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Romero-Trejo D, Aguiñiga-Sanchez I, Ledesma-Martínez E, Weiss-Steider B, Sierra-Mondragón E, Santiago-Osorio E. Anti-cancer potential of casein and its derivatives: novel strategies for cancer treatment. Med Oncol 2024; 41:200. [PMID: 38990440 PMCID: PMC11239739 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with over 10 million fatalities annually. While tumors can be surgically removed and treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, or combined therapies, current treatments often result in toxic side effects in normal tissue. Therefore, researchers are actively seeking ways to selectively eliminate cancerous cells, minimizing the toxic side effects in normal tissue. Caseins and its derivatives have shown promising anti-cancer potential, demonstrating antitumor and cytotoxic effects on cells from various tumor types without causing harm to normal cells. Collectively, these data reveals advancements in the study of caseins and their derivative peptides, particularly providing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of action in cancer therapy. These mechanisms occur through various signaling pathways, including (i) the increase of interferon-associated STAT1 signaling, (ii) the suppression of stemness-related markers such as CD44, (iii) the attenuation of the STAT3/HIF1-α signaling, (iv) the down-expression of uPAR and PAI-1, (v) the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced intracellular ATP production, (vi) the increase of caspase-3 activity, and (vii) the suppression of TLR4/NF-кB signaling. Therefore, we conclude that casein could be an effective adjuvant for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Romero-Trejo
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 09230, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sanchez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 09230, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 56410, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ledesma-Martínez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 09230, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benny Weiss-Steider
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 09230, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edith Sierra-Mondragón
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 07360, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 09230, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Kim EJ, Park H, Kim EY, Kim DK, Jung HS, Sohn Y. Ursodeoxycholic acid alleviates atopic dermatitis-associated inflammatory responses in HaCaT and RBL-2H3 cells and DNCB/DFE-treated mice. Life Sci 2024; 344:122560. [PMID: 38490296 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a hydrophilic dihydroxy bile acid used for cholestatic liver disease and exhibits antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its potential effects on atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of UDCA in inhibiting the inflammatory response and alleviating lesions in AD-like mice. MAIN METHODS To investigate the efficacy of UDCA in AD-like inflammatory responses, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)- and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-stimulated HaCaT cells and anti-dinitrophenyl immunoglobulin E (DNP-IgE)- and human serum albumin (HSA)-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells were used to investigate the levels of inflammatory factors and their mechanisms. AD-like lesions were induced by applying DNCB/DFE to mice. The effect of UDCA administration in AD-like mice was analyzed by assessing organ weight, serum IgE and inflammatory cytokine levels, and histopathological changes using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining. KEY FINDINGS In HaCaT cells, UDCA significantly diminished TARC, MDC, MCP-1, and IL-6 expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of nuclear NF-κB and cytoplasmic IκB, and also increased the levels of skin barrier protein. In RBL-2H3 cells, UDCA reduced β-hexosaminidase and IL-4 levels. In AD-like mice, UDCA suppressed organ hypertrophy, ear edema, SCORAD index, DFE-specific IgE levels, inflammatory cytokine levels, skin hypertrophy, mast cell invasion, skin barrier loss, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin-positive areas. SIGNIFICANCE UDCA suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by keratinocytes and mast cells. It also alleviated atopy by suppressing symptoms without organ toxicity in AD-like mice. UDCA may be an effective and safe treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eom Ji Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyeon Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngjoo Sohn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang C, Sui Y, Liu S, Yang M. The Roles of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:299. [PMID: 38397901 PMCID: PMC10886773 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver disease-related mortality is a major cause of death worldwide. Hepatic innate and adaptive immune cells play diverse roles in liver homeostasis and disease. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells. MDSCs can be broadly divided into monocytic MDSCs and polymorphonuclear or granulocytic MDSCs, and they functionally interact with both liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, such as hepatocytes and regulatory T cells, to impact liver disease progression. The infiltration and activation of MDSCs in liver disease can be regulated by inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, tumor-associated fibroblasts, epigenetic regulation factors, and gut microbiota during liver injury and cancer. Given the pivotal roles of MDSCs in advanced liver diseases, they can be targeted to treat primary and metastatic liver cancer, liver generation, alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease, and autoimmune hepatitis. Currently, several treatments such as the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent berberine are under preclinical and clinical investigation to evaluate their therapeutic efficacy on liver disease and their effect on MDSC infiltration and function. Phenotypic alteration of MDSCs in different liver diseases that are in a model-dependent manner and lack special markers for distinct MDSCs are challenges for targeting MDSCs to treat liver disease. Multi-omics study is an option to uncover the features of disease-specific MDSCs and potential gene or protein targets for liver disease treatment. In summary, MDSCs play important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of liver disease by regulating both intrahepatic innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Yuxiang Sui
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Papadakos SP, Arvanitakis K, Stergiou IE, Vallilas C, Sougioultzis S, Germanidis G, Theocharis S. Interplay of Extracellular Vesicles and TLR4 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Pathophysiology and Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2460. [PMID: 37896221 PMCID: PMC10610499 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as a significant contributor to global cancer-related mortality. Chronic inflammation, often arising from diverse sources such as viral hepatitis, alcohol misuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), profoundly influences HCC development. Within this context, the interplay of extracellular vesicles (EVs) gains prominence. EVs, encompassing exosomes and microvesicles, mediate cell-to-cell communication and cargo transfer, impacting various biological processes, including inflammation and cancer progression. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key sentinel of the innate immune system, recognizes both pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thereby triggering diverse signaling cascades and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. The intricate involvement of the TLR4 signaling pathway in chronic liver disease and HCC pathogenesis is discussed in this study. Moreover, we delve into the therapeutic potential of modulating the TLR4 pathway using EVs as novel therapeutic agents for HCC. This review underscores the multifaceted role of EVs in the context of HCC and proposes innovative avenues for targeted interventions against this formidable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros P. Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU), Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna E. Stergiou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (I.E.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Christos Vallilas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stavros Sougioultzis
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (I.E.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU), Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece;
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5
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Mukherjee S, Patra R, Behzadi P, Masotti A, Paolini A, Sarshar M. Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244345. [PMID: 37822929 PMCID: PMC10562563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or dying cells. The wide distribution of different cell types, ranging from epithelial to immune cells, highlights the crucial roles of TLRs in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, TLRs binding mediates the expression of several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, that lead to the induction of several other signaling molecules such as key pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, extraordinary progress in immunobiological research has suggested that TLRs could represent promising targets for the therapeutic intervention of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections as well as human cancers. So far, for the prevention and possible treatment of inflammatory diseases, various TLR antagonists/inhibitors have shown to be efficacious at several stages from pre-clinical evaluation to clinical trials. Therefore, the fascinating role of TLRs in modulating the human immune responses at innate as well as adaptive levels directed the scientists to opt for these immune sensor proteins as suitable targets for developing chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics against cancer. Hitherto, several TLR-targeting small molecules (e.g., Pam3CSK4, Poly (I:C), Poly (A:U)), chemical compounds, phytocompounds (e.g., Curcumin), peptides, and antibodies have been found to confer protection against several types of cancers. However, administration of inappropriate doses of such TLR-modulating therapeutics or a wrong infusion administration is reported to induce detrimental outcomes. This review summarizes the current findings on the molecular and structural biology of TLRs and gives an overview of the potency and promises of TLR-directed therapeutic strategies against cancers by discussing the findings from established and pipeline discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Papadakos SP, Arvanitakis K, Stergiou IE, Lekakis V, Davakis S, Christodoulou MI, Germanidis G, Theocharis S. The Role of TLR4 in the Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Can We Teach an Old Dog New Tricks? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2795. [PMID: 37345131 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Immunotherapy has emerged as the mainstay treatment option for unresectable HCC. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a crucial role in the innate immune response by recognizing and responding primarily to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. In addition to its role in the innate immune system, TLR4 has also been implicated in adaptive immunity, including specific anti-tumor immune responses. In particular, the TLR4 signaling pathway seems to be involved in the regulation of several cancer hallmarks, such as the continuous activation of cellular pathways that promote cell division and growth, the inhibition of programmed cell death, the promotion of several invasion and metastatic mechanisms, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and epigenetic modifications. Emerging evidence further suggests that TLR4 signaling holds promise as a potential immunotherapeutic target in HCC. The aim of this review was to explore the multilayer aspects of the TLR4 signaling pathway, regarding its role in liver diseases and HCC, as well as its potential utilization as an immunotherapy target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros P Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU), Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna E Stergiou
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Lekakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Davakis
- First Department of Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Ioanna Christodoulou
- Tumor Immunology and Biomarkers Laboratory, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center, Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU), Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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7
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Aryee KE, Shultz LD, Burzenski LM, Greiner DL, Brehm MA. NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice lacking TLR4 support human immune system development and the study of human-specific innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:418-433. [PMID: 36801998 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agents that induce inflammation have been used since the 18th century for the treatment of cancer. The inflammation induced by agents such as Toll-like receptor agonists is thought to stimulate tumor-specific immunity in patients and augment control of tumor burden. While NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice lack murine adaptive immunity (T cells and B cells), these mice maintain a residual murine innate immune system that responds to Toll-like receptor agonists. Here we describe a novel NOD-scid IL2rγnull mouse lacking murine TLR4 that fails to respond to lipopolysaccharide. NSG-Tlr4null mice support human immune system engraftment and enable the study of human-specific responses to TLR4 agonists in the absence of the confounding effects of a murine response. Our data demonstrate that specific stimulation of TLR4 activates human innate immune systems and delays the growth kinetics of a human patient-derived xenograft melanoma tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Edwin Aryee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS7-2053, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Leonard D Shultz
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States
| | - Lisa M Burzenski
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS7-2053, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS7-2053, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
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8
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Chen C, Wang Z, Ding Y, Qin Y. Tumor microenvironment-mediated immune evasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133308. [PMID: 36845131 PMCID: PMC9950271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is the third leading cause of tumor-related mortality worldwide. In recent years, the emergency of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) has revolutionized the management of HCC. Especially, the combination of atezolizumab (anti-PD1) and bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) has been approved by the FDA as the first-line treatment for advanced HCC. Despite great breakthrough in systemic therapy, HCC continues to portend a poor prognosis owing to drug resistance and frequent recurrence. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC is a complex and structured mixture characterized by abnormal angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, collectively contributing to the immunosuppressive milieu that in turn prompts HCC proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment coexists and interacts with various immune cells to maintain the development of HCC. It is widely accepted that a dysfunctional tumor-immune ecosystem can lead to the failure of immune surveillance. The immunosuppressive TME is an external cause for immune evasion in HCC consisting of 1) immunosuppressive cells; 2) co-inhibitory signals; 3) soluble cytokines and signaling cascades; 4) metabolically hostile tumor microenvironment; 5) the gut microbiota that affects the immune microenvironment. Importantly, the effectiveness of immunotherapy largely depends on the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Also, the gut microbiota and metabolism profoundly affect the immune microenvironment. Understanding how TME affects HCC development and progression will contribute to better preventing HCC-specific immune evasion and overcoming resistance to already developed therapies. In this review, we mainly introduce immune evasion of HCC underlying the role of immune microenvironment, describe the dynamic interaction of immune microenvironment with dysfunctional metabolism and the gut microbiome, and propose therapeutic strategies to manipulate the TME in favor of more effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yanru Qin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Vaseenon S, Srisuwan T, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Lipopolysaccharides and hydrogen peroxide induce contrasting pathological conditions in dental pulpal cells. Int Endod J 2023; 56:179-192. [PMID: 36269677 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and both combined on cell proliferation/differentiation, inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics as indicated by mitochondrial fission/fusion, antioxidants as indicated by superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and apoptosis of human dental pulpal cells (HDPCs). METHODOLOGY Pulpal tissues from eight healthy subjects (n = 8) were collected from Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University. Isolated HDPCs from healthy donors were divided into four experimental groups: vehicle, 20 μg/ml LPS, 400 μM H2 O2 , and the two combined. All experimental groups were investigated to assess cell proliferation, mineralization, differentiation, inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics, antioxidants, and apoptosis. RESULTS H2 O2 and combined agents decreased cell proliferation of HDPCs equally. LPS, H2 O2, and both combined decreased mineralization and differentiation with an increase in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Surprisingly, LPS and combined agents increased SOD2 expression and caused an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics. A significant increase in apoptosis was observed in the case of H2 O2 and combined agents. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LPS induced inflammation, imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics, and reduced cell differentiation without altering apoptosis and cell proliferation. However, H2 O2 decreased cell proliferation, and differentiation, and increased inflammation, and apoptosis without interfering with mitochondrial dynamics. Based on our findings, combining LPS and H2 O2 could be potentially used as the inducers in in vitro study to mimic the clinical pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitri Vaseenon
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tanida Srisuwan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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10
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Ma J, Luo Y, Liu Y, Chen C, Chen A, Liang L, Wang W, Song Y. Exosome-mediated lnc-ABCA12-3 promotes proliferation and glycolysis but inhibits apoptosis by regulating the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 27:61-73. [PMID: 36575934 PMCID: PMC9806635 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2023.27.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a kind of malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality in the digestive system. The aim of this study is to explore the function of lnc-ABCA12-3 in the development of ESCC and its unique mechanisms. RT-PCR was applied to detect gene transcription levels in tissues or cell lines like TE-1, EC9706, and HEEC cells. Western blot was conducted to identify protein expression levels of mitochondrial apoptosis and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. CCK-8 and EdU assays were carried out to measure cell proliferation, and cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. ELISA was used for checking the changes in glycolysis-related indicators. Lnc-ABCA12-3 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues and cells, which preferred it to be a candidate target. The TE-1 and EC9706 cells proliferation and glycolysis were obviously inhibited with the downregulation of lnc-ABCA12-3, while apoptosis was promoted. TLR4 activator could largely reverse the apoptosis acceleration and relieved the proliferation and glycolysis suppression caused by lnc-ABCA12-3 downregulation. Moreover, the effect of lnc-ABCA12-3 on ESCC cells was actualized by activating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway under the mediation of exosome. Taken together, the lnc-ABCA12-3 could promote the proliferation and glycolysis of ESCC, while repressing its apoptosis probably by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway under the mediation of exosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China,Correspondence Junliang Ma, E-mail:
| | - Yijun Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zuinyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Lubiao Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410031, China
| | - Yongxiang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
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Liu S, Yang X. Intestinal flora plays a role in the progression of hepatitis-cirrhosis-liver cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1140126. [PMID: 36968098 PMCID: PMC10034054 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1140126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a vital metabolism and detoxification organ of human body, which is involved in the biotransformation and metabolism of the organism. Hepatitis - cirrhosis - liver cancer are significant and common part of liver diseases. The pathogenesis of liver diseases is generally as followed: inflammation and other pathogenic factors cause persistent damage to the liver, leading to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. Patients with chronic hepatitis have a high risk of developing into liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even life-threatening liver cancer, which poses a great threat to public health.As the first organ to come into contact with blood from the gut, the liver is profoundly affected by the intestinal flora and its metabolites, with leaky gut and flora imbalance being the triggers of the liver's pathological response. So far, no one has reviewed the role of intestinal flora in this process from the perspective of the progression of hepatitis-cirrhosis-liver cancer and this article reviews the evidence supporting the effect of intestinal flora in the progression of liver disease.
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12
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Das BK. Altered gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma: Insights into the pathogenic mechanism and preclinical to clinical findings. APMIS 2022; 130:719-740. [PMID: 36321381 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It is usually the result of pre-existing liver damage caused by hepatitis B and/or C virus infection, alcohol consumption, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), aflatoxin exposure, liver cirrhosis, obesity, and diabetes. A growing body of evidence suggests that gut microbes have a role in cancer genesis. More research into the microbiome gut-liver axis has recently contributed to understanding how the gut microbiome facilitates liver disease or even HCC progression. This review focuses on the preclinical results of gut-related hepatocarcinogenesis and probiotics, prebiotics, and antibiotics as therapeutic interventions to maintain gut microbial flora and minimize HCC-associated symptoms. Understanding the mechanistic link between the gut microbiota, host, and cancer progression could aid us in elucidating the cancer-related pathways and drive us toward preventing HCC-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhrigu Kumar Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (Assam Science and Technology University), Guwahati, Assam, India
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13
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Shen X, Zhou S, Yang Y, Hong T, Xiang Z, Zhao J, Zhu C, Zeng L, Zhang L. TAM-targeted reeducation for enhanced cancer immunotherapy: Mechanism and recent progress. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1034842. [PMID: 36419877 PMCID: PMC9677115 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1034842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) as an important component of tumor microenvironment (TME) are closely related with the occurrence, development, and metastasis of malignant tumors. TAMs are generally identified as two distinct functional populations in TME, i.e., inflammatory/anti-tumorigenic (M1) and regenerative/pro-tumorigenic (M2) phenotype. Evidence suggests that occupation of the TME by M2-TAMs is closely related to the inactivation of anti-tumor immune cells such as T cells in TME. Recently, efforts have been made to reeducate TAMs from M2- to M1- phenotype to enhance cancer immunotherapy, and great progress has been made in realizing efficient modulation of TAMs using nanomedicines. To help readers better understand this emerging field, the potential TAM reeducation targets for potentiating cancer immunotherapy and the underlying mechanisms are summarized in this review. Moreover, the most recent advances in utilizing nanomedicine for the TAM immunomodulation for augmented cancer immunotherapy are introduced. Finally, we conclude with our perspectives on the future development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengcheng Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yidong Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tu Hong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze Xiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaojie Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Linghui Zeng, ; Lingxiao Zhang,
| | - Lingxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Linghui Zeng, ; Lingxiao Zhang,
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14
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Xanthatin Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Inhibiting NF-κB, MAPK and STATs Activation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144603. [PMID: 35889477 PMCID: PMC9322085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthatin (XT) is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the Chinese herb Xanthium, which belongs to the Asteraceae family. In this study, we developed an inflammation model via stimulating macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7 cells) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which was applied to assess the anti-inflammatory effect and probable mechanisms of xanthatin. When compared with the only LPS-induced group, cells that were pretreated with xanthatin were found to decrease the amount of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), and downregulate the mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Interestingly, phosphorylated levels of related proteins (STAT3, ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK, IκBα, p65) were notably increased only with the LPS-activated cells, while the expression of these could be reverted by pre-treatment with xanthatin in a dose-dependent way. Meanwhile, xanthatin was also found to block NF-κB p65 from translocating into the nucleus and activating inflammatory gene transcription. Collectively, these results demonstrated that xanthatin suppresses the inflammatory effects through downregulating the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) signaling pathways. Taken together, xanthatin possesses the potential to act as a good anti-inflammatory medication candidate.
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15
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Ram AK, Vairappan B, Srinivas BH. Nimbolide attenuates gut dysbiosis and prevents bacterial translocation by improving intestinal barrier integrity and ameliorating inflammation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2143-2160. [PMID: 35229912 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota imbalance plays a key pathological role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression; however, the mechanism is poorly understood. We previously showed nimbolide impede tumor development by improving hepatic tight junction (TJ) proteins expression and attenuating inflammation in HCC mice. Here, we aimed to study the role of nimbolide in regulating gut microbiota imbalance and bacterial translocation (BT) through modulating intestinal TJ proteins in an experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. Nimbolide (6 mg/kg) was administered orally for 4 weeks following induction of HCC in mice at the 28th week. Nimbolide treatment attenuated the gut microbiota imbalance by decreasing 16 s rRNA levels of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Bacteroides and increasing Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus in the intestinal tissue, which was otherwise altered in HCC mice. Furthermore, nimbolide improved intestinal barrier integrity in HCC mice by upregulating TJ proteins such as occludin and ZO-1 expression and subsequently prevented hepatic BT and decreased BT markers such as LBP, sCD14, and procalcitonin in the plasma of HCC mice. Moreover, nimbolide ameliorated intestinal and hepatic inflammation by downregulating TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB protein expression in HCC mice. Thus, nimbolide represents a novel therapeutic drug for HCC treatment by targeting the gut-liver axis, which plays an imperative role in HCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Ram
- Liver Diseases Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Balasubramaniyan Vairappan
- Liver Diseases Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Bheemanathi Hanuman Srinivas
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
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16
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Luo W, Guo S, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Wang M, Sang L, Chang B, Wang B. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: How the Gut Microbiota Contributes to Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:873160. [PMID: 35572649 PMCID: PMC9092458 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.873160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is gaining increasing attention, and the concept of the "gut-liver axis" is gradually being recognized. Leaky gut resulting from injury and/or inflammation can cause the translocation of flora to the liver. Microbiota-associated metabolites and components mediate the activation of a series of signalling pathways, thereby playing an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). For this reason, targeting the gut microbiota in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of HCC holds great promise. In this review, we summarize the gut microbiota and the mechanisms by which it mediates HCC development, and the characteristic alterations in the gut microbiota during HCC pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose several strategies to target the gut microbiota for the prevention and treatment of HCC, including antibiotics, probiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lixuan Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bingyuan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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17
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Li L, Zhou Z, Mai K, Li P, Wang Z, Wang Y, Cao Y, Ma X, Zhang T, Wang D. Protein overexpression of toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and clinical significance. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:786. [PMID: 34594427 PMCID: PMC8456488 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of malignancy of the head and neck. In the present study, the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) was evaluated in 55 OSCC tissues and their corresponding adjacent tissues using immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. The results indicated that TLR4 and MyD88 were overexpressed in OSCC. Furthermore, high expression of MyD88 was negatively associated with a poor degree of differentiation, recurrence and metastasis of the tumor and was positively associated with underlying disease, including hypertension, heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, high expression of TLR4 was positively associated with a long growth time of the tumor. In conclusion, the present study evaluated the expression levels of TLR4 and MyD88 in OSCC, as well as the association between them and clinicopathological factors, to provide markers for the prognosis and treatment of OSCC. These two genes may serve as biomarkers to optimize OSCC treatment, setting a new direction for stratifying patients and developing precise and personalized treatment regimens; the TLR4/MyD88 pathway may serve as a potential therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Department of Stomatology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, P.R. China
| | - Zhuoqian Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Khangvu Mai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zongqi Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Pathology, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xuemeng Ma
- Department of Pathology, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Daiyou Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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18
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Hassan HM, Al-Wahaibi LH, Shehatou GS, El-Emam AA. Adamantane-linked isothiourea derivatives suppress the growth of experimental hepatocellular carcinoma via inhibition of TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:350-369. [PMID: 33575076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, in vitro cytotoxic effects of seven adamantyl isothiourea derivatives were evaluated against five human tumor cell lines using the MTT assay. Compounds 5 and 6 were found to be the most active derivatives particularly against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To decipher the potential mechanisms involved, in vivo studies were conducted in rats by inducing HCC via chronic thioacetamide (TAA) administration (200 mg/kg, i.p., twice weekly) for 16 weeks. Compounds 5 and 6 were administered to HCC rats, at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day, for further 2 weeks. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of compounds 5 and 6 were compared to those of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOXO). In the HCC rat model, compounds 5 and 6 significantly reduced serum levels of ALT, AST with ALP and α-fetoprotein. H & E and Masson trichrome staining revealed that both compounds suppressed hepatocyte tumorigenesis and diminished fibrosis, inflammation and other histopathological alterations. Mechanistically, compounds 5 and 6 markedly decreased protein expression levels of α-SMA, sEH, p-NF-κB p65, TLR4, MyD88, TRAF-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-β1, whereas they increased caspase-3 expression in liver tissues of HCC rats. In most analyses, the effects of compound 6 were more comparable to DOXO than compound 5. These findings suggested that the compounds 5 and 6 displayed in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic potential against HCC, probably via inhibition of TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan M Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology International Costal Road, Gamasa 11152, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Lamya H Al-Wahaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Sg Shehatou
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology International Costal Road, Gamasa 11152, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ali A El-Emam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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19
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Serum soluble Toll-like receptor 4 and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus patients. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2021; 24:216-220. [PMID: 33531868 PMCID: PMC7836282 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2020.102818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Soluble Toll-like receptor 4 (sTLR4) is a negative regulator of TLR4 signalling that has been reported in different diseases. In this study, we aimed to assess the serum levels of sTLR4 in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to investigate the correlation of sTLR4 with clinicopathological and biochemical parameters among HCV-related HCC patients and hepatitis C without HCC patients. Material and methods Fifty patients with HCV-related HCC, 50 patients with hepatitis C without HCC and 50 healthy control volunteers were enrolled. Clinicopathological and biochemical parameters were examined in all patients. Serum levels of sTLR4 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results A significant increase in serum sTLR4 was detected in patients with HCV-related HCC (4436.1 ±7089.8) (pg/ml) ± compared to the level in patients with hepatitis C without HCC (1561.4 ±532.0) (pg/ml) (p = 0.002) and the level in the control group (1170.38 ±159.42) (pg/ml) (p < 0.001). Serum sTLR4 was positively correlated with serum AST activity, serum direct bilirubin levels, serum alpha fetoprotein levels, tumour stages of HCC according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system (BCLC), and the severity of liver cirrhosis according to the Child-Pugh classification among the patients with HCV-related HCC. The combination of serum alpha fetoprotein and serum sTLR4 increased the sensitivity of HCC detection to 76% and the specificity to 94%. Conclusions Serum sTLR4 may be a marker for HCC susceptibility among HCV-infected patients.
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20
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Qian F, Wang J, Wang Y, Gao Q, Yan W, Lin Y, Shen L, Xie Y, Jiang X, Shen B. MiR-378a-3p as a putative biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and prognosis: Computational screening with experimental validation. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e307. [PMID: 33634974 PMCID: PMC7882078 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant disease with high morbidity and mortality, and the molecular mechanism for the genesis and progression is complex and heterogeneous. Biomarker discovery is crucial for the personalized and precision treatment of HCC. The accumulation of reported microRNA biomarkers makes it possible to combine computational identification with experimental validation to accelerate the discovery of novel biomarker. RESULTS In the present work, we applied a rational computer-aided biomarker discovery model to screen for the HCC diagnosis biomarker. Two HCC-associated networks were constructed based on the microRNA and mRNA expression profiles, and the potential microRNA biomarkers were identified based on their unique regulatory and influential power in the network. These putative biomarkers were then experimentally validated. One prominent example among these identified biomarkers is MiR-378a-3p: It was shown to independently regulate several important transcription factors such as PLAGL2 and β-catenin, affecting the β-catenin signaling. Such mechanism may indicate a potential tumor suppressor role of MiR-378a-3p and the impact of its abnormal expression on the cell growth and invasion of HCC. CONCLUSIONS A bioinformatics model with network topological and functional characterization was successfully applied to the identification of HCC biomarkers. The predicted microRNA biomarkers were than validated with experiments using human HCC cell lines, model animal, and clinical specimens. The results confirmed the prediction by our proposed model that miR-378a-3p was a putative biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Qian
- Center for Systems BiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Department of the First Biliary Surgery, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNavy Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of the First Biliary Surgery, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNavy Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Wenying Yan
- Center for Systems BiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Li Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐related Molecular Network, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Center for Systems BiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- Department of the First Biliary Surgery, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNavy Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐related Molecular Network, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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21
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Mokhtari Y, Pourbagheri‐Sigaroodi A, Zafari P, Bagheri N, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. Toll-like receptors (TLRs): An old family of immune receptors with a new face in cancer pathogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:639-651. [PMID: 33336901 PMCID: PMC7812258 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the dark path of tumorigenesis, the more carefully the cancer biology is studied, the more brilliant answers could be given to the countless questions about its orchestrating derivers. The identification of the correlation between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and different processes involved in carcinogenesis was one of the single points of blinding light highlighting the interconnection between the immune system and cancer. TLRs are a wide family of single-pass membrane-spanning receptors that have developed through the evolution to recognize the structurally conserved molecules derived from microorganisms or damaged cells. But this is not everything about these receptors as they could orchestrate several downstream signalling pathways leading to the formation or suppression of cancer cells. The present review is tempted to provide a concise schematic about the biology and the characters of TLRs and also summarize the major findings of the regulatory role of TLRs and their associated signalling in the pathogenesis of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Mokhtari
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri‐Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
- Student Research CommitteeFaculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterBasic Health Sciences InstituteShahrekord University of Medical SciencesShahrekordIran
| | - Seyed H. Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research CenterShariati HospitalSchool of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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22
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Narayanankutty A, Sasidharan A, Job JT. Targeting Toll like Receptors in Cancer: Role of TLR Natural and Synthetic Modulators. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5040-5053. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200720235058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors belonging to the
broad class pattern recognition receptors (PRR), involved in recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
(PAMPs) thereby inducing an immune response. Apart from these exogenous PAMPs, numerous endogenous
PAMPs are also ligands for various TLRs thereby activating the TLR dependent immune response, subsequently
leading to the onset of an inflammatory response. Prolonged activation of TLR by these endogenous
PAMPs leads to chronic inflammatory insults to the body and which in turn alters the proliferative patterns of the
cells, which ultimately leads to the development of cancer.
Objectives:
The present review aims to provide a detailed outline of the differential roles of various TLRs in
cancer and the possible use of them as a therapeutic target.
Methods:
Data were collected from PubMed/Sciencedirect/Web of Science database and sorted; the latest literature
on TLRs was incorporated in the review.
Results:
Among the different TLRs, few are reported to be anti-neoplastic, which controls the cell growth and
multiplication in response to the endogenous signals. On the contrary, numerous studies have reported the procarcinogenic
potentials of TLRs. Hence, TLRs have emerged as a potential target for the prevention and treatment
of various types of cancers. Several molecules, such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors and
natural products have shown promising anticancer potential by effectively modulating the TLR signalling.
Conclusion:
Toll-like receptors play vital roles in the process of carcinogenesis, hence TLR targeting is a promising
approach for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala-673 008, India
| | | | - Joice T. Job
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala-673 008, India
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Yang W, Gao S, Wang Z, Pan L, Luo X, Zhang Y. The upregulation of microRNA-223 promoted the apoptosis of liver cancer cells via TLR4. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1835743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Yang
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I Ward, First People’s Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su Gao
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I Ward, First People’s Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I Ward, First People’s Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leyu Pan
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I Ward, First People’s Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I Ward, First People’s Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxian Zhang
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I Ward, First People’s Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Narayanankutty A. Toll-like Receptors as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Natural Products Against Chronic Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1068-1080. [PMID: 30806312 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190222181506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are one among the initial responders of the immune system which participate in the activation inflammatory processes. Several different types of TLR such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 have been identified in various cell types, each having distinct ligands like lipids, lipoproteins, nucleic acids and proteins. Though its prime concern is xenobiotic defences, TLR signalling has also recognized as an activator of inflammation and associated development of chronic degenerative disorders (CDDs) including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), fatty liver disease, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders as well as various types of cancers. Numerous drugs are in use to prevent these disorders, which specifically inhibit different pathways associated with the development of CDDs. Compared to these drug targets, inhibition of TLR, which specifically responsible for the inflammatory insults has proven to be a better drug target. Several natural products have emerged as inhibitors of CDDs, which specifically targets TLR signalling, among these, many are in the clinical trials. This review is intended to summarize the recent progress on TLR association with CDDs and to list possible use of natural products, their combinations and their synthetic derivative in the prevention of TLR-driven CDD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala, 680 555, India
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25
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Giuffrè M, Campigotto M, Campisciano G, Comar M, Crocè LS. A story of liver and gut microbes: how does the intestinal flora affect liver disease? A review of the literature. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G889-G906. [PMID: 32146836 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00161.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Each individual is endowed with a unique gut microbiota (GM) footprint that mediates numerous host-related physiological functions, such as nutrient metabolism, maintenance of the structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against microbial pathogens. Because of increased scientific interest in the GM, its central role in the pathophysiology of many intestinal and extraintestinal conditions has been recognized. Given the close relationship between the gastrointestinal tract and the liver, many pathological processes have been investigated in the light of a microbial-centered hypothesis of hepatic damage. In this review we introduce to neophytes the vast world of gut microbes, including prevalent bacterial distribution in healthy individuals, how the microbiota is commonly analyzed, and the current knowledge of the role of GM in liver disease pathophysiology. Also, we highlight the potentials and downsides of GM-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Giuffrè
- Dipartimento Universitario Clinico di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Campigotto
- Dipartimento Universitario Clinico di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Campisciano
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Dipartimento Universitario Clinico di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lory Saveria Crocè
- Dipartimento Universitario Clinico di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy.,Clinica Patologie del Fegato, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Italy.,Fondazione Italiana Fegato, Trieste, Italy
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26
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Abolarinwa BA, Ibrahim RB, Huang YH. Conceptual Development of Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Gastrointestinal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4624. [PMID: 31540435 PMCID: PMC6769557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is one of the common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy are the current treatments, but some patients do not derive clinical benefits. Recently, studies from cancer molecular subtyping have revealed that tumor molecular biomarkers may predict the immunotherapeutic response of GI cancer patients. However, the therapeutic response of patients selected by the predictive biomarkers is suboptimal. The tumor immune-microenvironment apparently plays a key role in modulating these molecular-determinant predictive biomarkers. Therefore, an understanding of the development and recent advances in immunotherapeutic pharmacological intervention targeting tumor immune-microenvironments and their potential predictive biomarkers will be helpful to strengthen patient immunotherapeutic efficacy. The current review focuses on an understanding of how the host-microenvironment interactions and the predictive biomarkers can determine the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The contribution of environmental pathogens and host immunity to GI cancer is summarized. A discussion regarding the clinical evidence of predictive biomarkers for clinical trial therapy design, current immunotherapeutic strategies, and the outcomes to GI cancer patients are highlighted. An understanding of the underlying mechanism can predict the immunotherapeutic efficacy and facilitate the future development of personalized therapeutic strategies targeting GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilikis Aderonke Abolarinwa
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ridwan Babatunde Ibrahim
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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27
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Shi L, Zheng X, Fan Y, Yang X, Li A, Qian J. The contribution of miR-122 to the innate immunity by regulating toll-like receptor 4 in hepatoma cells. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:130. [PMID: 31340754 PMCID: PMC6657172 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a kind of malignancies to impact human health. It has been reported that aberrant toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling may contribute to the development and progression of HCC, especially TLR4. MiR-122, which extensively involved in hepatitis virus infection and the apoptosis of hepatoma cells, might be decreased in HCC patients livers. The hypothesis of this study was whether miR-122 plays a role in inflammatory pathways through regulating TLR4 expression in hepatoma cells. METHODS The expression of miR-122 in the tissues of HCC patients compared to controls in TCGA datasets was analyzed. The relationship between miR-122 and TLR4 was detected in HCC cell lines by increasing/decreasing miR-122 expression. The target of miR-122 on TLR4 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. The proliferation of HCC cells and production of proinflammatory cytokines were measured with miR-122 upregulation and inhibition. RESULTS We found that the expression of miR-122 was decreased in HCC tissues and showed the diagnostic capacity for HCC in TCGA datasets. MiR-122 and TLR4 expression have negative correlation in normal liver cells and HCC cells. Upregulation of miR-122 significantly inhibited TLR4 expression in hepatoma cells, including in hepatoma cells with the induction of LPS, while knocking down miR-122 increased TLR4 expression. By screening potential miR-122 targets among TLR4, we found that there was a putative miR-122 target in TLR4 3'UTR. Mutations in the nt1603-nt1609 region of TLR4 3'UTR abandoned the impact of miR-122 on TLR4 expression. Over-expression/down-expression of miR-122 could influence the proliferation and the expression of natural immune factors. CONCLUSIONS MiR-122 might target TLR4 and regulate host innate immunity in hepatoma cells, which revealed a new molecular mechanism of miR-122 on the regulation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Shi
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, No. 194, Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang province, China.,Wu Lien-Teh institutes, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, No. 194, Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang province, China.,Wu Lien-Teh institutes, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China
| | - Yuzhuo Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, No. 194, Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang province, China
| | - Xiaolan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, No. 194, Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang province, China.,Wu Lien-Teh institutes, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China
| | - Aimei Li
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, No. 194, Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang province, China.,Wu Lien-Teh institutes, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, No. 194, Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang province, China. .,Wu Lien-Teh institutes, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China.
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28
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Fung SW, Cheung PFY, Yip CW, Ng LWC, Cheung TT, Chong CCN, Lee C, Lai PBS, Chan AWH, Tsao GSW, Wong CH, Chan SL, Lo KW, Cheung ST. The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCF1 is a hepatic oncofetal protein that promotes chemoresistance, EMT and cancer stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2019; 457:98-109. [PMID: 31100412 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate multidrug resistance and cancer stem cell properties in various model systems. Yet, their biological significance in cancers, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the function of ABCF1 in HCC and explored its potential as a therapeutic target. ABCF1 was highly expressed in fetal mouse livers but not in normal adult livers. ABCF1 expression was upregulated in HCCs. These results demonstrate that ABCF1 functions as a hepatic oncofetal protein. We further demonstrated elevated ABCF1 expression in HCC cells upon acquiring chemoresistance. Suppression of ABCF1 by siRNA sensitized both parental cells and chemoresistant cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Reversely, ABCF1 overexpression promoted chemoresistance and drug efflux. In addition, overexpression of ABCF1 enhanced migration, spheroid and colony formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction. RNA sequencing analysis revealed EMT inducers HIF1α/IL8 and Sox4 as potential mediators for the oncogenic effect of ABCF1 in HCC progression. Together, this study illustrates that ABCF1 is a novel potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wai Fung
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Phyllis Fung-Yi Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chi Wai Yip
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Linda Wing-Chi Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tan To Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Carol Lee
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Bo-San Lai
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Anthony Wing-Hung Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Chi-Hang Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen Lam Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Siu Tim Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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29
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Zhou S, Du R, Wang Z, Shen W, Gao R, Jiang S, Fang Y, Shi Y, Chang A, Liu L, Liu C, Li N, Xiang R. TLR4 increases the stemness and is highly expressed in relapsed human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2325-2337. [PMID: 30957973 PMCID: PMC6536932 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an essential role in cancer progress. Here, we find that the expression of TLR4 in relapsed human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical samples is higher than that in the non‐relapsed ones, which leads us to explore the role of TLR4 in cancer stemness. We reported that TLR4‐AKT signaling pathway was activated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in HCC cell lines to enhance the cancer stemness capacity, which was reflected by the increased percentage of CD133+CD49f+ population and side population, enhanced sphere formation, and the upregulation of stemness marker gene‐SOX2. Downregulation of SOX2 attenuated the enhanced HCC stemness induced by LPS, indicating SOX2 as a downstream mediator of LPS‐TLR4 signaling. The role of LPS‐TLR4 signaling in inducing HCC stemness was further confirmed by tumor xenograft experiment in vivo. Taken together, our findings provide a novel therapeutic target to prevent the recurrence of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Renle Du
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenglu Wang
- Biobank of Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhi Shen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifang Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Antao Chang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Biobank of Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenghu Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin, China.,The 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biological Therapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin, China.,The 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biological Therapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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30
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Liu AG, Xu KL, Wang WL, Zhou BK, Guo QG. Down-regulation of MRPS23 inhibits LPS-induced proliferation and invasion via regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in osteosarcoma cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10561-10568. [PMID: 35515333 PMCID: PMC9062464 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08973f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S23 (MRPS23), encoded by a nuclear gene, is a participant in the translation of mitochondrial proteins. Recently, MRPS23 has been reported to be overexpressed in many types of cancers and have a close association with cancer progression. However, the specific roles of MRPS23 in osteosarcoma (OS) remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern and biological functions of MRPS23 in OS cells. Our results demonstrated that MRPS23 was up-regulated in OS tissues and cell lines. Down-regulation of MRPS23 significantly inhibited OS cell proliferation and invasion induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments showed that MRPS23 down-regulation markedly suppressed OS cell growth and metastasis induced by LPS. Mechanistically, down-regulation of MRPS23 inhibited the activity of NF-κB signaling pathway in OS cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that MRPS23 may be a potential therapeutic target for OS treatment. Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S23 (MRPS23), encoded by a nuclear gene, is a participant in the translation of mitochondrial proteins.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Guo Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University Kaifeng 475000 China
| | - Ke-Lin Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine No. 8 Zhongnan West Road Wuxi 214000 China +86-510-88859999 +86-510-88859999
| | - Wei-Lin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University Kaifeng 475000 China
| | - Bing-Kang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University Kaifeng 475000 China
| | - Qing-Gong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University Kaifeng 475000 China
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Dual functions of STAT3 in LPS-induced angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:566-574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Zou B, Li J, Xu K, Liu JL, Yuan DY, Meng Z, Zhang B. Identification of key candidate genes and pathways in oral squamous cell carcinoma by integrated Bioinformatics analysis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4089-4099. [PMID: 31007745 PMCID: PMC6468404 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common types of malignant head and neck tumor, which poses a serious threat to human health. In recent years, the incidence of OSCC has been increasing, while the prognosis has not significantly improved. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of OSCC may provide novel therapeutic strategies. In the present study, the gene expression profiles from 4 datasets, including 244 OSCC and 95 normal oral mucosa samples, were subjected to statistical and Bioinformatics analysis. A total of 34 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which 14 were upregulated and 20 were downregulated in OSCC compared with normal oral mucosa tissues. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were mainly involved in regulation of the immune response, cell adhesion and cell proliferative processes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly associated with the phosphoinositide-3 kinase Akt and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The key candidate DEGs were identified from the complex protein-protein interaction network, and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), integrin subunit α 3 and plasminogen activator, urokinase (PLAU) were confirmed to be significantly associated with the survival rate. Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays demonstrated that SPP1 and PLAU regulate cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The candidate genes/pathways identified in the present study may include promising diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zou
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Lin Liu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Dao-Ying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China.,Precision Biomedical Key Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
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Fei W, Xuan Y, Jian X, Yue W, Yuejun Y, Yu J, Huifang X, Yuancai L, Yifu Y, Xiangwei Z. One New Phenolic Compound from Castanea mollissima Shells and its Suppression of HepatomaCell Proliferation and Inflammation by Inhibiting NF-κB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E466. [PMID: 30678222 PMCID: PMC6386821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shells of Castanea mollissima (CMS), an agricultural remain and often considered waste from chestnut processing industry, have been proven a resource for traditional Chinese medicine. One new phenol, named castanolB(1), andsix known phenolic compounds (2⁻7) were isolated froma water-soluble extract of CMS. Their chemical structures were determined using preparative HPLC and various spectral analyses, and then were compared to literatures, which indicated the first identification of the seven compounds from C. mollissima. The physicochemical property of compound (2) was also reported for the first time. After antiproliferative screening of compounds (1⁻7) on LPS-induced SMMC-7721 and HepG2 hepatoma cells, castanolB (1) showed the best suppression. CastanolB(1) also significantly induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, castanolB (1) decreasedsecretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Mechanistically, TLR4⁻NF-κB pathway was inhibited bycastanolB (1) with downregulation of TLR4, IKKβ, and NF-κB p65. This study presents a new phenol and shows its profiles of anticancer and anti-inflammation via inhibiting the TLR4⁻NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Fei
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Yao Xuan
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Xu Jian
- Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Daye, 435100, China.
| | - Wu Yue
- Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Daye, 435100, China.
| | - Yang Yuejun
- Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Daye, 435100, China.
| | - Jin Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Xie Huifang
- Biotechnology Research & Innovation Department, Shanghai Huangdian Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Liu Yuancai
- Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Daye, 435100, China.
| | - Yang Yifu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Zheng Xiangwei
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Kong F, Lee BH, Wei K. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammation via Suppression of MAPK, NF-κB and mTOR Activation in RAW 264.7 Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020275. [PMID: 30642099 PMCID: PMC6359491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is found in many food products including honey, dried fruits, coffee and black garlic extracts. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of 5-HMF and its underlying mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 5-HMF pretreatment ranging from 31.5 to 126.0 μg/mL reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in a concentration-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, 5-HMF-pretreated cells significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of two major inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as compared with the only LPS-stimulated cells. 5-HMF suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), IκBα, NF-κB p65, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and protein kinase B (Akt). Besides, 5-HMF was proved to inhibit NF-κB p65 translocation into nucleus to activate inflammatory gene transcription. These results suggest that 5-HMF could exert the anti-inflammatory activity in the LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the MAPK, NF-κB and Akt/mTOR pathways. Thus, 5-HMF could be considered as a therapeutic ingredient in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhui Kong
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CAS, Wenzhou 325011, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Kun Wei
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CAS, Wenzhou 325011, Zhejiang, China.
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Huang M, Wang H, Hu X, Cao X. lncRNA MALAT1 binds chromatin remodeling subunit BRG1 to epigenetically promote inflammation-related hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1518628. [PMID: 30546959 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1518628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one type of cancers whose carcinogenesis and progression are closely related to chronic inflammation. Identifying the molecular mechanisms for inflammation-related HCC progression will contribute to improve the efficacy of current therapeutics for HCC patients. Many kinds of epigenetic factors, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been discovered to be important in HCC growth and metastasis. However, how the lncRNAs promote HCC progression and what's the application of lncRNA silencing in vivo in suppressing HCC remain to be further investigated. Here, we found that lncRNA metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript1 (MALAT1) was upregulated in HCC tumor tissues, and knockdown of MALAT1 suppressed proliferation, cell cycle and invasion of HCC cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Knockdown of MALAT1 significantly inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6 and CXCL8 expression in HCC cells, which could be restored by overexpressing MALAT1. Mechanistically, MALAT1 recruited Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), a catalytic subunit of chromatin remodeling complex switching/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF), to the promoter region of IL-6 and CXCL8, and thus facilitated NF-κB to induce the expression of these inflammatory factors. Importantly, in vivo silencing of MALAT1 in HCC tissues inhibited growth of HCC xenografts, and also suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in HCC tissues accordingly. Our results demonstrate that MALAT1 promotes HCC progression by binding BRG1 to epigenetically enhance inflammatory response in HCC tissues, and silencing of MALAT1 may be a potential approach to the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Huamin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China.,National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing China
| | - Xiang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China.,Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China.,National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing China.,Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou China.,College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin China
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Seki K, Kitade M, Nishimura N, Kaji K, Asada K, Namisaki T, Moriya K, Kawaratani H, Okura Y, Takaya H, Sawada Y, Sato S, Nakanishi K, Yoshiji H. Oral administration of fructose exacerbates liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis via increased intestinal permeability in a rat steatohepatitis model. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28638-28651. [PMID: 29983886 PMCID: PMC6033350 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have revealed the impact of a western diet containing large amounts of fructose on the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Fructose exacerbates hepatic inflammation in NASH by inducing increasing intestinal permeability. However, it is not clear whether fructose contributes to the progression of liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis in NASH. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fructose intake on NASH in a rat model. A choline-deficient/L-amino acid diet was fed to F344 rats to induce NASH. Fructose was administrated to one group in the drinking water. The development of liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis were evaluated histologically. Oral fructose administration exacerbated liver fibrosis and increased the number of preneoplastic lesions positive for glutathione S-transferase placental form. Fructose-treated rats had significantly higher expression of hepatic genes related to toll-like receptor-signaling, suggesting that fructose consumption increased signaling in this pathway, leading to the progression of NASH. We confirmed that intestinal permeability was significantly higher in fructose-treated rats, as evidenced by a loss of intestinal tight junction proteins. Fructose exacerbated both liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis by increasing intestinal permeability. This observation strongly supports the role of endotoxin in the progression of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Seki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Kitade
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishimura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Asada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takaya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sawada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakanishi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Shao QH, Zhang XL, Chen Y, Zhu CG, Shi JG, Yuan YH, Chen NH. Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of 20C from Gastrodia elata via regulating autophagy in LPS-activated BV-2 cells through MAPKs and TLR4/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:115-123. [PMID: 29763880 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
20C, a novel bibenzyl compound, is isolated from Gastrodia elata. In our previous study, 20C showed protective effects on tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, rotenone-induced apoptosis and rotenone-induced oxidative damage. However, the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of 20C is still with limited acquaintance. The objective of this study was to confirm the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of 20C on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 cells and further elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, 20C significantly attenuated the protein levels of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin (IL)-1β, and secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV-2 cells. Moreover, 20C up-regulated the levels of autophagy-related proteins in LPS-activated BV-2 cells. The requirement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) has been well documented for regulating the process of autophagy. Both 20C and rapamycin enhanced autophagy by suppressing the phosphorylation of MAPKs signaling pathway. Furthermore, 20C treatment significantly inhibited the levels of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylated-protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphorylated-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), indicating blocking TLR4/Akt/mTOR might be an underlying basis for the anti-inflammatory effect of 20C. These findings suggest that 20C has therapeutic potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cheng-Gen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Gong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
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38
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Kang Y, Su G, Sun J, Zhang Y. Activation of the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway contributes to the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma via upregulation of IL-23 and IL-17A. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9647-9654. [PMID: 29928340 PMCID: PMC6004652 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17A axis serve an important role in tumor immunology. In the present study, the activation of the TLR4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-mediated signal transduction pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells was examined using immunohistochemistry, and the association between TLR4 expression and the IL-23/IL-17A axis was detected by ELISA, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis in order to determine whether TLR4 and IL-23/IL-17A serve a role in HCC. It was observed that TLR4 expression was upregulated in HCC tissues compared with that in adjacent normal tissues. In addition, the TLR4 expression level was correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation and TNM stage. The expression levels of IL-17A and IL-23, which are key mediators of inflammation that contribute to carcinogenesis, are correlated with TLR4 expression in HCC. Cell line studies further revealed that activation of TLR4/MyD88 upregulated the expression of IL-17A and IL-23 at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, activation of TLR4/MyD88 enhanced the expression of TLR4. IL-17A and IL-23 expression levels in HCC also appeared to be correlated with the TNM stage and tumor metastasis. In conclusion, the current results suggested that the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway is involved in HCC cell proliferation and metastasis via regulation of the IL-23/IL-17A axis; thus, the TLR4/IL-23/IL-17A pathway may represent a novel therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Kang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Guoai Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Army General Hospital of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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39
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Chen R, Xie Y, Zhong X, Fu Y, Huang Y, Zhen Y, Pan P, Wang H, Bartlett DL, Billiar TR, Lotze MT, Zeh HJ, Fan XG, Tang D, Kang R. Novel chemokine-like activities of histones in tumor metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:61728-61740. [PMID: 27623211 PMCID: PMC5308686 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are intracellular nucleosomal components and extracellular damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that modulate chromatin remodeling, as well as the immune response. However, their extracellular roles in cell migration and invasion remain undefined. Here, we demonstrate that histones are novel regulators of tumor metastasis with chemokine-like activities. Indeed, exogenous histones promote both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell migration and invasion through toll-like receptor (TLR)4, but not TLR2 or the receptor for advanced glycosylation end product. TLR4-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is required for histone-induced chemokine (e.g., C-C motif ligand 9/10) production. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of TLR4-ERK-NF-κB signaling impairs histone-induced chemokine production and HCC cell migration. Additionally, TLR4 depletion (by using TLR4-/- mice and TLR4-shRNA) or inhibition of histone release/activity (by administration of heparin and H3 neutralizing antibody) attenuates lung metastasis of HCC cells injected via the tail vein of mice. Thus, histones promote tumor metastasis of HCC cells through the TLR4-NF-κB pathway and represent novel targets for treating patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Yangchun Xie
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yongmin Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yixiang Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Pinhua Pan
- Department of Pneumology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Center for DAMP Biology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510150, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Compound A attenuates toll-like receptor 4-mediated paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer and melanoma through suppression of IL-8. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:231. [PMID: 29486738 PMCID: PMC5830047 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paclitaxel (PTX) is a potent anti-cancer drug commonly used for the treatment of advanced breast cancer (BCA) and melanoma. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) promotes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with cancer chemoresistance. This study aims to explore the effect of TLR4 in PTX resistance in triple-negative BCA and advanced melanoma and the effect of compound A (CpdA) to attenuate this resistance. Methods BCA and melanoma cell lines were checked for the response to PTX by cytotoxic assay. The response to PTX of TLR4-transient knockdown cells by siRNA transfection was evaluated compared to the control cells. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8, and anti-apoptotic protein, XIAP were measured by real-time PCR whereas the secreted IL-8 was quantitated by ELISA in TLR4-transient knockdown cancer cells with or without CpdA treatment. The apoptotic cells after adding PTX alone or in combination with CpdA were detected by caspase-3/7 assay. Results PTX could markedly induce TLR4 expression in both MDA-MB-231 BCA and MDA-MB-435 melanoma cell lines having a basal level of TLR4 whereas no significant induction in TLR4-transient knockdown cells occurred. The siTLR4-treated BCA cells revealed more dead cells after PTX treatment than that of mock control cells. IL-6, IL-8 and XIAP showed increased expressions in PTX-treated cells and this over-production effect was inhibited in TLR4-transient knockdown cells. Apoptotic cells were detected higher when PTX and CpdA were combined than PTX treatment alone. Isobologram exhibited the synergistic effect of CpdA and PTX. CpdA could significantly decrease expressions of IL-6, XIAP and IL-8, as well as excreted IL-8 levels together with reduced cancer viability after PTX treatment. Conclusions The acquired TLR4-mediated PTX resistance in BCA and melanoma is explained partly by the paracrine effect of IL-6 and IL-8 released into the tumor microenvironment and over-production of anti-apoptotic protein, XIAP, in BCA cells and importantly CpdA could reduce this effect and sensitize PTX-induced apoptosis in a synergistic manner. In conclusion, the possible impact of TLR4-dependent signaling pathway in PTX resistance in BCA and melanoma is proposed and using PTX in combination with CpdA may attenuate TLR4-mediated PTX resistance in the treatment of the patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4155-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer, is one of the dreaded complications of chronic liver disease. Recent experimental and clinical studies have revealed that the alteration of gut-liver axis plays a pivotal role in the onset of chronic liver diseases, including HCC. Altered gut microbiota and endotoxemia are increasingly recognized as critical components in promoting the progression of chronic liver diseases to HCC. Probiotics have been suggested as a novel, safe and cost-effective approach to prevent or treat HCC. Mechanisms by which probiotics exerts their anti-cancer effects include their ability to bind carcinogens, modulation of gut microbiota, improvement of intestinal barrier function, and immunomodulation. This review summarizes the literature findings of the changes in gut microbiota linked to HCC, and discusses the possible therapeutic implications of probiotics for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murphy L Y Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Yao RR, Li JH, Zhang R, Chen RX, Wang YH. M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages facilitated migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HCC cells via the TLR4/STAT3 signaling pathway. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:9. [PMID: 29338742 PMCID: PMC5771014 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background M2-polarized macrophages are tumor-associated-macrophages (TAMs), which are important contents of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a molecular biomarker of tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have important roles in the immune system and M2-polarized macrophages. However, the effects of TLR4 on M2-polarized macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unknown. Here, TLR4 expressed on HCC cells mediates the pro-tumor effects and mechanisms of M2-polarized macrophages. Methods THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into M2-like macrophages through treatments with IL-4, IL-13, and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). We used the HCC cell lines SMMC-7721 and MHCC97-H cultured in conditioned medium from M2-like macrophages (M2-CM) to investigate the migration potential of HCC cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated molecular genetics. Signaling pathways that mediated M2-CM-promoted HCC migration were detected using western blotting. Results HCC cells cultured with M2-CM displayed a fibroblast-like morphology, an increased metastatic capability, and expression of EMT markers. TLR4 expression was markedly increased in M2-CM-treated HCC cells. TLR4 overexpression promoted HCC cell migration, and a TLR4-neutralizing antibody markedly inhibited HCC EMT in cells cultured with M2-CM. Furthermore, the TLR4/(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway contributed to the effects of M2-CM on HCC cells. Conclusions Taken together, M2-polarized macrophages facilitated the migration and EMT of HCC cells via the TLR4/STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting that TLR4 may be a novel therapeutic target. These results improve our understanding of M2-polarized macrophages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12957-018-1312-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing-Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rong-Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Donor Polymorphisms of Toll-like Receptor 4 rs1927914 Associated with the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence Following Liver Transplantation. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:553-560. [PMID: 29221801 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) severely restricts the long-term survival of patients. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been considered to be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and metastasis. Additionally, there is a study demonstrating the significant association between TLR4 gene rs1927914 polymorphism and HCC, but no study investigated the association of the TLR4 rs1927914 polymorphism with the risk of HCC recurrence following LT. AIM The purpose of this study was to assess the potential association between the TLR4 gene rs1927914 polymorphism of donors and recipients and hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after LT. METHODS Eighty-three patients with HCC undergoing LT from July 2006-June 2015 were identified for this analysis. We genotyped a single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs1927914) in both donors and recipients and evaluated the association between the polymorphism and risk of tumor recurrence. RESULTS The donor TLR4 rs1927914 polymorphism was found to be significantly associated with HCC recurrence following LT. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, Milan criteria, microvascular invasion and donor TLR4 rs1927914 genotype were confirmed to be independent risk factors for HCC recurrence. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients carrying donors homozygous TT had a significantly lower recurrence-free survival and overall survival than CC/CT patients. Cox proportional hazards modeling indicated that TNM stage or Milan criteria, microvascular invasion, and donor TLR4 rs1927914 genotype were independent factors for the clinical outcomes of LT patients. CONCLUSIONS Donor TLR4 rs1927914 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of HCC recurrence following LT and has a potential clinical value for the prediction of HCC recurrence after LT.
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Citronberg JS, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Lim U, Monroe KR, Hullar MAJ, White E, Newcomb PA, Lampe JW. Plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and colorectal cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the Multiethnic Cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2017; 29:115-123. [PMID: 29189972 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-017-0990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin found on the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, increases inflammatory response signaling and may play a role in the pathogenesis of several adverse outcomes, including inflammatory bowel diseases, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. While LPS is hypothesized to be associated with colorectal carcinogenesis, there are relatively few human studies which have examined this association. METHODS We examined the association between colorectal cancer (CRC) and plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), a marker of LPS, in 1,638 participants (819 CRC cases and 819 controls) matched on multiple factors, including age, sex, and race/ethnicity, from the Multiethnic Cohort study. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS Compared to individuals whose LBP concentrations were in the lowest quartile, the ORs associated with second, third, and fourth quartiles were 1.23 (95% CI 0.91-1.67), 1.36 (95% CI 1.01-1.83), and 1.01 (95% CI 0.73-1.39), respectively, (p trend = 0.66). No differences were observed by BMI, fiber intake, saturated fat intake, cancer site, or cancer stage. CONCLUSIONS This study did not find an overall statistically significant association between LBP (as a marker of LPS exposure) and CRC. Further prospective studies with multiple LBP measurements are needed to validate current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Citronberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, M4-B402, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kristine R Monroe
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meredith A J Hullar
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, M4-B402, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily White
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, M4-B402, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, M4-B402, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, M4-B402, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA, USA
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Cheng Y, Luo R, Zheng H, Wang B, Liu Y, Liu D, Chen J, Xu W, Li A, Zhu Y. Synergistic anti-tumor efficacy of sorafenib and fluvastatin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23265-23276. [PMID: 28423574 PMCID: PMC5410302 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance to sorafenib is common in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). We examined the effects of a combination of sorafenib and fluvastatin on HCC using in vitro and in vivo models. The dual treatment induced apoptosis and reduced cellular viability in HCC more effectively than either drug alone. The combination treatment also inhibited activation of hepatic stellate cells, whereas single drug treatments did not. On a molecular level, combined treatment inhibited activation of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways via Toll-like receptor 4 in HCC cells. Combined treatment also inhibited expression of stromal cell-derived factor 1α in HCC cells, which further inhibited the MAPK pathway in hepatic stellate cells. These results suggest that a combination of sorafenib and fluvastatin may be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Digestive Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - RongCheng Luo
- Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Hang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - YaHui Liu
- Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - DingLi Liu
- Liver Tumor Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - JinZhang Chen
- Liver Tumor Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - WanFu Xu
- Digestive Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - AiMin Li
- Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Liver Tumor Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Singh A, Koduru B, Carlisle C, Akhter H, Liu RM, Schroder K, Brandes RP, Ojcius DM. NADPH oxidase 4 modulates hepatic responses to lipopolysaccharide mediated by Toll-like receptor-4. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14346. [PMID: 29085012 PMCID: PMC5662726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a key role in development of many liver diseases. Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) initiates inflammation and promotes development of hepatocellular carcinoma and other liver diseases. NADPH oxidases contribute to LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and modulate TLR responses, but whether these enzymes function in TLR4 responses of hepatocytes is unknown. In the present work, we examined the role of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in LPS-induced TLR4 responses in human hepatoma cells and wildtype and Nox4-deficient mice. We found that LPS increased expression of Nox4, TNF-α, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Nox4 silencing suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α and PCNA increases in human cells. The LPS-induced TNF-α increases were MyD88-dependent, and were attenuated in primary hepatocytes isolated from Nox4-deficient mice. We found that Nox4 mediated LPS-TLR4 signaling in hepatocytes via NF-ĸB and AP-1 pathways. Moreover, the effect of Nox4 depletion was time-dependent; following six weeks of repeated LPS stimulation in vivo, hepatic TNF-α and PCNA responses subsided in Nox4-deficient mice compared with wildtype mice. Therefore, our data suggest that Nox4 mediates LPS-TLR4 signaling in human hepatoma cells and murine hepatocytes and may contribute to the ability of LPS to stimulate liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Singh
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Bhargav Koduru
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Carlisle
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Hasina Akhter
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Katrin Schroder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David M Ojcius
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA. .,University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Wang J, Tai G. Role of C-Jun N-terminal Kinase in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development. Target Oncol 2017; 11:723-738. [PMID: 27392951 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most frequently occurring cancers and the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Identification of the signaling pathways regulating liver carcinogenesis is critical for developing novel chemoprevention and targeted therapies. C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of a larger group of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases known as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. JNK is an important signaling component that converts external stimuli into a wide range of cellular responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion, and apoptosis, as well as the development of inflammation, fibrosis, cancer growth, and metabolic diseases. Because of the essential roles of JNK in these cellular functions, deregulated JNK is often found to contribute to the development of HCC. Recently, the functions and molecular mechanisms of JNK in HCC development have been addressed using mouse models and human HCC cell lines. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate that the activation of JNK by oncogenes can promote the development of cancers by regulating the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad pathway, which makes the oncogenes/JNK/Smad signaling pathway an attractive target for cancer therapy. Additionally, JNK-targeted therapy has a broad potential for clinical applications. In summary, we are convinced that promising new avenues for the treatment of HCC by targeting JNK are on the horizon, which will undoubtedly lead to better, more effective, and faster therapies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Huang C, Zhang H, Bai R, Wang L, Lv J. A896G and C1196T Polymorphisms Within the TLR4 Gene Abate Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Signaling in HepG2 Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:1029-1038. [PMID: 28945461 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) appears to play an important role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but it is unclear whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR4 gene influence HCC. In this study, we investigated the effects of TLR4 SNPs on HepG2 cell survival and proliferation, migration, and invasion. Plasmids carrying wild-type or mutant versions of the TLR4 gene (A896G and/or C1196T) were stably transfected into HepG2 cells, and cell viability and proliferation were analyzed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assays, whereas apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. Migration and invasion were measured in a transwell chamber assay, and expression of inflammatory cytokines and downstream effectors was examined using real-time PCR and western blotting. Specific inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) were added to the HepG2 cultures to explore the potential role of each pathway in TLR4 signaling. TLR4 SNPs did not affect expression levels in transfected cells. Compared with wild-type TLR4, mutant TLR4 was associated with lower cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptotic threshold. In addition, the mutations were associated with significantly lower expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), IL-6, and TGF-β1, even after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. The expression of p-Akt was similar in the presence of wild-type or mutant TLR4. The 896G and 1196T SNPs in the TLR4 gene are associated with reduced TLR4-mediated signaling and, therefore, with lower survival, proliferation, and metastasis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyuan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Ruidan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
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Ye K, Chen QW, Sun YF, Lin JA, Xu JH. Loss of BMI-1 dampens migration and EMT of colorectal cancer in inflammatory microenvironment through TLR4/MD-2/MyD88-mediated NF-κB signaling. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1922-1930. [PMID: 28815730 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from various clinical and experimental studies has demonstrated that the inflammatory microenvironment created by immune cells facilitates tumor migration. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in the progression of cancer invasion and metastasis in an inflammatory microenvironment. B-lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1 (BMI-1) acts as an oncogene in various tumors. Ectopic expression of Bmi-1 have an effect on EMT and invasiveness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of BMI-1 on inflammation-induced tumor migration and EMT and the underlying mechanism. We observed that the expression of BMI-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β was significantly increased in HT29 and HCT116 cells after THP-1 Conditioned-Medium (THP-1-CM) stimulation. Additionally, inhibition of BMI-1 impeded cell invasion induced by THP-1-CM-stimulation in both HT29 and HCT116 cells. BMI-1 knockdown remarkably repressed THP-1-CM-induced EMT by regulating the expression of EMT biomarkers with an increase in E-cadherin accompanied by decrease in N-cadherin and vimentin. Furthermore, downregulation of BMI-1 dramatically impeded THP-1-CM-triggered Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/myeloid differentiation protein 2(MD-2)/myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88) activity by repressing the expression of the TLR4/MD-2 complex and MyD88. Further data demonstrated that knockout of BMI-1 also dampened NF-κB THP-1-CM-triggered activity. Taken all data together, our findings established that BMI-1 modulated TLR4/MD-2/MyD88 complex-mediated NF-κB signaling involved in inflammation-induced cancer cells invasion and EMT, and therefore, could be a potential chemopreventive agent against inflammation-associated colorectal cancer. HIGHLIGHTS Establishment of an inflammatory microenvironment. Suppression of BMI-1 reverses THP-1-CM-induced inflammatory cytokine production in CRC. Loss of BMI-1 suppressed TLR4/MD-2/MyD88 complex-mediated NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ye
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Qi-Wei Chen
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Ya-Feng Sun
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Jian-An Lin
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Jian-Hua Xu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
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Sepehri Z, Kiani Z, Kohan F, Alavian SM, Ghavami S. Toll like receptor 4 and hepatocellular carcinoma; A systematic review. Life Sci 2017; 179:80-87. [PMID: 28472619 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an extracellular pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) which recognizes a wide range of pathogens and damage associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs). It can activate intracellular signaling and consequently transcription factors which participate in transcription from either immune related or malignancy genes. Thus, it has been hypothesized that TLR4 may be a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This article has reviewed the roles of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of HCC. METHOD "TLR4", "hepatocellular carcinoma", "liver tumor" and "liver cancer" were used as key words for searching in Scopus, Google Scholar and MEDLINE scientific databases. RESULTS Most of the investigations documented the roles of TLR4 in induction of HCC via several mechanisms including increased number of T regulatory lymphocytes and liver resident follicular helper like cells, increased production of pro-inflammatory and malignancy related molecules including cytokines, NANOG, Caspase-1, Ephrin-A1, NO and BCL6. TLR4 participates in the proliferation of the cells and also production of the molecules in both chronic infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. DISCUSSION TLR4 is an innate immunity receptor which plays a pathogenic role during chronic inflammation and can induce HCC in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sepehri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zohre Kiani
- Zabol Medicinal Plant Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran; Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Farhad Kohan
- Student Research Committee, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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