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Paul S, Singh BK, Singha ER, Buragohain D, Das I, Patar A, Giri S, Giri A. A comparative account of phototoxicity of anthracene and pyrene in the tadpoles of the anuran amphibian Fejervarya limnocharis using multiple toxicological end points. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:737-749. [PMID: 38981940 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Anthracene (Anth) and pyrene (Pyr), two of the priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), being lipophilic in nature, not only accumulate in animals, but also settle in the sediment of water bodies leading to continuous exposure for animals. Anth and Pyr when exposed to sunlight can be photoactivated and have harmful effects on aquatic organisms. A comparative analysis was carried out to assess the acute, sub-chronic, genetic and biochemical toxicity of Anth and Pyr in F. limnocharis tadpoles following short exposures to sunlight on a daily basis. In the bioaccumulation studies, it was found that both Anth and Pyr accumulated in the tadpole tissues in a concentration and time dependent manner. The LC50 values for Anth (under 15 min of daily sunlight exposure) were found to be 2.87, 2.59, 2.28, 1.80 mg/L at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of the exposures. The corresponding LC50 values for Pyr were 1.03, 0.80, 0.62, 0.42 mg/L. Sublethal exposure of Anth and Pyr affected the survivality, time to metamorphosis as well as morphometric parameters under sunlight exposure. In the genotoxicity assessment studies, particularly the micronucleus test and comet assay, it was found that Pyr led to a higher incidence of micronucleus formation and DNA damage in comparison to Anth. The exposure to PAHs resulted in significant changes in the activity of antioxidant-mediated protective response, specifically the SOD activity, which varied between the groups treated with Anth and Pyr. On the other hand, Pyr treated group showed a higher level of GSH as compared to Anth treated groups. Moreover, the elevation in MDA level in the Anth and Pyr treated groups suggests an increase in lipid peroxidation. Future research should focus on understanding the ecotoxicological risk faced by anuran amphibia due to PAHs that frequently occur in aquatic environments and developing strategies to mitigate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagorika Paul
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Bishal Kumar Singh
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Erom Romi Singha
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | | | - Indranil Das
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Arabinda Patar
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Anirudha Giri
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India.
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Kane Driscoll S, Kulacki K, Marzooghi S. A Review of the Literature on Potential Effects of Runoff from Refined Coal-Tar-Based Sealant Coating on Aquatic Organisms. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 16:17-27. [PMID: 31469226 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pavement sealants are frequently applied to parking lots and driveways to improve their appearance and protect the integrity of the underlying asphalt. We performed a comprehensive literature review to summarize the potential impacts of refined coal-tar-based sealant (RCTS) runoff to aquatic organisms and to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the lines of evidence presented in the literature. The studies reviewed included both laboratory and field exposures, with and without exposure to UV light, and measured effects on multiple endpoints associated with bacteria, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish. Several studies demonstrated that constituents in RCTS runoff can affect survival, growth, behavior, development, and molecular responses of aquatic organisms in controlled laboratory settings. However, translating effects observed in the laboratory to field settings, where runoff is diluted and constituents interact with particulate and dissolved stream constituents (e.g., organic matter), has proven difficult. In this review, we identify the strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature and provide recommendations for study designs and methods to fill the most critical data gaps in understanding the risk of this material to aquatic organisms. Our review highlights the need for environmentally relevant study designs that demonstrate cause-effect relationships under field conditions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:1-11. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Solmaz Marzooghi
- Exponent, Maynard, Massachusetts, USA
- Present address:, California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, California, USA
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3
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Eakin C, Calhoun AJK, Hunter ML. Indicators of wood frog (
Lithobates sylvaticus
) condition in a suburbanizing landscape. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carly Eakin
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
| | - Aram J. K. Calhoun
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
| | - Malcolm L. Hunter
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
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Masoner JR, Kolpin DW, Cozzarelli IM, Barber LB, Burden DS, Foreman WT, Forshay KJ, Furlong ET, Groves JF, Hladik ML, Hopton ME, Jaeschke JB, Keefe SH, Krabbenhoft DP, Lowrance R, Romanok KM, Rus DL, Selbig WR, Williams BH, Bradley PM. Urban Stormwater: An Overlooked Pathway of Extensive Mixed Contaminants to Surface and Groundwaters in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10070-10081. [PMID: 31432661 PMCID: PMC7370854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing global reliance on stormwater control measures to reduce discharge to surface water, increase groundwater recharge, and minimize contaminant delivery to receiving waterbodies necessitates improved understanding of stormwater-contaminant profiles. A multiagency study of organic and inorganic chemicals in urban stormwater from 50 runoff events at 21 sites across the United States demonstrated that stormwater transports substantial mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bioactive contaminants (pesticides and pharmaceuticals), and other organic chemicals known or suspected to pose environmental health concern. Numerous organic-chemical detections per site (median number of chemicals detected = 73), individual concentrations exceeding 10 000 ng/L, and cumulative concentrations up to 263 000 ng/L suggested concern for potential environmental effects during runoff events. Organic concentrations, loads, and yields were positively correlated with impervious surfaces and highly developed urban catchments. Episodic storm-event organic concentrations and loads were comparable to and often exceeded those of daily wastewater plant discharges. Inorganic chemical concentrations were generally dilute in concentration and did not exceed chronic aquatic life criteria. Methylmercury was measured in 90% of samples with concentrations that ranged from 0.05 to 1.0 ng/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Masoner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73116, United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | | | - Larry B. Barber
- U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - David S. Burden
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | | | - Kenneth J. Forshay
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | | | - Justin F. Groves
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | | | - Matthew E. Hopton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | | | | | | | - Richard Lowrance
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | | | - David L. Rus
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lincoln, Nebraska 68512, United States
| | | | | | - Paul M. Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
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5
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Abstract
Induction of micronucleus (MN) expression is a well-validated biomarker of genotoxic exposure in eukaryotic cells and is widely used in biomonitoring programs. The presence of permeable skin, which facilitates toxicant exposure and local abundance, is among the characteristics that make amphibians good indicators of ecosystem health. The presence of large nucleated erythrocytes, which divide in the circulation, makes amphibian erythrocytes an ideal target tissue to detect genotoxin exposure using the MN assay. Published literature have highlighted the promising prospects of using the amphibian MN assay as a sensitive biomonitoring tool for water quality assessment to detect potential genotoxins. The present chapter provides the basic outline of the amphibian MN assay and highlights its use in genotoxicity testing in experimental and biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudha Giri
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University Silchar 788011 Assam India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University Silchar 788011 Assam India
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Impact of solar UV radiation on amphibians: focus on genotoxic stress. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 842:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bowman DT, Jobst KJ, Helm PA, Kleywegt S, Diamond ML. Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Commercial Pavement Sealcoat Products for Enhanced Source Apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3157-3165. [PMID: 30753781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coal tar-based sealcoat (CTSC) products are an urban source of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) to the environment. However, efforts to assess the environmental fate and impacts of CTSC-derived PACs are hindered by the ubiquity of (routinely monitored) PACs released from other environmental sources. To advance source identification of CTSC-derived PACs, we use comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC × GC/HRMS) to characterize the major and minor components of CTSC products in comparison to those in other sources of PACs, viz., asphalt-based sealcoat products, diesel particulate, diesel fuel, used motor oil and roofing shingles. GC × GC/HRMS analyses of CTSC products led to the confident assignment of compounds with 88 unique elemental compositions, which includes a set of 240 individual PACs. Visualization of the resulting profiles using Kendrick mass defect plots and hierarchical cluster analysis highlighted compositional differences between the sources. Profiles of alkylated PAHs, and heteroatomic (N, O, S) PACs enabled greater specificity in source differentiation. Isomers of specific polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (PANHs) were diagnostic for coal tar-derived PAC sources. The compounds identified and methods used for this identification are anticipated to aid in future efforts on risk assessment and source apportionment of PACs in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Bowman
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , 22 Russell Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3B1 , Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks , 125 Resources Road , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4M1 , Canada
| | - Paul A Helm
- Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks , 125 Resources Road , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
- School of the Environment , University of Toronto , 33 Willcocks Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E8 , Canada
| | - Sonya Kleywegt
- Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks , 125 Resources Road , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , 22 Russell Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3B1 , Canada
- School of the Environment , University of Toronto , 33 Willcocks Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E8 , Canada
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8
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Gardner S, Cline G, Mwebi N, Rayburn J. Natural tissue concentrations in adult Ambystoma maculatum and larval DNA damage from exposure to arsenic and chromium. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:512-524. [PMID: 29617195 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1455611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) are two contaminants that are detected in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Using the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum, to assess impacts from these contaminants may be advantageous as adults live and breed in such environments. Adult amphibians typically exhibit elevated tissue concentrations of contaminants present in their environment, while larval stages were found to exhibit increased sensitivity to pollutants. From January through March of 2015, during the spring breeding season, 5 adults and approximately 32 egg masses were collected from a local breeding site. Field levels of As and Cr ranged from 5.99 to 8.88 µg/L and 1.45 to 2 µg/L, respectively, while mean adult As tissue concentrations were 56.74 µg/g dry weight for heart, 0.92 µg/g for liver, and 1.21 µg/g for tail tissue. Mean tissue concentrations for Cr were 87.64 µg/g for heart, 1.47 µg/g for liver, and 6.92 µg/g for tail. Developing larvae that were collected from the field and exposed in a lab setting for 12 d to 0.2 or 20 mg/L of either As or Cr displayed little DNA damage attributed to As, but marked damage due to exposure to 20 mg/L Cr when assessed using the comet assay. Exposure to a mixture of either 0.25:0.1 or 25:10 mg/L As and Cr resulted in significant DNA damage at the lower concentration of 0.25:0.1 mg/L. As adult spotted salamanders were found to possess high concentrations of these contaminants in cardiac tissue, and larvae were shown to be susceptible to DNA damage from increased exposures, assessing impacts and potential declines of amphibian populations exposed to As and Cr is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Gardner
- a Department of Biology , Jacksonville State University , Jacksonville , AL , USA
| | - George Cline
- a Department of Biology , Jacksonville State University , Jacksonville , AL , USA
| | - Nixon Mwebi
- b Department of Chemistry and Geosciences , Jacksonville State University , Jacksonville , AL , USA
| | - James Rayburn
- a Department of Biology , Jacksonville State University , Jacksonville , AL , USA
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9
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Baldwin AK, Corsi SR, Lutz MA, Ingersoll CG, Dorman R, Magruder C, Magruder M. Primary sources and toxicity of PAHs in Milwaukee-area streambed sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1622-1635. [PMID: 27883232 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in streams can be a significant stressor to aquatic organisms. To understand the likely sources and toxicity of PAHs in Milwaukee-area streams, streambed sediment samples from 40 sites and parking lot dust samples from 6 sites were analyzed for 38 parent PAHs and 25 alkylated PAHs. Diagnostic ratios, profile correlations, principal components analysis, source-receptor modeling, and mass fractions analysis were used to identify potential PAH sources to streambed sediment samples, and land-use analysis was used to relate streambed sediment PAH concentrations to different urban-related land uses. On the basis of this multiple lines-of-evidence approach, coal-tar pavement sealant was indicated as the primary source of PAHs in a majority of streambed sediment samples, contributing an estimated 77% of total PAHs to samples, on average. Comparison with the probable effect concentrations and (or) the equilibrium partitioning sediment benchmark indicates that 78% of stream sediment samples are likely to cause adverse effects to benthic organisms. Laboratory toxicity tests on a 16-sample subset of the streambed sites using the amphipod Hyalella azteca (28-d) and the midge Chironomus dilutus (10-d) measured significant reductions in 1 or more biological endpoints, including survival, in 75% of samples, with H. azteca more responsive than C. dilutus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1622-1635. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Magruder
- Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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10
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Kienzler A, Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC, Schweigert N, Devaux A, Bony S. Exposure to runoff from coal-tar-sealed pavement induces genotoxicity and impairment of DNA repair capacity in the RTL-W1 fish liver cell line. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 520:73-80. [PMID: 25795989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coal-tar-based (CTB) sealcoat, frequently applied to parking lots and driveways in North America, contains elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related compounds. The RTL-W1 fish liver cell line was used to investigate two endpoints (genotoxicity and DNA-repair-capacity impairment) associated with exposure to runoff from asphalt pavement with CTB sealcoat or with an asphalt-based sealcoat hypothesized to contain about 7% CTB sealcoat (AS-blend). Genotoxic potential was assessed by the Formamido pyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg)-modified comet assay for 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions of runoff samples collected from 5 h to 36 d following sealcoat application. DNA-repair capacity was assessed by the base excision repair comet assay for 1:10 dilution of samples collected 26 h and 36 d following application. Both assays were run with and without co-exposure to ultraviolet-A radiation (UVA). With co-exposure to UVA, genotoxic effects were significant for both dilutions of CTB runoff for three of four sample times, and for some samples of AS-blend runoff. Base excision repair was significantly impaired for CTB runoff both with and without UVA exposure, and for AS-blend runoff only in the absence of UVA. This study is the first to investigate the effects of exposure to the complex mixture of chemicals in coal tar on DNA repair capacity. The results indicate that co-exposure to runoff from CT-sealcoated pavement and UVA as much as a month after sealcoat application has the potential to cause genotoxicity and impair DNA repair capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Kienzler
- Université de Lyon, UMR LEHNA 5023, USC INRA, ENTPE, rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France.
| | - Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States.
| | - Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States.
| | - Nathalie Schweigert
- Université de Lyon, UMR LEHNA 5023, USC INRA, ENTPE, rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France
| | - Alain Devaux
- Université de Lyon, UMR LEHNA 5023, USC INRA, ENTPE, rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France.
| | - Sylvie Bony
- Université de Lyon, UMR LEHNA 5023, USC INRA, ENTPE, rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France.
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11
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Mahler BJ, Ingersoll CG, Van Metre PC, Kunz JL, Little EE. Acute toxicity of runoff from sealcoated pavement to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5060-5069. [PMID: 25860716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Runoff from coal-tar-based (CT) sealcoated pavement is a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and N-heterocycles to surface waters. We investigated acute toxicity of simulated runoff collected from 5 h to 111 days after application of CT sealcoat and from 4 h to 36 days after application of asphalt-based sealcoat containing about 7% CT sealcoat (AS/CT-blend). Ceriodaphnia dubia (cladocerans) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) were exposed in the laboratory to undiluted and 1:10 diluted runoff for 48 h, then transferred to control water and exposed to 4 h of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Mortality following exposure to undiluted runoff from unsealed asphalt pavement and UVR was ≤10% in all treatments. Test organisms exposed to undiluted CT runoff samples collected during the 3 days (C. dubia) or 36 days (P. promelas) following sealcoat application experienced 100% mortality prior to UVR exposure; with UVR exposure, mortality was 100% for runoff collected across the entire sampling period. Phototoxic-equivalent PAH concentrations and mortality demonstrated an exposure-response relation. The results indicate that runoff remains acutely toxic for weeks to months after CT sealcoat application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mahler
- †U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, Texas 78754, United States
| | | | - Peter C Van Metre
- †U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, Texas 78754, United States
| | - James L Kunz
- ‡U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Rd., Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Edward E Little
- ‡U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Rd., Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
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12
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Colton MD, Kwok KWH, Brandon JA, Warren IH, Ryde IT, Cooper EM, Hinton DE, Rittschof D, Meyer JN. Developmental toxicity and DNA damage from exposure to parking lot runoff retention pond samples in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 99:117-24. [PMID: 24816191 PMCID: PMC4309550 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Parking lot runoff retention ponds (PLRRP) receive significant chemical input, but the biological effects of parking lot runoff are not well understood. We used the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a model to study the toxicity of water and sediment samples from a PLRRP in Morehead City, NC. Medaka exposed in ovo to a dilution series of PLRRP water had increased odds of death before hatching, but not teratogenesis or delayed hatching. Next, we adapted a long-amplicon quantitative PCR (LA-QPCR) assay for DNA damage for use with the Japanese medaka. We employed LA-QPCR to test the hypotheses that PLRRP water and sediments would cause nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage with and without full-spectrum, natural solar radiation. Fluoranthene with and without natural sunlight was a positive control for phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced DNA damage. Fluoranthene exposure did not result in detectable DNA damage by itself, but in combination with sunlight caused significant DNA damage to both genomes. PLRRP samples caused DNA damage to both genomes, and this was not increased by sunlight exposure, suggesting the DNA damage was unlikely the result of PAH phototoxicity. We report for the first time that PLRRP-associated pollutants cause both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage, and that fluoranthene-mediated phototoxicity results in similar levels of damage to the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. These effects may be especially significant in sensitive marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryl D Colton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States.
| | - Kevin W H Kwok
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jennifer A Brandon
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States
| | - Isaac H Warren
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States
| | - Ian T Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States; Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States
| | - Ellen M Cooper
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States
| | - David E Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States; Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States; Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States
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Van Metre PC, Mahler BJ. PAH concentrations in lake sediment decline following ban on coal-tar-based pavement sealants in Austin, Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7222-7228. [PMID: 24930435 DOI: 10.1021/es405691q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have concluded that coal-tar-based pavement sealants are a major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban settings in large parts of the United States. In 2006, Austin, TX, became the first jurisdiction in the U.S. to ban the use of coal-tar sealants. We evaluated the effect of Austin's ban by analyzing PAHs in sediment cores and bottom-sediment samples collected in 1998, 2000, 2001, 2012, and 2014 from Lady Bird Lake, the principal receiving water body for Austin urban runoff. The sum concentration of the 16 EPA Priority Pollutant PAHs (∑PAH16) in dated core intervals and surficial bottom-sediment samples collected from sites in the lower lake declined about 44% from 1998-2005 to 2006-2014 (means of 7980 and 4500 μg kg(-1), respectively), and by 2012-2014, the decline was about 58% (mean of 3320 μg kg(-1)). Concentrations of ∑PAH16 in bottom sediment from two of three mid-lake sites decreased by about 71 and 35% from 2001 to 2014. Concentrations at a third site increased by about 14% from 2001 to 2014. The decreases since 2006 reverse a 40-year (1959-1998) upward trend. Despite declines in PAH concentrations, PAH profiles and source-receptor modeling results indicate that coal-tar sealants remain the largest PAH source to the lake, implying that PAH concentrations likely will continue to decline as stocks of previously applied sealant gradually become depleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, Texas 78754, United States
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14
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Crane JL. Source apportionment and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, risk considerations, and management implications for urban stormwater pond sediments in Minnesota, USA. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 66:176-200. [PMID: 24310205 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are accumulating in many urban stormwater ponds in Minnesota, resulting in either expensive disposal of the excavated sediment or deferred maintenance by economically challenged municipalities. Fifteen stormwater ponds in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN, metropolitan area were studied to determine sources of PAHs to bed sediments through the application of several environmental forensic techniques, including a contaminant mass balance receptor model. The model results were quite robust and indicated that coal tar-based sealant (CT-sealant) particulate washoff and dust sources were the most important sources of PAHs (67.1%), followed by vehicle-related sources (29.5%), and pine wood combustion particles (3.4%). The distribution of 34 parent and alkylated PAHs was also evaluated regarding ancillary measurements of black carbon, total organic carbon, and particle size classes. None of these parameters were significantly different based on major land-use classifications (i.e., residential, commercial, and industrial) for pond watersheds. PAH contamination in three stormwater ponds was high enough to present a risk to benthic invertebrates, whereas nine ponds exceeded human health risk-based benchmarks that would prompt more expensive disposal of dredged sediment. The State of Minnesota has been addressing the broader issue of PAH-contaminated stormwater ponds by encouraging local municipalities to ban CT-sealants (29 in all) and to promote pollution prevention alternatives to businesses and homeowners, such as switching to asphalt-based sealants. A statewide CT-sealant ban was recently enacted. Other local and regional jurisdictions may benefit from using Minnesota's approach where CT-sealants are still used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Crane
- Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, MN, 55155-4194, USA,
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Williams ES, Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC. Cancer risk from incidental ingestion exposures to PAHs associated with coal-tar-sealed pavement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23181746 DOI: 10.1021/es303371t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent (2009-10) studies documented significantly higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in settled house dust in living spaces and soil adjacent to parking lots sealed with coal-tar-based products. To date, no studies have examined the potential human health effects of PAHs from these products in dust and soil. Here we present the results of an analysis of potential cancer risk associated with incidental ingestion exposures to PAHs in settings near coal-tar-sealed pavement. Exposures to benzo[a]pyrene equivalents were characterized across five scenarios. The central tendency estimate of excess cancer risk resulting from lifetime exposures to soil and dust from nondietary ingestion in these settings exceeded 1 × 10(-4), as determined using deterministic and probabilistic methods. Soil was the primary driver of risk, but according to probabilistic calculations, reasonable maximum exposure to affected house dust in the first 6 years of life was sufficient to generate an estimated excess lifetime cancer risk of 6 × 10(-5). Our results indicate that the presence of coal-tar-based pavement sealants is associated with significant increases in estimated excess lifetime cancer risk for nearby residents. Much of this calculated excess risk arises from exposures to PAHs in early childhood (i.e., 0-6 years of age).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spencer Williams
- Baylor University, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, Texas 76798-7178, USA.
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16
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Mahler BJ, Metre PCV, Crane JL, Watts AW, Scoggins M, Williams ES. Coal-tar-based pavement sealcoat and PAHs: implications for the environment, human health, and stormwater management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3039-45. [PMID: 22296333 PMCID: PMC3308201 DOI: 10.1021/es203699x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Coal-tar-based sealcoat products, widely used in the central and eastern U.S. on parking lots, driveways, and even playgrounds, are typically 20-35% coal-tar pitch, a known human carcinogen that contains about 200 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. Research continues to identify environmental compartments-including stormwater runoff, lake sediment, soil, house dust, and most recently, air-contaminated by PAHs from coal-tar-based sealcoat and to demonstrate potential risks to biological communities and human health. In many cases, the levels of contamination associated with sealed pavement are striking relative to levels near unsealed pavement: PAH concentrations in air over pavement with freshly applied coal-tar-based sealcoat, for example, were hundreds to thousands of times higher than those in air over unsealed pavement. Even a small amount of sealcoated pavement can be the dominant source of PAHs to sediment in stormwater-retention ponds; proper disposal of such PAH-contaminated sediment can be extremely costly. Several local governments, the District of Columbia, and the State of Washington have banned use of these products, and several national and regional hardware and home-improvement retailers have voluntarily ceased selling them.
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Watts AW, Ballestero TP, Roseen RM, Houle JP. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in stormwater runoff from sealcoated pavements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8849-8854. [PMID: 21047119 DOI: 10.1021/es102059r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Coal-tar based sealcoat has been identified as a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. This study measured the long-term release of PAHs in parking lot runoff and found that the presence of coal tar sealant increased the mass of PAHs released in runoff by over an order of magnitude. PAH concentrations in stormwater from two coal tar sealed parking lots and one unsealed parking lot (control) were monitored over a two-year period. The measured flow volume and concentrations were used to calculate a mass of 9.8-10.8 kg total Σ16 PAHs per hectare exported in stormwater runoff from the two sealed parking lots and 0.34 kg total Σ16 PAHs per hectare from the unsealed control. The study also measured sediment PAH concentration changes in a receiving drainage and found that even partial coverage of a drainage area by coal tar sealant resulted in measurable increases in PAH sediment concentrations; PAH concentrations in sediment in a stormwater swale receiving runoff from both sealed and unsealed lots increased near the outfall from less than 4 mg/kg prior to sealing to 95.7 mg/kg after sealing. Compound ratio plots and principal components analysis were examined and were able to clearly differentiate between pre- and postsealant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison W Watts
- University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03856, United States.
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Bommarito T, Sparling DW, Halbrook RS. Toxicity of coal-tar and asphalt sealants to eastern newts, Notophthalmus viridescens. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:187-193. [PMID: 20696464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Between 1970 and 2000 the concentration of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAH) in several lakes across the country increased whereas those of other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) tended to remain stable or declined. Urbanized watersheds experienced greater rises in TPAH concentration compared to non-urban lakes. Sources for urban PAHs include industrial wastes, vehicular exhausts and oil leaks and sealants from pavement surfaces. Both coal-tar and asphalt sealants are used to protect surfaces but runoff from surfaces coated with coal-tar can have mean concentrations of 3500 mg TPAHs kg(-1), much higher than runoff from asphalt-sealed or cement surfaces. Unaltered parent compounds of PAHs can have many lethal and sublethal toxic effects, but oxidation and UV radiation can alter the toxicity of these compounds, sometimes creating degradates that are many times more toxic than parent compounds. The purposes of this study were to determine if coal-tar sealants can be toxic to adult eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) and to compare the toxicity of coal-tar sealant to that of asphalt sealant. Newts were exposed to sediments containing dried sealants ranging from 0 mg kg(-1) to 1500 mg kg(-1) under simultaneous exposure to UV radiation and visible light to determine concentration/response relationships. No significant mortality occurred with any treatment. Significant effects due to sealants included decreased righting ability and diminished liver enzyme activities. Coal-tar sealant was more effective in inducing these changes than was asphalt sealant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bommarito
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, MS 6504, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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