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Jin Y, Li Y, Qi Y, Wei Q, Yang G, Ma X. A modified cultivation strategy to enhance biomass production and lipid accumulation of Tetradesmus obliquus FACHB-14 with copper stress and light quality induction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 400:130677. [PMID: 38588782 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a two-stage culture strategy was refined to concurrently enhance the growth and lipid accumulation of Tetradesmus obliquus. The results unveiled that, during the initial stage, the optimal conditions for biomass accumulation were achieved with 0.02 mg·L-1 Cu2+ concentration and red light. Under these conditions, biomass accumulation reached 0.628 g·L-1, marking a substantial 23.62 % increase compared to the control group. In the second stage, the optimal conditions for lipid accumulation were identified as 0.5 mg·L-1 Cu2+ concentration and red light, achieving 64.25 mg·g-1·d-1 and marking a 128.38 % increase over the control. Furthermore, the fatty acid analysis results revealed an 18.85 % increase in the saturated fatty acid content, indicating enhanced combustion performance of microalgae cultivated under the dual stress of red light and 0.5 mg·L-1 Cu2+. This study offers insights into the potential application of Tetradesmus obliquus in biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanrong Jin
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Yinting Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Yingying Qi
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Qun Wei
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Gairen Yang
- Forestry College of Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xiangmeng Ma
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection (Guangxi University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Monitoring, Early Warning and Environmental Health Risk Assessment, PR China.
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Santiago-Díaz P, Rivero A, Rico M, González González A, González-Dávila M, Santana-Casiano M. Copper toxicity leads to accumulation of free amino acids and polyphenols in Phaeodactylum tricornutum diatoms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51261-51270. [PMID: 36809613 PMCID: PMC10104907 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
This work is focused on the effect of lethal and sub-lethal copper (Cu) concentrations on the free amino acid and polyphenol production by the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) after 12, 18, and 21 days of exposure. The concentrations of 10 amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, methionine, proline, valine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine) and 10 polyphenols (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, epicatechin syringic acid, rutin, and gentisic acid) were measured by RP-HPLC. Under lethal doses of Cu, free amino acids reached levels significantly higher than those in the control cells (up to 21.9 times higher), where histidine and methionine showed the highest increases (up to 37.4 and 65.8 times higher, respectively). The total phenolic content also increased up to 11.3 and 5.59 times higher compared to the reference cells, showing gallic acid the highest increase (45.8 times greater). The antioxidant activities of cells exposed to Cu were also enhanced with increasing doses of Cu(II). They were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability (RSA), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Malonaldehyde (MDA) exhibited the same tendency: cells grown at the highest lethal Cu concentration yielded the highest MDA level. These findings reflect the involvement of amino acids and polyphenols in protective mechanisms to overcome the toxicity of copper in marine microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Santiago-Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía Y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Argimiro Rivero
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía Y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Milagros Rico
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
- Instituto de Oceanografía Y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Aridane González González
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía Y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Melchor González-Dávila
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía Y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Magdalena Santana-Casiano
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía Y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Guo R, Lu D, Liu C, Hu J, Wang P, Dai X. Toxic effect of nickel on microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:746-760. [PMID: 35364763 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nickel acts as an essential trace nutrient or toxicant for organisms, depending on its concentration. The increased concentrations of nickel, due to anthropogenic activity, in the aquatic environment are potential threats to aquatic organisms. However, the knowledge on toxic mechanisms of nickel to microalgae remains incompletely understood. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects of nickel in the cosmopolitan diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum via evaluation of physiological and transcriptome responses. The results showed that the median effective concentration-72 h (EC50-72 h) and EC50-96 h of nickel was 2.48 ± 0.33 and 1.85 ± 0.17 mg/L, respectively. The P. tricornutum cell abundance and photosynthesis significantly decreased by 1 mg/L of nickel. Results from photosynthetic parameters including efficiency of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/F0), maximum photosynthetic efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm), electron transport rate (ETR), actual photosynthetic efficiency of PS II (Y(II)), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and photochemical quenching (qP) indicated that OEC of PS II might be impaired by nickel. The transcriptome data also reveal that OEC apparatus coding gene PS II oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 (PsbP) was regulated by nickel. Moreover, induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and chlorophyll a content were also detected under nickel stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed that nickel affected a variety of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that involved in redox homeostasis, nitrogen metabolisms, fatty acids, and DNA metabolism. However, thiol-disulfide redox system might play important roles in nickel-induced oxidative stress resistance. This study improved the understanding of the toxic effect of nickel on the diatom P. tricornutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China.
- Observation and Research Station of Marine Ecosystem in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Natural Resources, 99 South Haida Road, Zhoushan, 316053, PR China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Haijing Road, Beihai, 536000, PR China.
| | - Douding Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Haijing Road, Beihai, 536000, PR China
| | - Chenggang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
- Observation and Research Station of Marine Ecosystem in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Natural Resources, 99 South Haida Road, Zhoushan, 316053, PR China
| | - Jiarong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Pengbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China.
- Observation and Research Station of Marine Ecosystem in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Natural Resources, 99 South Haida Road, Zhoushan, 316053, PR China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Haijing Road, Beihai, 536000, PR China.
| | - Xinfeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China.
- Observation and Research Station of Marine Ecosystem in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Natural Resources, 99 South Haida Road, Zhoushan, 316053, PR China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Haijing Road, Beihai, 536000, PR China.
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Abinandan S, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Phenotypic changes in microalgae at acidic pH mediate their tolerance to higher concentrations of transition metals. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 2:100081. [PMID: 35028626 PMCID: PMC8714768 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid-tolerant microalgae were grown at pH 3.5 and 6.7 in presence of heavy metals (HMs). HMs-induced phenotypic changes in microalgae were evaluated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Higher HMs bioavailability affected microalgae more at pH 6.7 than pH 3.5. Acclimation of microalgal strains to acidic pH significantly alleviates HMs toxicity.
Acclimatory phenotypic response is a common phenomenon in microalgae, particularly during heavy metal stress. It is not clear so far whether acclimating to one abiotic stressor can alleviate the stress imposed by another abiotic factor. The intent of the present study was to demonstrate the implication of acidic pH in effecting phenotypic changes that facilitate microalgal tolerance to biologically excess concentrations of heavy metals. Two microalgal strains, Desmodesmus sp. MAS1 and Heterochlorella sp. MAS3, were exposed to biologically excess concentrations of Cu (0.50 and 1.0 mg L‒1), Fe (5 and 10 mg L‒1), Mn (5 and 10 mg L‒1) and Zn (2, 5 and 10 mg L‒1) supplemented to the culture medium at pH 3.5 and 6.7. Chlorophyll autofluorescence and biochemical fingerprinting using FTIR-spectroscopy were used to assess the microalgal strains for phenotypic changes that mediate tolerance to metals. Both the strains responded to acidic pH by effecting differential changes in biochemicals such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Both the microalgal strains, when acclimated to low pH of 3.5, exhibited an increase in protein (< 2-fold) and lipid (> 1.5-fold). Strain MAS1 grown at pH 3.5 showed a reduction (1.5-fold) in carbohydrates while strain MAS3 exhibited a 17-fold increase in carbohydrates as compared to their growth at pH 6.7. However, lower levels of biologically excess concentrations of the selected transition metals at pH 6.7 unveiled positive or no effect on physiology and biochemistry in microalgal strains, whereas growth with higher metal concentrations at this pH resulted in decreased chlorophyll content. Although the bioavailability of free-metal ions is higher at pH 3.5, as revealed by Visual MINTEQ model, no adverse effect was observed on chlorophyll content in cells grown at pH 3.5 than at pH 6.7. Furthermore, increasing concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn significantly upregulated the carbohydrate metabolism, but not protein and lipid synthesis, in both strains at pH 3.5 as compared to their growth at pH 6.7. Overall, the impact of pH 3.5 on growth response suggested that acclimation of microalgal strains to acidic pH alleviates metal toxicity by triggering physiological and biochemical changes in microalgae for their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsanam Abinandan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Rocha GS, Parrish CC, Espíndola EL. Effects of copper on photosynthetic and physiological parameters of a freshwater microalga (Chlorophyceae). ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Valerio-García RC, Medina-Ramírez IE, Arzate-Cardenas MA, Carbajal-Hernández AL. Evaluation of the environmental impact of magnetic nanostructured materials at different trophic levels. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:257-275. [PMID: 33503388 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1862335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Safety on the use of magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) has become an active topic of research given all the recent applications of these materials in various fields. It is known that the toxicity of MNMs depends on size, shape, and surface functionalization. In this study, we evaluate the biocompatibility with different aquatic organisms of engineered MNMs-CIT with excellent aqueous dispersion and long-term colloidal stability. Primary producers (the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), primary consumers (the rotifer Lecane papuana), and predators (the fish, Danio rerio) interacted with these materials in acute and sub-chronic toxicity tests. Our results indicate that P. subcaptita was the most sensitive taxon to MNMs-CIT. Inhibition of their population growth (IC50 = 22.84 mg L-1) elicited cell malformations and increased the content of photosynthetic pigments, likely due to inhibition of cell division (as demonstrated in AFM analysis). For L. papuana, the acute exposure to MNMs shows no significant mortality. However, adverse effects such as decreased rate of population and altered swimming patterns arise after chronic interaction with MNMs. For D. rerio organisms on early life stages, their exposure to MNMs results in delayed hatching of eggs, diminished survival of larvae, altered energy resources allocation (measured as the content of total carbohydrates, lipids, and protein), and increased glucose demand. As to our knowledge, this is the first study that includes three different trophic levels to assess the effect of MNMs in aquatic organisms; furthermore, we demonstrated that these MNMs pose hazards on aquatic food webs at low concentrations (few mgL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario A Arzate-Cardenas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.,Cátedras CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, México
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Reis LLD, Alho LDOG, Abreu CBD, Melão MDGG. Using multiple endpoints to assess the toxicity of cadmium and cobalt for chlorophycean Raphidocelis subcapitata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111628. [PMID: 33396148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metals may cause damage to the biota of contaminated environments. Moreover, using multiple endpoints in ecotoxicological studies is useful to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxicity of these compounds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of cadmium (Cd) and cobalt (Co) on growth, biochemical and photosynthetic parameters of the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata, through quantification of lipid classes composition, chlorophyll a (Chl a) content, maximum (ΦM) and effective (Φ'M) quantum yields and efficiency of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). Both metals affected the algal population growth, with an IC50-96h of 0.67 and 1.53 μM of Cd and Co, respectively. Moreover, the metals led to an increase in the total lipid content and reduced efficiency of OEC and ΦM. Cell density was the most sensitive endpoint to detect Cd toxicity after 96 h of treatment. Regarding Co, the photosynthetic parameters were the most affected and the total lipid content was the most sensitive endpoint as it was altered by the exposure to this metal in all concentrations. Cd led to increased contents of the lipid class wax esters (0.89 μM) and phospholipids (PL - at 0.89 and 1.11 μM) and decreased values of triglycerides (at 0.22 μM) and acetone-mobile polar lipids (AMPL - at 0.44 and 1.11 μM). The percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) and PL of microalgae exposed to Co increased, whereas AMPL decreased in all concentrations tested. We were able to detect differences between the toxicity mechanisms of each metal, especially how Co interferes in the microalgae at a biochemical level. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting Co effects in lipid classes of a freshwater Chlorophyceae. The damage caused by Cd and Co may reach higher trophic levels, causing potential damage to the aquatic communities as microalgae are primary producers and the base of the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Luiza Dos Reis
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lays de Oliveira Gonçalves Alho
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cínthia Bruno de Abreu
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria da Graça Gama Melão
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Moreira RA, Rocha GS, da Silva LCM, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Melão MDGG, Espindola ELG. Exposure to environmental concentrations of fipronil and 2,4-D mixtures causes physiological, morphological and biochemical changes in Raphidocelis subcapitata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111180. [PMID: 32861006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pesticides and their mixtures in the environment can alter the ecological relationships between aquatic food chains. Since fipronil and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are commonly found together in Brazilian water bodies, the present study aimed to investigate through an integrative approach the toxicity mechanisms of environmentally relevant concentrations of pesticides Regent® 800 WG (active ingredient - a.i. fipronil), DMA® 806 BR (a.i. 2,4-D) isolated and in mixtures on the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata using multiple parameters: physiological (growth rate and chlorophyll a fluorescence), morphological (cell complexity and size), biochemical (composition of lipid classes) and related to the photosynthetic activity (variable fluorescence, the maximum quantum yield of the photosystem II - PSII - and the efficiency of the oxygen evolving complex - OEC - of PSII). The results indicated that fipronil significantly inhibited algal population growth, increased the chlorophyll a content (observed by fluorescence), cell size and lipid class content of triacylglycerol (TAG), free fatty acid (FFA) and acetone mobile polar lipid (AMPL) and, on the other hand, decreased variable fluorescence of algae. The tested concentrations of 2,4-D increased the chlorophyll a fluorescence, the cell size and the lipid classes TAG and FFA. The pesticide mixtures have had more effects on algae than isolated compounds, causing alterations in all parameters analyzed, including photosynthetic activity (maximum quantum yield and efficiency of the oxygen evolving complex of the PSII), in which no alterations were observed for the toxicity of the single pesticides. The results suggest that these analyses are important to evaluate pesticide toxicity mechanisms in ecological risk assessments of tropical regions. Thus, here we demonstrate the importance of using multiple parameters in ecotoxicological studies to obtain a better understanding of the toxicity of these compounds for phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Giseli Swerts Rocha
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Gama Melão
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
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Alho LDOG, Souza JP, Rocha GS, Mansano ADS, Lombardi AT, Sarmento H, Melão MGG. Photosynthetic, morphological and biochemical biomarkers as tools to investigate copper oxide nanoparticle toxicity to a freshwater chlorophyceae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114856. [PMID: 32540563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NP) have been produced on a large scale due to their economically interesting thermophysical properties. This heightens the concern about risks they may pose on their release into the environment, possibly affecting non-target organisms. Microalga are important organisms in ecotoxicological studies as they are at the base of the aquatic food chain, but information about their biochemical and photosynthetic changes in response CuO NP are still scarce. We studied the effects of CuO NP in Raphidocelis subcapitata using morphological, photosynthetic and biochemical biomarkers. Our results showed that the NP affected microalgal population growth with 0.70 mg Cu L-1 IC50-96 h (inhibition concentration). Based on predicted environmental concentrations of Cu NPs in aquatic environments, our results indicate potential risks of the NP to microalgae. Algal cell size, granularity and photosynthetic efficiencies were affected by the CuO NP at 0.97 and 11.74 mg Cu L-1. Furthermore, lipid metabolism was affected mostly at the highest NP concentration, but at environmentally relevant values (0.012 and 0.065 mg Cu L-1) the production of sterols (structural lipids) and triacylglycerols (reserve lipid) increased. Moreover, we found evidence of cell membrane impairment at the highest CuO NP concentration, and, as a photosynthetic response, the oxygen evolving complex was its main site of action. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to date to investigate microalgal lipid composition during CuO NP exposure, showing that it is a sensitive diagnostic tool. This research demonstrated that CuO NP may affect the physiology of R. subcapitata, and because they were observed in a primary producer, we foresee consequences to higher trophic levels in aquatic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lays de Oliveira Gonçalves Alho
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Pérola Souza
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giseli Swerts Rocha
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adrislaine da Silva Mansano
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Teresa Lombardi
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Botany. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mariada Graça Gama Melão
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Baracho DH, Silva JC, Lombardi AT. The effects of copper on photosynthesis and biomolecules yield in Chlorolobion braunii. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:1335-1347. [PMID: 31408527 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the effects of copper on microalgal physiology is largely based on studies conducted with high copper concentrations; much less is known when environmentally relevant copper levels come into question. Here, we evaluated the physiology of Chlorolobion braunii exposed to free copper ion concentrations between 5.7 × 10-9 and 5.0 × 10-6 mol · L-1 , thus including environmentally relevant values. Population growth and maximum photosynthetic quantum yield of PSII were determined daily during the 96 h laboratory controlled experiment. Exponentially-growing cells (48 h) were analyzed for effective quantum yield and rapid light curves (RLC), and total lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a and carotenoids were determined. The results showed that growth rates and population density decreased gradually as copper increased in experiment, but the photosynthetic parameters (maximum and effective quantum yields) and photochemical quenching (qP) decreased only at the highest free copper concentration tested (5.0 × 10-6 mol · L-1 ); nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) increased gradually with copper increase. The RLC parameters Ek and rETRmax were inversely proportional to copper concentration, while α and Im decreased only at 5.0 × 10-6 mol · L-1 . The effects of copper in biomolecules yield (mg · L-1 ) varied depending on the biomolecule. Lipid yield increased at free copper concentration as low as 2.5 × 10-8 mol · L-1 , but proteins and carbohydrates were constant throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Baracho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline C Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana T Lombardi
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Hernández-Zamora M, Martínez-Jerónimo F. Exposure to the azo dye Direct blue 15 produces toxic effects on microalgae, cladocerans, and zebrafish embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:890-902. [PMID: 31392637 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic pollution caused by dyes has increased together with the growth of activities using colorants such as the textile, leather, food, and agrochemicals industries. Because most popular azo dyes are synthesized from benzidine, a carcinogenic compound, a threat to aquatic biota could be expected. The use of single species for toxicity assessment provides limited data, so a battery of test organisms, including representatives of different trophic levels such as algae, zooplankters, and fish, could undoubtedly provide more information. Therefore, our study was aimed at evaluating the toxic effect of the azo dye Direct blue 15 (DB15) on a battery of bioassays using a primary producer (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), a primary consumer (Ceriodaphnia dubia), and a secondary consumer (Danio rerio). P. subcapitata was more sensitive to DB15 (IC50 = 15.99 mg L-1) than C. dubia (LC50: 450 mg L-1). In the algae exposed to DB15, chlorophyll-a and -b were significantly increased, and carotenoids were reduced. The concentrations of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids per cell in P. subcapitata exposed to all DB15 concentrations were significantly higher than that measured in control. At 25 mg L-1 of DB15, survival, total progeny, and the number of released clutches were significantly decreased, and the start of reproduction was delayed in C. dubia. DB15 did not induce lethal or sublethal effects in D. rerio embryos at any of the tested concentrations from 24 to 72 h post-fertilization (hpf), but from 96 to 144 hpf, the larvae exposed to 100 and 500 mg L-1 developed yolk sac edema, curved tail, and skeletal deformations. After 144 hpf, DB15 produced a significant increase in embryos without a heartbeat, as the concentration of dye raised. The textile-used, azo dye DB15, caused toxic effects of different magnitude on microalgae, cladocerans, and zebrafish embryos; for this reason, the discharge of this colorant into waterbodies should be regulated to prevent environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hernández-Zamora
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Hidrobiología Experimental. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Colonia Santo Tomás, C.P, 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Fernando Martínez-Jerónimo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Hidrobiología Experimental. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Colonia Santo Tomás, C.P, 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico.
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12
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Alho LDOG, Gebara RC, Paina KDA, Sarmento H, Melão MDGG. Responses of Raphidocelis subcapitata exposed to Cd and Pb: Mechanisms of toxicity assessed by multiple endpoints. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:950-959. [PMID: 30597796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have been widely used in ecotoxicological studies in order to evaluate the impacts of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. However, there are few studies that analyze the effects of metals in an integrative way on photosynthetic apparatus of freshwater microalgae in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and biochemical composition. Therefore, this study aimed to assess cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) toxicity using synchronously physiological and biochemical endpoints, specially detecting lipidic classes for the very first time during Cd and Pb-exposure to Raphidocelis subcapitata. Here we show that analyzing the algae growth, the IC50-72 h for Cd was 0.04 µM and for Pb was 0.78 µM. In general, the Cd affected the biochemical parameters more, leading to an increase in total lipid content (7.2-fold), total carbohydrates (3.5-fold) and ROS production (3.7-fold). The higher production of lipids and carbohydrates during Cd-exposure probably acted as a defense mechanism, helping to reduce the extent of damage caused by the metal in the photosynthetic apparatus. For Pb, the physiological parameters were more sensitive, which resulted in changes of chlorophyll a synthesis and a reduction of both efficiency of oxygen-evolving complex and quantum yields. Besides that, we observed changes in the lipid class composition during Cd and Pb-exposure, suggesting these analyses as great biomarkers to assess metal toxicity mechanisms in ecological risk assessments. Thereby, here we demonstrate the importance of using multiple endpoints in ecotoxicological studies in order to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of metal toxicity to R. subcapitata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lays de Oliveira Gonçalves Alho
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Renan Castelhano Gebara
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Karime de Araujo Paina
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria da Graça Gama Melão
- Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Barreto DM, Tonietto AE, Amaral CDB, Pulgrossi RC, Polpo A, Nóbrega JA, Lombardi AT. Physiological responses of Chlorella sorokiniana to copper nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:387-395. [PMID: 30548341 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) nanomaterials have been increasingly researched and produced for many different consumer products. They have high reactivity and bactericidal properties, making them important in antifouling paints, which are thus directly introduced into aquatic ecosystems. However, studies are scarce on the behavior of Cu nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) in natural aquatic systems and their interactions with primary producers such as microalgae. We investigated the effects of NPs on some physiological responses of the freshwater phytoplankton Chlorella sorokiniana. The cells were exposed to nominal concentrations ranging from 2.50 to 635.00 μg L-1 Cu-NPs for 96 h under laboratory-controlled conditions. The cultures were monitored daily for population growth and maximum photosynthetic quantum yield. Total lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates were quantified at 72 h of Cu-NP exposure. The results showed a positive correlation between nominal Cu-NPs and Cu in the biomass (0.97 correlation coefficient) and that this was inversely proportional to total carbohydrates, with a -0.64 correlation coefficient. At the higher end of the Cu-NP concentrations tested, higher total proteins and reduced growth rates were obtained in comparison with controls; we suggest that metal-binding proteins/antioxidants and nonstructural proteins were preferentially produced under these conditions. Our results contribute to an understanding of the interaction between Cu-NPs and a cosmopolitan phytoplankton, C. sorokiniana, and we emphasize that the disposal and use of Cu-NPs requires monitoring because even at environmentally relevant concentrations, the composition of the algae was affected. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:387-395. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adriano Polpo
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Silva JC, Echeveste P, Lombardi AT. Higher biomolecules yield in phytoplankton under copper exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:57-63. [PMID: 29859408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an important metal for industry, and its toxic threshold in natural ecosystems has increased since the industrial revolution. As an essential nutrient, it is required in minute amounts, being toxic in slightly increased concentrations, causing great biochemical transformation in microalgae. This study aimed at investigating the physiology of Scenedesmus quadricauda, a cosmopolitan species, exposed to copper concentrations including those that trigger intracellular biochemical modifications. The Cu exposure concentrations tested ranged from 0.1 to 25 µM, thus including environmentally important levels. Microalgae cultures were kept under controlled environmental conditions and monitored daily for cell density, in vivo chlorophyll a, and photosynthetic quantum yield (ΦM). After 24 h growth, free Cu2+ ions were determined, and after 96 h, cellular Cu concentration, total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and cell volume were determined. The results showed that both free Cu2+ ions and cellular Cu increased with Cu increase in culture medium. Microalgae cell abundance and in vivo chlorophyll a were mostly affected at 2.5 µM Cu exposure (3.8 pg Cu cell-1) and above. Approximately 31% decrease of photosynthetic quantum yield was obtained at the highest Cu exposure concentration (25 µM; 25 pg Cu cell-1) in comparison with the control. However, at environmentally relevant copper concentrations (0.5 µM Cu; 0.4 pg Cu cell-1) cell volume increased in comparison with the control. Considering biomolecules accumulation per unit cell volume, the highest carbohydrates and proteins yield was obtained at 1.0 µM Cu (1.1 pg Cu cell-1), while for lipids higher Cu was necessary (2.5 µM Cu; 3.8 pg Cu cell-1). This study is a contribution to the understanding of the effects of environmentally significant copper concentrations in the physiology of S. quadricauda, as well as to biotechnological approach to increase biomolecule yield in microalgae production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Echeveste
- Botany Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile; Millennium Institute of Oceanography, Chile
| | - Ana Teresa Lombardi
- Botany Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil
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