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Kuźniewska A, Majeranowski A, Henry S, Kowalska D, Stasiłojć G, Urban A, Zaucha JM, Okrój M. The Acquisition of Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity by the Type II Anti-CD20 Therapeutic Antibody Obinutuzumab. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:49. [PMID: 38201478 PMCID: PMC10778491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rituximab, a prototypic anti-CD20 mAb, and the third-generation anti-CD20 mAb obinutuzumab differ in their ability to activate the complement system. According to recent studies, this contrast stems from the architecture of the antigen-antibody complex formed by these two mAbs that facilitates (rituximab) or disables (obinutuzumab) further oligomerization, leading to engagement of the initial classical complement pathway component C1q. We examined whether a gain-of-function C2 variant that acts downstream of C1q and enforces the formation of complement convertase resistant to physiological decay can impact complement activation by obinutuzumab. Co-application of the C2 variant with obinutuzumab and human serum resulted in complement-dependent cytotoxicity equal to or higher than attainable for rituximab. This effect was observed either in serum or hirudin-anticoagulated whole blood. Long-term (24 h) overall cytotoxicity of obinutuzumab was improved in target cells of moderate sensitivity to complement but diminished in cells of low sensitivity. Our results demonstrate that the ability of complement activation of a given antibody is not ultimately determined at the stage of initial interactions with its target antigen but is modulable at later stages of the cascade and that the benefit of the acquisition of this new effector mechanism by obinutuzumab depends on the target cell characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kuźniewska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Alan Majeranowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Sara Henry
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Daria Kowalska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Jan M. Zaucha
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marcin Okrój
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
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2
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Bondza S, Ten Broeke T, Nestor M, Leusen JHW, Buijs J. Bivalent binding on cells varies between anti-CD20 antibodies and is dose-dependent. MAbs 2021; 12:1792673. [PMID: 32744151 PMCID: PMC7531561 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1792673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on their mechanism of action, two types of anti-CD20 antibodies are distinguished: Type I, which efficiently mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and Type II, which instead are more efficient in inducing direct cell death. Several molecular characteristics of these antibodies have been suggested to underlie these different biological functions, one of these being the manner of binding to CD20 expressed on malignant B cells. However, the exact binding model on cells is unclear. In this study, the binding mechanism of the Type I therapeutic antibodies rituximab (RTX) and ofatumumab (OFA) and the Type II antibody obinutuzumab (OBI) were established by real-time interaction analysis on live cells. It was found that the degree of bivalent stabilization differed for the antibodies: OFA was stabilized the most, followed by RTX and then OBI, which had the least amount of bivalent stabilization. Bivalency inversely correlated with binding dynamics for the antibodies, with OBI displaying the most dynamic binding pattern, followed by RTX and OFA. For RTX and OBI, bivalency and binding dynamics were concentration dependent; at higher concentrations the interactions were more dynamic, whereas the percentage of antibodies that bound bivalent was less, resulting in concentration-dependent apparent affinities. This was barely noticeable for OFA, as almost all molecules bound bivalently at the tested concentrations. We conclude that the degree of bivalent binding positively correlates with the complement recruiting capacity of the investigated CD20 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bondza
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Toine Ten Broeke
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Current: Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marika Nestor
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Buijs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB , Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Sivori S, Meazza R, Quintarelli C, Carlomagno S, Della Chiesa M, Falco M, Moretta L, Locatelli F, Pende D. NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Hematological Malignancies. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1702. [PMID: 31623224 PMCID: PMC6832127 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are an integral component of the innate immune system and represent important effector cells in cancer immunotherapy, particularly in the control of hematological malignancies. Refined knowledge of NK cellular and molecular biology has fueled the interest in NK cell-based antitumor therapies, and recent efforts have been made to exploit the high potential of these cells in clinical practice. Infusion of high numbers of mature NK cells through the novel graft manipulation based on the selective depletion of T cells and CD19+ B cells has resulted into an improved outcome in children with acute leukemia given human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation. Likewise, adoptive transfer of purified third-party NK cells showed promising results in patients with myeloid malignancies. Strategies based on the use of cytokines or monoclonal antibodies able to induce and optimize NK cell activation, persistence, and expansion also represent a novel field of investigation with remarkable perspectives of favorably impacting on outcome of patients with hematological neoplasia. In addition, preliminary results suggest that engineering of mature NK cells through chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs deserve further investigation, with the goal of obtaining an "off-the-shelf" NK cell bank that may serve many different recipients for granting an efficient antileukemia activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy (S.C.); (M.D.C.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaella Meazza
- Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.Q.); (F.L.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy (S.C.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Mariella Della Chiesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy (S.C.); (M.D.C.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy; (C.Q.); (F.L.)
- Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
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Jiménez Morales A, Maldonado-Montoro M, Martínez de la Plata JE, Pérez Ramírez C, Daddaoua A, Alarcón Payer C, Expósito Ruiz M, García Collado C. FCGR2A/FCGR3A Gene Polymorphisms and Clinical Variables as Predictors of Response to Tocilizumab and Rituximab in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 59:517-531. [PMID: 30457672 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of clinical, biochemical, and genetic factors on response in 142 patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, of whom 87 patients were treated with tocilizumab (61.26%) and 55 patients were treated with rituximab (38.7%;) according to the variables European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response, remission, low disease activity, and improvement in Disease Activity Score, 28 joints (DAS28) at 6, 12, and 18 months. A retrospective prospective cohort study was conducted. Patients carrying the FCGR3A rs396991-TT genotype treated with tocilizumab showed higher EULAR response (OR, 5.075; 95%CI, 1.20-21.33; P = .027) at 12 months, those who were naive for biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) at the beginning of treatment showed satisfactory EULAR response, higher remission, and greater improvement in DAS28 at 6 months. Younger age at start of tocilizumab treatment was associated with satisfactory EULAR response at 18 months and greater remission at 6 and 18 months. Subcutaneous tocilizumab administration was associated with higher remission at 6 months and improved low disease activity rate at 12 months. In patients treated with rituximab, carriers of the FCGR2A rs1801274-TT genotype had higher EULAR response at 6 months (OR, 4.861; 95%CI, 1.11-21.12; P = .035), 12 months (OR, 4.667; p = 0.066, 95%CI, 0.90-24.12; P = .066), and 18 months (OR, 2.487; 95%CI, 0.35-17.31; P = .357), higher remission (OR: 10.625; p = 0.044, CI95% : 1.07, 105.47) at 6 months, and greater improvement in DAS28 at 12 months (B = 0.782; 95%CI, -0.15 to 1.71; P = .098) and 18 months (B = 1.414; 95%CI, 0.19-2.63; P = .025). The FCGR3A rs396991-G allele was associated with improved low disease activity rate (OR, 4.904; 95%CI, 0.84-28.48; P = .077) and greater improvement in DAS28 (B = -1.083; 95%CI, -1.98 to -0.18; P = .021) at 18 months. Patients with a lower number of previous biological therapies had higher remission at 12 months. We suggest that the FCGR3A rs396991-TT genotype, higher baseline value of DAS28, subcutaneous tocilizumab administration, younger age at the beginning of treatment, and being bDMARD naive are associated with better response to tocilizumab. In patients treated with rituximab, we found better response in those patients with the FCGR2A rs1801274-TT genotype, the FCGR3A rs396991-G allele, and lower number of previous biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jiménez Morales
- Pharmacy Service, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Mar Maldonado-Montoro
- Pharmacy Service, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Pérez Ramírez
- Pharmacy Service, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Abdelali Daddaoua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carolina Alarcón Payer
- Pharmacy Service, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuela Expósito Ruiz
- Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Investigación Biosanitaria de Andalucía Oriental "Alejandro Otero" (FIBAO), University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos García Collado
- Pharmacy Service, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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5
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Meyer S, Evers M, Jansen JHM, Buijs J, Broek B, Reitsma SE, Moerer P, Amini M, Kretschmer A, Ten Broeke T, den Hartog MT, Rijke M, Klein C, Valerius T, Boross P, Leusen JHW. New insights in Type I and II CD20 antibody mechanisms-of-action with a panel of novel CD20 antibodies. Br J Haematol 2018; 180:808-820. [PMID: 29468712 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on their mechanisms-of-action, CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are grouped into Type I [complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)] and Type II [programmed cell death (PCD) and ADCC] mAbs. We generated 17 new hybridomas producing CD20 mAbs of different isotypes and determined unique heavy and light chain sequence pairs for 13 of them. We studied their epitope binding, binding kinetics and structural properties and investigated their predictive value for effector functions, i.e. PCD, CDC and ADCC. Peptide mapping and CD20 mutant screens revealed that 10 out of these 11 new mAbs have an overlapping epitope with the prototypic Type I mAb rituximab, albeit that distinct amino acids of the CD20 molecule contributed differently. Binding kinetics did not correlate with the striking differences in CDC activity among the mIgG2c mAbs. Interestingly, chimerization of mAb m1 resulted in a mAb displaying both Type I and II characteristics. PCD induction was lost upon introduction of a mutation in the framework of the heavy chain affecting the elbow angle, supporting that structural changes within this region can affect functional activities of CD20 mAbs. Together, these new CD20 mAbs provide further insights in the properties dictating the functional efficacy of CD20 mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Meyer
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell Evers
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H M Jansen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Buijs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Blanca Broek
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie E Reitsma
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Moerer
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mojtaba Amini
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Kretschmer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Toine Ten Broeke
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Boross
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Stasiłojć G, Felberg A, Okrój M. Parameters critical for the effector mechanism of anti-CD20 antibodies revisited. Br J Haematol 2018; 180:777-779. [PMID: 29411875 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Felberg
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Okrój
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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7
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Lee SY, Olsen P, Lee DH, Kenoyer AL, Budde LE, O’Steen S, Green DJ, Heimfeld S, Jensen MC, Riddell SR, Press OW, Till BG. Preclinical Optimization of a CD20-specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor Vector and Culture Conditions. J Immunother 2018; 41:19-31. [PMID: 29176334 PMCID: PMC5759780 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based adoptive T-cell therapy is a highly promising treatment for lymphoid malignancies, and CD20 is an ideal target antigen. We previously developed a lentiviral construct encoding a third generation CD20-targeted CAR but identified several features that required additional optimization before clinical translation. We describe here several improvements, including replacement of the immunogenic murine antigen-binding moiety with a fully human domain, streamlining the transgene insert to enhance lentiviral titers, modifications to the extracellular IgG spacer that abrogate nonspecific activation resulting from binding to Fc receptors, and evaluation of CD28, 4-1BB, or CD28 and 4-1BB costimulatory domains. We also found that restimulation of CAR T cells with an irradiated CD20 cell line boosted cell growth, increased the fraction of CAR-expressing cells, and preserved in vivo function despite leading to a reduced capacity for cytokine secretion in vitro. We also found that cryopreservation of CAR T cells did not affect immunophenotype or in vivo antitumor activity compared with fresh cells. These optimization steps resulted in significant improvement in antitumor activity in mouse models, resulting in eradication of established systemic lymphoma tumors in 75% of mice with a single infusion of CAR T cells, and prolonged in vivo persistence of modified cells. These results provide the basis for clinical testing of a lentiviral construct encoding a fully human CD20-targeted CAR with CD28 and 4-1BB costimulatory domains and truncated CD19 (tCD19) transduction marker.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/therapy
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/genetics
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yun Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Philip Olsen
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Aimee L. Kenoyer
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Shyril O’Steen
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Damian J. Green
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Shelly Heimfeld
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael C. Jensen
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Stanley R. Riddell
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Oliver W. Press
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Brian G. Till
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Foltz IN, Gunasekaran K, King CT. Discovery and bio-optimization of human antibody therapeutics using the XenoMouse® transgenic mouse platform. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:51-64. [PMID: 26864104 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, the use of transgenic animal platforms has transformed the discovery of fully human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The first approved therapy derived from a transgenic platform--the epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist panitumumab to treat advanced colorectal cancer--was developed using XenoMouse(®) technology. Since its approval in 2006, the science of discovering and developing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies derived from the XenoMouse(®) platform has advanced considerably. The emerging array of antibody therapeutics developed using transgenic technologies is expected to include antibodies and antibody fragments with novel mechanisms of action and extreme potencies. In addition to these impressive functional properties, these antibodies will be designed to have superior biophysical properties that enable highly efficient large-scale manufacturing methods. Achieving these new heights in antibody drug discovery will ultimately bring better medicines to patients. Here, we review best practices for the discovery and bio-optimization of monoclonal antibodies that fit functional design goals and meet high manufacturing standards.
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9
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Gillissen M, Yasuda E, de Jong G, Levie S, Go D, Spits H, van Helden P, Hazenberg M. The modified FACS calcein AM retention assay: A high throughput flow cytometer based method to measure cytotoxicity. J Immunol Methods 2016; 434:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Habibi-Anbouhi M, Azadmanesh K, Behdani M, Hajizadeh-Saffar E, Vahabpour R, Shokrgozar MA. Development and Characterization of a New Antipeptide Monoclonal Antibody Directed to Human CD20 Antigen. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2016; 30:310-6. [PMID: 26352927 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2015.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion of immunotherapeutic approaches for treatment of various diseases, including cancers, has been greatly facilitated by the invention of new generation of antibodies. Clinical studies have indicated that anti-CD20 mAb-based therapies represent an effective treatment for various diseases with overexpression of CD20 on their cell surface, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, hemolytic anemia, as well as autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Technically, due to a short extra membrane domain, the recombinant CD20 protein is a difficult antigen to raise immune responses. In search for new monoclonal antibodies, the authors used an antigenic polypeptide, which yielded numbers of new binders that may lead to production of anti-CD20 antibodies, with improved diagnostic or clinical attributes. Mice were immunized with extra membrane loop of human CD20 (exCD20) polypeptide. The exCD20 antigen showed a desired immune response and was able to develop a monoclonal antibody, 3B4C10, which reacted well with peptide antigen as well as native antigen on the surface of Raji B-cell line. The antibody 3B4C10 with a balanced K(on) and K(off) may be applicable in the construction of affinity columns or beads for isolation and purification of CD20-positive cells and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahdi Behdani
- 3 Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Hajizadeh-Saffar
- 4 Department of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology , ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Vahabpour
- 5 Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
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Rufener GA, Press OW, Olsen P, Lee SY, Jensen MC, Gopal AK, Pender B, Budde LE, Rossow JK, Green DJ, Maloney DG, Riddell SR, Till BG. Preserved Activity of CD20-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Expressing T Cells in the Presence of Rituximab. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:509-19. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Hsiao SC, Liu H, Holstlaw TA, Liu C, Francis CY, Francis MB. Real time assays for quantifying cytotoxicity with single cell resolution. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66739. [PMID: 23826123 PMCID: PMC3691166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new live cell-based assay platform has been developed for the determination of complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and overall cytotoxicity in human whole blood. In these assays, the targeted tumor cell populations are first labeled with fluorescent Cell Tracker dyes and immobilized using a DNA-based adhesion technique. This allows the facile generation of live cell arrays that are arranged arbitrarily or in ordered rectilinear patterns. Following the addition of antibodies in combination with serum, PBMCs, or whole blood, cell death within the targeted population can be assessed by the addition of propidium iodide (PI) as a viability probe. The array is then analyzed with an automated microscopic imager. The extent of cytotoxicity can be quantified accurately by comparing the number of surviving target cells to the number of dead cells labeled with both Cell Tracker and PI. Excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility has been achieved using this method. In addition to allowing cytotoxicity analysis to be conducted in real time on a single cell basis, this new assay overcomes the need for hazardous radiochemicals. Fluorescently-labeled antibodies can be used to identify individual cells that bear the targeted receptors, but yet resist the CDC and ADCC mechanisms. This new approach also allows the use of whole blood in cytotoxicity assays, providing an assessment of antibody efficacy in a highly relevant biological mixture. Given the rapid development of new antibody-based therapeutic agents, this convenient assay platform is well-poised to streamline the drug discovery process significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonny C Hsiao
- Adheren, Inc., Berkeley, California, United States of America.
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13
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Puri V, Streaker E, Prabakaran P, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS. Highly efficient selection of epitope specific antibody through competitive yeast display library sorting. MAbs 2013; 5:533-9. [PMID: 23765162 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.25211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatory antibody library display technologies have been invented and successfully implemented for the selection and engineering of therapeutic antibodies. Precise targeting of important epitopes on the protein of interest is essential for such isolated antibodies to serve as effective modulators of molecular interactions. We developed a strategy to efficiently isolate antibodies against a specific epitope on a target protein from a yeast display antibody library using dengue virus envelope protein domain III as a model target. A domain III mutant protein with a key mutation inside a cross-reactive neutralizing epitope was designed, expressed, and used in the competitive panning of a yeast display naïve antibody library. All the yeast display antibodies that bound to the wild type domain III but not to the mutant were selectively sorted and characterized. Two unique clones were identified and showed cross-reactive binding to envelope protein domain IIIs from different serotypes. Epitope mapping of one of the antibodies confirmed that its epitope overlapped with the intended neutralizing epitope. This novel approach has implications for many areas of research where the isolation of epitope-specific antibodies is desired, such as selecting antibodies against conserved epitope(s) of viral envelope proteins from a library containing high titer, high affinity non-neutralizing antibodies, and targeting unique epitopes on cancer-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Puri
- Protein Interactions Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD USA
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Stewart R, Thom G, Levens M, Güler-Gane G, Holgate R, Rudd PM, Webster C, Jermutus L, Lund J. A variant human IgG1-Fc mediates improved ADCC. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:671-8. [PMID: 21596686 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome display was applied to the Fc region of human immunoglobulin G (IgG1) to select for improved binding to human FcγRIIIa, the receptor expressed on human natural killer cells that mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). A library of human Fcγ1 variants was generated using error-prone polymerase chain reaction, and subjected to multiple rounds of ribosome display selection against progressively decreasing concentrations of soluble human FcγRIIIa, to enrich for improved binders. Radioimmunoassay and alphascreen analyses of the aglycosylated IgG-Fc output revealed variants with improved binding to FcγRIIIa relative to wild-type IgG-Fc. Subsequent expression in human (HEK-EBNA) cells generated glycosylated IgGs with modified activity in ADCC assays. One particular variant, 125_B01 triggered enhanced ADCC (EC(50) up to four-fold reduced with increased maximal lysis) relative to wild-type antibody, having more equal levels of ADCC for each allotype (V158/F158) of FcγRIIIa. Deconvolution of individual replacements within the variant showed that improved function arose from the Phe243Leu replacement within the CH2 domain, rather than the CH3 domain replacements Thr393Ala or His433Pro. Surprisingly, the oligosaccharide profiles of 125_B01 indicated more oligosaccharide chains lacking fucose, or with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine relative to wild-type IgG1, which correlates with improved function and the replacement Phe243Leu that is a carbohydrate contact residue within the C(H)2 domain.
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15
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Patz M, Isaeva P, Forcob N, Müller B, Frenzel LP, Wendtner CM, Klein C, Umana P, Hallek M, Krause G. Comparison of the in vitro effects of the anti-CD20 antibodies rituximab and GA101 on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2010; 152:295-306. [PMID: 21155758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two CD20 antibodies, namely rituximab, the current standard for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in combination with chemotherapy, and GA101, a glyco-engineered type II antibody were compared on CLL cells ex vivo. Antibody-induced phosphatidylserine exposure was examined in isolated CLL cells. For a more comprehensive assessment of antibody-mediated cell killing including Fc-mediated mechanisms, B cell depletion from whole blood samples was monitored. Treatment with rituximab or GA101 reduced the average viability of isolated CLL cells by 6% or 11%, and the ratio of B to T cells in whole blood samples by 12% or 33%, respectively. Combination with GA101 enhanced the cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent chlorambucil on isolated CLL cells. CD20 surface expression on CLL cells correlated with GA101-induced B cell depletion, but not with direct cell death induction. Treatment of whole blood samples from CLL patients with a CpG-containing oligonucleotide increased CD20 expression on CLL cells and GA101-dependent B cell depletion. Despite the variable responses of individual CLL samples, the CLL cell depletion from whole blood by GA101 was consistently much stronger than by rituximab, which argues for clinical investigation of GA101 in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Patz
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Centre for Integrated Oncology, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Tabrizi M, Funelas C, Suria H. Application of quantitative pharmacology in development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. AAPS JOURNAL 2010; 12:592-601. [PMID: 20652780 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The advancement of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies during various stages of the drug development process can be effectively streamlined when appropriate translational strategies are applied. Design of successful translational strategies for development of monoclonal antibodies should allow for understanding of the dose- and concentration-response relationships with respect to both beneficial and toxic effects from early phases of drug development. Evaluation of relevant biomarkers during early stages of drug development should facilitate the successful design of safe and effective dosing strategies. Moreover, application of quantitative pharmacology is critical for translation of exposure-response relationships early on.
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Hammadi M, Pers JO, Berthou C, Youinou P, Bordron A. A new approach to comparing anti-CD20 antibodies: importance of the lipid rafts in their lytic efficiency. Onco Targets Ther 2010; 3:99-109. [PMID: 20616960 PMCID: PMC2895776 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s9774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The view that B lymphocytes are pathogenic in diverse pathological settings is supported by the efficacy of B-cell-ablative therapy in lymphoproliferative disorders, autoimmune diseases and graft rejection. Anti-B-cell antibodies (Abs) directed against CD20 have therefore been generated, and of these, rituximab was the first anti-CD20 monoclonal Ab (mAb) to be applied. Rituximab-mediated apoptosis, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity differ from one disease to another, and, for the same disease, from one patient to another. This knowledge has prompted the development of new anti-CD20 mAbs in the hope of improving B-cell depletion. The inclusion of CD20/anti-CD20 complexes in large lipid rafts (LRs) enhances the results of some, but not all, anti-CD20 mAbs, and it may be possible to include smaller LRs. Lipid contents of membrane may be abnormal in malignant B-cells, and could explain resistance to treatment. The function of these mAbs and the importance of LRs warrant further investigation. A detailed understanding of them will increase results for B-cell depletion in lymphoproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Hammadi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire EA2216 and IFR148, Université de Bretagne Occidentale and Université Européenne de Bretagne, BP824, 29609 Brest cedex, France
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18
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Tabrizi M, Bornstein GG, Suria H. Biodistribution mechanisms of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in health and disease. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 12:33-43. [PMID: 19924542 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody market continues to witness an impressive rate of growth and has become the leading source of expansion in the biologic segment within the pharmaceutical industry. Currently marketed monoclonal antibodies target a diverse array of antigens. These antigens are distributed in a variety of tissues such as tumors, lungs, synovial fluid, psoriatic plaques, and lymph nodes. As the concentration of drug at the proximity of the biological receptor determines the magnitude of the observed pharmacological responses, a significant consideration in effective therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies is a thorough understanding of the processes that regulate antibody biodistribution. Monoclonal antibody distribution is affected by factors such as molecular weight, blood flow, tissue and tumor heterogeneity, structure and porosity, target antigen density, turnover rate, and the target antigen expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tabrizi
- Preclinical Development, AnaptysBio, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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