Taiyin Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, East Lake Road 185, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.,Shanghai Taiyin Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Taiyin Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Shanghai Taiyin Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Shanghai Taiyin Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Shanghai Taiyin Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China.
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20
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Loebrich S, Clark E, Ladd K, Takahashi S, Brousseau A, Kitchener S, Herbst R, Ryll T. Comprehensive manipulation of glycosylation profiles across development scales. MAbs 2018; 11:335-349. [PMID: 30252592 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1527665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent and pattern of glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies can influence their circulatory half-life, engagement of effector functions, and immunogenicity, with direct consequences to efficacy and patient safety. Hence, controlling glycosylation patterns is central to any drug development program, yet poses a formidable challenge to the bio-manufacturing industry. Process changes, which can affect glycosylation patterns, range from manufacturing at different scales or sites, to switching production process mode, all the way to using alternative host cell lines. In the emerging space of biosimilars development, often times all of these aspects apply. Gaining a deep understanding of the direction and extent to which glycosylation quality attributes can be modulated is key for efficient fine-tuning of glycan profiles in a stage appropriate manner, but establishment of such platform knowledge is time consuming and resource intensive. Here we report an inexpensive and highly adaptable screening system for comprehensive modulation of glycans on antibodies expressed in CHO cells. We characterize 10 media additives in univariable studies and in combination, using a design of experiments approach to map the design space for tuning glycosylation profile attributes. We introduce a robust workflow that does not require automation, yet enables rapid process optimization. We demonstrate scalability across deep wells, shake flasks, AMBR-15 cell culture system, and 2 L single-use bioreactors. Further, we show that it is broadly applicable to different molecules and host cell lineages. This universal approach permits fine-tuned modulation of glycan product quality, reduces development costs, and enables agile implementation of process changes throughout the product lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Loebrich
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Elisa Clark
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Kristina Ladd
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Stefani Takahashi
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA.,c Process Analytics , Waltham , USA
| | - Anna Brousseau
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA.,d High Throughput Sciences , Waltham , USA
| | - Seth Kitchener
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | | | - Thomas Ryll
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
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21
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Hunter M, Yuan P, Vavilala D, Fox M. Optimization of Protein Expression in Mammalian Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 95:e77. [DOI: 10.1002/cpps.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Babiker HM, Glode AE, Cooke LS, Mahadevan D. Ublituximab for the treatment of CD20 positive B-cell malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:407-412. [PMID: 29609506 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1459560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most common adult hematologic malignancy. Conventional methods of treatment are chemotherapy and radiation, which were associated with toxicities and lack of specificity. Potential cell surface targets for treatment of B-cell NHL (B-NHL) include CD19, CD20, and CD22 which are highly expressed on malignant B-cells. The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy directed against CD20 had the most clinical impact in the treatment of B-NHL. Early clinical trials with rituximab (RTX), the first chimeric mAb against CD20, showed efficacy and minimal toxicities. RTX was later approved as first line in combination with CHOP chemotherapy for Diffuse Large B-NHL (DLBCL). The emergence of resistance to RTX prompted the development of the next-generation of mAbs targeting CD20 (e.g. obinituzumab, ofatumumab), and includes ublituximab (Ub), with higher complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against malignant B-cells. Areas covered: Herein, we discuss clinical trials of Ub, highlighting efficacy, tolerability and an expert opinion on drug development in B-NHL. A pubmed search was conducted to evaluate all Ub clinical trials. Expert opinion: Ub demonstrated efficacy in patients with high-risk CLL and B-NHL in both first line, subsequent lines, and in rituximab refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani M Babiker
- a Early Phase Clinical Trials Program , University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Ashley E Glode
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Laurence S Cooke
- a Early Phase Clinical Trials Program , University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- a Early Phase Clinical Trials Program , University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson , AZ , USA
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23
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Torkashvand F, Vaziri B. Main Quality Attributes of Monoclonal Antibodies and Effect of Cell Culture Components. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 21:131-41. [PMID: 28176518 PMCID: PMC5392216 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ibj.21.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The culture media optimization is an inevitable part of upstream process development in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production. The quality by design (QbD) approach defines the assured quality of the final product through the development stage. An important step in QbD is determination of the main quality attributes. During the media optimization, some of the main quality attributes such as glycosylation pattern, charge variants, aggregates, and low-molecular-weight species, could be significantly altered. Here, we provide an overview of how cell culture medium components affects the main quality attributes of the mAbs. Knowing the relationship between the culture media components and the main quality attributes could be successfully utilized for a rational optimization of mammalian cell culture media for industrial mAbs production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Brühlmann D, Muhr A, Parker R, Vuillemin T, Bucsella B, Kalman F, Torre S, La Neve F, Lembo A, Haas T, Sauer M, Souquet J, Broly H, Hemberger J, Jordan M. Cell culture media supplemented with raffinose reproducibly enhances high mannose glycan formation. J Biotechnol 2017; 252:32-42. [PMID: 28465212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a pivotal role in pharmacokinetics and protein physiochemical characteristics. In particular, effector functions including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) can be desired, and it has been described that high-mannose species exhibited enhanced ADCC. In this work we present the trisaccharide raffinose as a novel cell culture medium supplement to promote high mannose N-glycans in fed-batch cultures, which is sought after in the development of biosimilars to match the quality profile of the reference medicinal product (RMP) also. Up to six-fold increases of high mannose species were observed with increasing raffinose concentrations in the medium of shaken 96-deepwell plates and shake tubes when culturing two different CHO cell lines in two different media. The findings were confirmed in a pH-, oxygen- and CO2-controlled environment in lab-scale 3.5-L bioreactors. To circumvent detrimental effects on cell growth and productivity at high raffinose concentrations, the media osmolality was adjusted to reach the same value independently of the supplement concentration. Interestingly, raffinose predominantly enhanced mannose 5 glycans, and to a considerably smaller degree, mannose 6. While the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood, minor effects on the nucleotide sugar levels have been observed and transcriptomics analysis revealed that raffinose supplementation altered the expression levels of a number of glycosylation related genes. Among many genes, galactosyltransferase was downregulated and sialyltransferase upregulated. Our results highlight the potential of cell culture medium supplementation to modulate product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland; Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anais Muhr
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Parker
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland; Institute for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics, University of Applied Sciences Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Vuillemin
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Blanka Bucsella
- HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Institute of Life Technologies, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Franka Kalman
- HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Institute of Life Technologies, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Serena Torre
- A. Marxer - RBM S.p.A., a Company part of Merck Group, Next Generation Technologies, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy; Molecular Biotechnologies Center, MBC, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio La Neve
- A. Marxer - RBM S.p.A., a Company part of Merck Group, Next Generation Technologies, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - Antonio Lembo
- A. Marxer - RBM S.p.A., a Company part of Merck Group, Next Generation Technologies, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - Tobias Haas
- A. Marxer - RBM S.p.A., a Company part of Merck Group, Next Generation Technologies, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Institute for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics, University of Applied Sciences Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.
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25
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Sawas A, Farber CM, Schreeder MT, Khalil MY, Mahadevan D, Deng C, Amengual JE, Nikolinakos PG, Kolesar JM, Kuhn JG, Sportelli P, Miskin HP, O'Connor OA. A phase 1/2 trial of ublituximab, a novel anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia previously exposed to rituximab. Br J Haematol 2017; 177:243-253. [PMID: 28220479 PMCID: PMC5412890 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This phase 1/2 study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetic behavior and anti‐tumour activity of ublituximab, a unique type I, chimeric, glycoengineered anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody, in rituximab‐relapsed or ‐refractory patients with B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (B‐NHL) or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Induction therapy (doses of 450–1200 mg) consisted of 4 weekly infusions in cycle 1 for NHL and 3 weekly infusions in cycles 1 and 2 for CLL. Patients received ublituximab maintenance monthly during cycles 3–5, then once every 3 months for up to 2 years. Enrolled patients with B‐NHL (n = 27) and CLL (n = 8) had a median of 3 prior therapies. No dose‐limiting toxicities or unexpected adverse events (AEs) occurred. The most common AEs were infusion‐related reactions (40%; grade 3/4, 0%); fatigue (37%; grade 3/4, 3%); pyrexia (29%; grade 3/4, 0%); and diarrhoea (26%; grade 3/4, 0%). Common haematological AEs were neutropenia (14%; grade 3/4, 14%) and anaemia (11%; grade 3/4, 6%). The overall response rate for evaluable patients (n = 31) was 45% (13% complete responses, 32% partial responses). Median duration of response and progression‐free survival were 9·2 months and 7·7 months, respectively. Ublituximab was well‐tolerated and efficacious in a heterogeneous and highly rituximab‐pre‐treated patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sawas
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Changchun Deng
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer E Amengual
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jill M Kolesar
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John G Kuhn
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Owen A O'Connor
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Batra J, Rathore AS. Glycosylation of monoclonal antibody products: Current status and future prospects. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1091-1102. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Batra
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Anurag S. Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
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27
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Zhang A, Tsang VL, Markely LR, Kurt L, Huang YM, Prajapati S, Kshirsagar R. Identifying the differences in mechanisms of mycophenolic acid controlling fucose content of glycoproteins expressed in different CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2367-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Zhang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; 5000 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709
| | - Valerie Liu Tsang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; 5000 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709
| | - Lam R. Markely
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; Cambridge Massachusetts 02142
| | - Lutfiye Kurt
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; Cambridge Massachusetts 02142
| | - Yao-Ming Huang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; 5000 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709
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28
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Sha S, Agarabi C, Brorson K, Lee DY, Yoon S. N-Glycosylation Design and Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:835-846. [PMID: 27016033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The N-linked glycan profiles on recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics significantly affect antibody biological functions and are largely determined by host cell genotypes and culture conditions. A key step in bioprocess development for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) involves optimization and control of N-glycan profiles. With pressure from pricing and biosimilars looming, more efficient and effective approaches are sought in the field of glycoengineering. Metabolic studies and mathematical modeling are two such approaches that optimize bioprocesses by better understanding and predicting glycosylation. In this review, we summarize a group of strategies currently used for glycan profile modulation and control. Metabolic analysis and mathematical modeling are then explored with an emphasis on how these two techniques can be utilized to advance glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01850, USA
| | - Cyrus Agarabi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Office of Biotechnology Products, OPQ, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kurt Brorson
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Office of Biotechnology Products, OPQ, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01850, USA.
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Rosenlöcher J, Sandig G, Kannicht C, Blanchard V, Reinke SO, Hinderlich S. Recombinant glycoproteins: The impact of cell lines and culture conditions on the generation of protein species. J Proteomics 2016; 134:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Tolerability of hypertonic injectables. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:308-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Brühlmann D, Jordan M, Hemberger J, Sauer M, Stettler M, Broly H. Tailoring recombinant protein quality by rational media design. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:615-29. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Inst. for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics; University of Applied Sciences Giessen; Wiesenstrasse 14, DE-35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
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32
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Zhan PL, Chung JD. Challenges with afucosylation content in antibody-based drugs: Guidance provided by mathematical modeling. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:775-82. [PMID: 25644335 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The theory of competitive ligand-receptor binding has been used to analyze the effect of afucosylation-based antibody heterogeneity on Fc-FcγRIIIa ligand-receptor binding activity. In vitro activity is found to represent a linear combination of the component antibody activities, weighted by the relative concentrations of the different afucosylated antibody forms. An analysis of ELISA binding activity data has allowed for the dissection of the activity contributions of the different afucosylated antibodies, revealing that the heterogeneous afucosylated antibody exhibits greater activity, on a per mole basis, when compared to the homogeneous afucosylated antibody. The ratio of the afucosylated antibody equilibrium dissociation constants is computed to be KAF /KA ≈ 0.6-0.9, where KAF and KA denote the dissociation equilibrium constant of the heterogeneous and the homogeneous afucosylated antibodies, respectively. Our analysis also reveals that, in general, activity scales quadratically with the afucosylated glycan content of a sample. Linear activity-afucosylated glycan fraction correlations reported in the literature are shown to represent specific cases of this general scaling and result from oversimplifying the underlying antibody concentration distributions. The implications of our findings for drug development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Zhan
- Dept. of Molecular Biochemistry & Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - John D Chung
- Chung Bioengineering Consulting and Mendocino College, Ukiah, CA
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33
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Nasseri SS, Ghaffari N, Braasch K, Jardon MA, Butler M, Kennard M, Gopaluni B, Piret JM. Increased CHO cell fed-batch monoclonal antibody production using the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or gradually increasing osmolality. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Pais DAM, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Teixeira AP. Towards real-time monitoring of therapeutic protein quality in mammalian cell processes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:161-7. [PMID: 25035940 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein biopharmaceuticals are mainly produced in mammalian cells which can perform human-like post-translational modifications crucial to protein function. Subject to high variability, these critical quality attributes should be monitored and controlled during the manufacturing process. However, the large time requirements for analysis have been a bottleneck. Recent advances towards automated and high-throughput techniques, combined with multivariate data analysis, are increasingly providing relevant process knowledge in near real-time. New or re-designed analytical tools suited for monitoring product quality are starting to fit in this landscape. Moreover, omics technologies are expanding our understanding of how intracellular mechanisms and the extracellular milieu influence protein quality and quantity, reshaping the adoption of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and Quality by Design (QbD) in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A M Pais
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J T Carrondo
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P Teixeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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35
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St. Amand MM, Radhakrishnan D, Robinson AS, Ogunnaike BA. Identification of manipulated variables for a glycosylation control strategy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1957-70. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. St. Amand
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716
| | - Devesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716
| | - Anne S. Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Tulane University; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Babatunde A. Ogunnaike
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716
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