1
|
Spencer PS, Valdes Angues R, Palmer VS. Nodding syndrome: A role for environmental biotoxins that dysregulate MECP2 expression? J Neurol Sci 2024; 462:123077. [PMID: 38850769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Nodding syndrome is an epileptic encephalopathy associated with neuroinflammation and tauopathy. This initially pediatric brain disease, which has some clinical overlap with Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) Duplication Syndrome, has impacted certain impoverished East African communities coincident with local civil conflict and internal displacement, conditions that forced dependence on contaminated food and water. A potential role in Nodding syndrome for certain biotoxins (freshwater cyanotoxins plus/minus mycotoxins) with neuroinflammatory, excitotoxic, tauopathic, and MECP2-dysregulating properties, is considered here for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Gulu University School of Medicine, Gulu, Uganda.
| | - Raquel Valdes Angues
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Valerie S Palmer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Gulu University School of Medicine, Gulu, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Z, Zheng Y, Ma H, Cui F. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) inhibits green algae growth by regulating antioxidant and photosynthetic systems. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 134:102623. [PMID: 38705613 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Microcystins release from bloom-forming cyanobacteria is considered a way to gain competitive advantage in Microcystis populations, which threaten water resources security and aquatic ecological balance. However, the effects of microcystins on microalgae are still largely unclear. Through simulated culture experiments and the use of UHPLC-MS-based metabolomics, the effects of two microcystin-LR (MC-LR) concentrations (400 and 1,600 μg/L) on the growth and antioxidant properties of three algae species, the toxic Microcystis aeruginosa, a non-toxic Microcystis sp., and Chlorella vulgaris, were studied. The MC-LR caused damage to the photosynthetic system and activated the protective mechanism of the photosynthetic system by decreasing the chlorophyll-a and carotenoid concentrations. Microcystins triggered oxidative stress in C. vulgaris, which was the most sensitive algae species studied, and secreted more glycolipids into the extracellular compartment, thereby destroying its cell structure. However, C. vulgaris eliminated reactive oxygen species (ROS) by secreting terpenoids, thereby resisting oxidative stress. In addition, two metabolic pathways, the vitamin B6 and the sphingolipid pathways, of C. vulgaris were significantly disturbed by microcystins, contributing to cell membrane and mitochondrial damage. Thus, both the low (400 μg/L) and the high (1,600 μg/L) MC-LR concentration inhibited algae growth within 3 to 7 days, and the inhibition rates increased with the increase in the MC-LR concentration. The above results indicate that the toxin-producing Microcystis species have a stronger toxin tolerance under longer-term toxin exposure in natural water environments. Thus, microcystins participates in interspecific interaction and phytoplankton population regulation and creates suitable conditions for the toxin-producing M. aeruginosa to become the dominant species in algae blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; CSCEC SCIMEE Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610045, China
| | - Hua Ma
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pawlik-Skowrońska B, Bownik A, Pogorzelec M, Kulczycka J, Sumińska A. First report on adverse effects of cyanobacterial anabaenopeptins, aeruginosins, microginin and their mixtures with microcystin and cylindrospermopsin on aquatic plant physiology: An experimental approach. Toxicon 2023; 236:107333. [PMID: 37951248 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce a variety of oligopeptides beyond microcystins and other metabolites. Their biological activities are not fully recognized especially to aquatic plants. Acute toxicity tests on Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor exposed to a range of concentrations of cyanobacterial metabolites: anabaenopeptins (ANA-A, ANA-B), aeruginosins 98 (Aer-A, Aer-B), microginin-FR1 (MG-FR1), microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (Cyl) were carried out to compare their influence on plant physiology. Effects of their binary mixtures were determined by isobole approach and calculation of the combination index (CI) that indicates a type of metabolites' interaction. Cyclic oligopeptides microcystin-LR and anabaenopeptin-A revealed the strongest inhibition of S. polyrhiza growth while other metabolites appeared less toxic. Oxygen evolution was inhibited by Cyl, MC-LR, ANA-A, ANA-B, while both variants of aeruginosins and MG-FR1 did not affect this process. Photosynthetic pigments' contents decreased in S. polyrhiza exposed to ANA-A and Cyl, while MC-LR and Aer-A caused their slight increase. 96 h-EC50 values showed that the growth of L. minor was more sensitive to MC-LR, ANA-A, MG-FR1 and Cyl than the growth of S. polyrhiza. In S. polyrhiza synergistic effects of all the binary mixtures of peptides with MC-LR on oxygen evolution were observed, while antagonistic one on the growth of S. polyrhiza exposed to the mixtures with aeruginosins and ANA-A. The mixtures of MC-LR and MG-FR1 with cylindrospermopsin revealed synergistic effects on the growth but antagonistic one to the O2 evolution. Quadruple mixtures (ANA-A + MC-LR + MG-FR1+Cyl) did not reveal any inhibitive effect on the plant growth and very slight on the oxygen evolution, irrespectively of their total concentrations. Various effects caused by ANA-A and ANA-B suggest the importance of molecule structures of metabolites for toxicity. Composition of the mixtures of cyanobacterial metabolites was essential for the observed effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pogorzelec
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Kulczycka
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sumińska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang F, Yi M, Li H, Wang J, Zhao X, Hu X, Qi Q. Antibiotic Toxicity Isolated and as Binary Mixture to Freshwater Algae Raphidocelis subcapitata: Growth Inhibition, Prediction Model, and Environmental Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:739. [PMID: 36548572 PMCID: PMC9785756 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics in aqueous environments can have extremely adverse effects on non-targeted organisms. However, many research projects have only focused on the toxicological evaluation of individual antibiotics in various environments. In the present work, individual and binary mixture toxicity experiments have been conducted with the model organism Raphidocelis subcapitata (R. subcapitata), and a mixture concentration-response curve was established and contrasted with the estimated effects on the basis of both the concentration addition (CA) and the independent action (IA) models. In addition, different risk assessment methods were used and compared to evaluate the environmental risk of binary mixtures. The toxic ranking of the selected antibiotics to R. subcapitata was erythromycin (ERY) > sulfamethoxazole (SMX) > sulfamethazine (SMZ). In general, the conclusion of this study is that the adverse effects of binary mixtures are higher than the individual antibiotics. The CA model and RQSTU are more suitable for toxicity prediction and risk assessment of binary mixtures. This study reveals the potential ecological risks that antibiotics and their mixtures may pose to water ecosystems, thus providing scientific information for environmental quality regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chang
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Malan Yi
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Jiangnan Wang
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- Hanjiang Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources, Bureau of Hydrology, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- Hanjiang Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources, Bureau of Hydrology, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Qianju Qi
- Marine Resources Research Centre, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Tianjin 300456, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu S, Ji X, Li X, Ye J, Xu W, Wang R, Hou M. Mutual impacts and interactions of antibiotic resistance genes, microcystin synthetase genes, graphene oxide, and Microcystis aeruginosa in synthetic wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:3994-4007. [PMID: 34402007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The physiological impacts and interactions of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) abundance, microcystin synthetase gene expression, graphene oxide (GO), and Microcystis aeruginosa in synthetic wastewater were investigated. The results demonstrated that the absolute abundance of sul1, sul2, tetW, and tetM in synthetic wastewater dramatically increased to 365.2%, 427.1%, 375.2%, and 231.7%, respectively, when the GO concentration was 0.01 mg/L. Even more interesting is that the sum gene copy numbers of mcyA-J also increased to 243.2%. The appearance of GO made the significant correlation exist between ARGs abundance and mcyA-J expression. Furthermore, M. aeruginosa displayed better photosynthetic performance and more MCs production at 0.01 mg/L GO. There were 65 pairs of positive correlations between the intracellular differential metabolites of M. aeruginosa and the abundance of sul1, sul2, tetM, and tetW with various GO concentrations. The GO will impact the metabolites and metabolic pathway in M. aeruginosa. The metabolic changes impacted the ARGs, microcystin synthetase genes, and physiological characters in algal cells. Furthermore, there were complex correlations among sul1, sul2, tetM, tetW, mcyA-J, MCs, photosynthetic performance parameters, and ROS. The different concentration of GO will aggravate the hazards of M. aeruginosa by promoting the expression of mcyA-J, producing more MCs; simultaneously, it may cause the spread of ARGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Wu
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Ji
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Li
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- School of Railway Transportation, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Luming Biological Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201114, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifang Hou
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang IS, Pietrasiak N, Gobler CJ, Johansen JR, Burkholder JM, D'Antonio S, Zimba PV. Diversity of bioactive compound content across 71 genera of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial cyanobacteria. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 109:102116. [PMID: 34815023 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms have increased in frequency, distribution, and intensity due to climate change and anthropogenic nutrient input. The release of bioactive compounds accumulated in these blooms can affect the health of humans and the environment. The co-occurrence of bioactive metabolites is well-documented in bloom samples from marine and freshwater ecosystems, with fewer reports from unialgal isolates. Cyanobacteria also are important terrestrial ecosystem components, especially in drylands, but reports on bioactive molecules from terrestrial cyanobacteria are sparse. This study determined bioactive metabolite profiles for 71 genera of cyanobacteria from seven orders isolated from freshwater (12 genera), marine (15 genera), and terrestrial (44 genera) habitats originally. Cultures were harvested for bioactive metabolites when entering the late-exponential phase for all 157 strains, and 33 were sampled at both early and late exponential phases. Bioactive metabolites were analyzed using an ultra high performance/pressure liquid chromatography in-line with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Overall, 12 bioactive classes of the 28 identified were ubiquitous in all samples. On average, each freshwater genus produced ∼12 bioactive classes, whereas each marine genus contained > 4 bioactive classes, and each terrestrial genus contained ∼6 bioactive classes. While 10 of 12 freshwater genera produced at least 10 bioactive classes, only a single genus each from marine and terrestrial habitats had the same number of bioactive classed accumulated. Aeruginosin was found in 58 of 71 total genera, carmabin in 51 of 71 genera, and anabaenopeptin in 48 of 71 genera. Chemotaxonomic use of these secondary metabolites may help resolve higher-level genetic classification(s). An additional growth curve experiment showed that bioactive metabolites were produced at both early and late exponential growth phases. The bioactive metabolite accumulation pattern between early and late exponential phases differed by bioactive classes, genera, and habitats. This survey of 55 bioactive classes in cyanobacteria isolated from freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats (71 genera) provides as one of the first systematic bioactive metabolite profiles for cyanobacteria, which should be useful in environmental and drinking water management. Further, it offers novel insights about the toxin potential of selected terrestrial cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Shuo Huang
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX 78412,USA; United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740,USA.
| | - Nicole Pietrasiak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, 1780 E University Ave, Las Cruces, NM 88003,USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY 11794,USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johansen
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, 1 John Carroll Blvd, University Heights, OH 44118,USA; Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 37005, Czechia,USA
| | - JoAnn M Burkholder
- Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,USA
| | - Sue D'Antonio
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 1834 TX-71 W, Cedar Creek, TX 78612,USA
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX 78412,USA; PVZimba, Inc., 12241 Percival St, Chester, VA 23831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Yang Y, Yu G, Chen Y, Jia N, Li R. Four decades of progress in cylindrospermopsin research: The ins and outs of a potent cyanotoxin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124653. [PMID: 33321325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a toxic metabolite from cyanobacteria, is of particular concern due to its cosmopolitan occurrence, aquatic bioaccumulation, and multi-organ toxicity. CYN is the second most often recorded cyanotoxin worldwide, and cases of human morbidity and animal mortality are associated with ingestion of CYN contaminated water. The toxin poses a great challenge for drinking water treatment plants and public health authorities. CYN, with the major toxicity manifested in the liver, is cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic and may be carcinogenic. Adverse effects are also reported for endocrine and developmental processes. We present a comprehensive review of CYN over the past four decades since its first reported poisoning event, highlighting its global occurrence, biosynthesis, toxicology, removal, and monitoring. In addition, current data gaps are identified, and future directions for CYN research are outlined. This review is beneficial for understanding the ins and outs of this environmental pollutant, and for robustly assessing health hazards posed by CYN exposure to humans and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renhui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Berlinck RGS, Bernardi DI, Fill T, Fernandes AAG, Jurberg ID. The chemistry and biology of guanidine secondary metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:586-667. [PMID: 33021301 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2017-2019Guanidine natural products isolated from microorganisms, marine invertebrates and terrestrial plants, amphibians and spiders, represented by non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing polyketides, alkaloids, terpenoids and shikimic acid derived, are the subject of this review. The topics include the discovery of new metabolites, total synthesis of natural guanidine compounds, biological activity and mechanism-of-action, biosynthesis and ecological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Metcalf JS, Codd GA. Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E629. [PMID: 33019550 PMCID: PMC7601082 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-producing cyanobacteria in aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments can occur alongside a wide range of additional health hazards including biological agents and synthetic materials. Cases of intoxications involving cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, with exposure to additional hazards, are discussed. Examples of the co-occurrence of cyanobacteria in such combinations are reviewed, including cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins plus algal toxins, microbial pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria, metals, pesticides, and microplastics. Toxicity assessments of cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, and these additional agents, where investigated in bioassays and in defined combinations, are discussed and further research needs are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey A. Codd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Díez-Quijada L, Medrano-Padial C, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Cătunescu GM, Moyano R, Risalde MA, Cameán AM, Jos Á. Cylindrospermopsin-Microcystin-LR Combinations May Induce Genotoxic and Histopathological Damage in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E348. [PMID: 32466519 PMCID: PMC7354441 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystins (MC) are cyanotoxins that can occur simultaneously in contaminated water and food. CYN/MC-LR mixtures previously investigated in vitro showed an induction of micronucleus (MN) formation only in the presence of the metabolic fraction S9. When this is the case, the European Food Safety Authority recommends a follow up to in vivo testing. Thus, rats were orally exposed to 7.5 + 75, 23.7 + 237, and 75 + 750 μg CYN/MC-LR/kg body weight (b.w.). The MN test in bone marrow was performed, and the standard and modified comet assays were carried out to measure DNA strand breaks or oxidative DNA damage in stomach, liver, and blood cells. The results revealed an increase in MN formation in bone marrow, at all the assayed doses. However, no DNA strand breaks nor oxidative DNA damage were induced, as shown in the comet assays. The histopathological study indicated alterations only in the highest dose group. Liver was the target organ showing fatty degeneration and necrotic hepatocytes in centrilobular areas, as well as a light mononuclear inflammatory periportal infiltrate. Additionally, the stomach had flaking epithelium and mild necrosis of epithelial cells. Therefore, the combined exposure to cyanotoxins may induce genotoxic and histopathological damage in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (M.L.-R.-C.); (Á.J.)
| | - Concepción Medrano-Padial
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (M.L.-R.-C.); (Á.J.)
| | - María Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (M.L.-R.-C.); (Á.J.)
| | - Giorgiana M. Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Rosario Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Maria A. Risalde
- Animal Pathology Department. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales s/n, 14014 Cordoba, Spain;
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba-Universidad de Córdoba, Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n, 14006 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana M. Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (M.L.-R.-C.); (Á.J.)
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (M.L.-R.-C.); (Á.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alosman M, Cao L, Massey IY, Yang F. The lethal effects and determinants of microcystin-LR on heart: a mini review. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1711417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muwaffak Alosman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linghui Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Isaac Yaw Massey
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gutiérrez-Praena D, Guzmán-Guillén R, Pichardo S, Moreno FJ, Vasconcelos V, Jos Á, Cameán AM. Cytotoxic and morphological effects of microcystin-LR, cylindrospermopsin, and their combinations on the human hepatic cell line HepG2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:240-251. [PMID: 30461177 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) are toxins produced by different cyanobacterial species, which are found mainly in freshwater reservoirs. Both of them can induce, separately, toxic effects in humans and wildlife. However, little is known about the toxic effects of the combined exposure, which could likely happen, taking into account the concomitant occurrence of the producers. As both cyanotoxins are well known to induce hepatic damage, the human hepatocellular HepG2 cell line was selected for the present study. Thus, the cytotoxicity of both pure cyanotoxins alone (0-5 μg/mL CYN and 0-120 μg/mL MC-LR) and in combination for 24 and 48 h was assayed, as long as the cytotoxicity of extracts from CYN-producing and nonproducing cyanobacterial species. The potential interaction of the combination was evaluated by the isobologram or Chou-Talalay's method, which provides a combination index as a quantitative measure of the two cyanotoxins interaction's degree. Moreover, a morphological study of the individual pure toxins and their combinations was also performed. Results showed that CYN was the most toxic pure cyanotoxin, being the mean effective concentrations obtained ≈4 and 90 μg/mL for CYN and MC-LR, respectively after 24 h. However, the simultaneous exposure showed an antagonistic effect. Morphologically, autophagy, at low concentrations, and apoptosis, at high concentrations were observed, with affectation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. These effects were more pronounced with the combination. Therefore, it is important to assess the toxicological profile of cyanotoxins combinations in order to perform more realistic risk evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Pichardo
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chia MA, Kramer BJ, Jankowiak JG, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC, Gobler CJ. The Individual and Combined Effects of the Cyanotoxins, Anatoxin-a and Microcystin-LR, on the Growth, Toxin Production, and Nitrogen Fixation of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algae. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E43. [PMID: 30650515 PMCID: PMC6357180 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, eutrophication and warming of aquatic ecosystems has increased the frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms and their associated toxins, with the simultaneous detection of multiple cyanotoxins often occurring. Despite the co-occurrence of cyanotoxins such as microcystins and anatoxin-a (ATX) in water bodies, their effects on phytoplankton communities are poorly understood. The individual and combined effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and ATX on the cyanobacteria Microcystis spp., and Anabaena variabilis (a.k.a. Trichormus variabilis), and the chlorophyte, Selenastrum capricornutum were investigated in the present study. Cell density, chlorophyll-a content, and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) of Microcystis cells were generally lowered after exposure to ATX or MC-LR, while the combined treatment with MC-LR and ATX synergistically reduced the chlorophyll-a concentration of Microcystis strain LE-3. Intracellular levels of microcystin in Microcystis LE-3 significantly increased following exposure to MC-LR + ATX. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II of Anabaena strain UTEX B377 declined during exposure to the cyanotoxins. Nitrogen fixation by Anabaena UTEX B377 was significantly inhibited by exposure to ATX, but was unaffected by MC-LR. In contrast, the combination of both cyanotoxins (MC-LR + ATX) caused a synergistic increase in the growth of S. capricornutum. While the toxins caused an increase in the activity of enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species in cyanobacteria, enzyme activity was unchanged or decreased in S. capricornutum. Collectively this study demonstrates that MC-LR and ATX can selectively promote and inhibit the growth and performance of green algae and cyanobacteria, respectively, and that the combined effect of these cyanotoxins was often more intense than their individual effects on some strains. This suggests that the release of multiple cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems, following the collapse of blooms, may influence the succession of plankton communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810001, Nigeria.
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Benjamin J Kramer
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| | - Jennifer G Jankowiak
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pereira AL, Santos C, Azevedo J, Martins TP, Castelo-Branco R, Ramos V, Vasconcelos V, Campos A. Effects of two toxic cyanobacterial crude extracts containing microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of the microalga Parachlorella kessleri. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|