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Sajwan RS, Joshi V, Ahamad T, Kumar N, Parmar P, Jindal MK. Assessment of radon transportation and uranium content in the tectonically active zone of Himalaya, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171823. [PMID: 38521261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The study shows how geology and tectonic activity affect the soil gas 222Rn concentration. The tectonically active zone, namely the Ghuttu region, which is located within the Himalayan seismic belt, was studied to decipher its impact on soil gas 222Rn concentrations. A soil gas 222Rn study was performed in the soil at a depth of 30 cm, and it varied from 426 ± 156 Bq m-3 to 24,057 ± 1110 Bq m-3 with an average of 5356.5 ± 1634.6 Bq m-3, and at 60 cm below the soil surface, the concentration varied from 1130 ± 416 Bq m-3 to 30,236 ± 1350 Bq m-3 with an average of 8928.5 ± 2039.5 Bq m-3. These concentrations vary in soil from -3.4 % to 437.3 % as the depth moves from 30 cm to 60 cm. The variation in uranium content also shows anomalies, and higher values of uranium content in the soil affect the radon concentration in the study area. The average soil gas 222Rn concentration in the Ghuttu window was found to be higher than that in its surrounding region. This is likely due to transportation from daughter products of uranium. 222Rn mass exhalation rate measurements were also carried out, and a weak correlation with the soil gas 222Rn concentration was observed. A significant variation in the mass exhalation rate was noticed in tectonically active areas. This study is vital to understanding the behavior of radon and uranium in tectonic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh Sajwan
- Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, SRT Campus Badshahithaul, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 249199, India
| | - Veena Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, SRT Campus Badshahithaul, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 249199, India.
| | - Taufiq Ahamad
- Department of Physics, HNB Garhwal University, SRT Campus Badshahithaul, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 249199, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 - GMS Road, Dehradun, Uttrakhand 248001, India
| | - Priyanka Parmar
- Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, SRT Campus Badshahithaul, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 249199, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Jindal
- Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
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Kaur M, Kumar A, Mehra R, Mishra R. Assessment of radon, thoron, and their progeny concentrations in the dwellings of Shivalik hills of Jammu and Kashmir, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:5685-5701. [PMID: 33161512 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present work determines the contents of active and passive indoor 222Rn, 220Rn, and their daughter in the 32 houses of the Reasi district of J&K, India. The passive 222Rn and 220Rn concentration was measured by dosimeters, whereas the active content was measured by active radon monitor. Progeny sensors and integrated samplers were operated for the evaluation of passive and active daughter contents of 222Rn and 220Rn. The measured averaged values of indoor 220Rn and 222Rn were 73 ± 40 and 22 ± 8 Bqm-3, respectively. The radon and thoron equilibrium factor has varied from 0.3 to 1.7 and from 0.006 to 0.6. The fine fraction of the above-mentioned gases was also calculated. The results of Mann-Whitney test statistically demonstrated significant differences between the content of indoor 222Rn, 220Rn, and their daughter for different seasons. The values of 222Rn, 220Rn, and their daughter content were appeared to be elevated in set of mud houses among all sets of houses. The values of all daughter concentration and indoor 222Rn were appeared to lie within the limit proposed by various agencies. The total doses were detected less than range commended by ICRP that suggested the district is safe as a health hazard point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Physics, DAV College, Katra Sher Singh, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India
- Department of Physics, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Physics, DAV College, Katra Sher Singh, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India.
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Physics, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India
| | - Rosaline Mishra
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400085, India
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Hahn EJ, Haneberg WC, Stanifer SR, Rademacher K, Backus J, Rayens MK. Geologic, seasonal, and atmospheric predictors of indoor home radon values. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, HEALTH : ERH 2023; 1:025011. [PMID: 37701077 PMCID: PMC10496436 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acdcb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke and radon cause lung cancer. Radioactive decay of naturally occurring uranium in bedrock produces radon. Seasonality, bedrock type, age of home, and topography have been associated with indoor radon, but the research is mixed. The study objective was to examine the relationships of geologic (soil radon and bedrock) and seasonal (warm and cold times of the year) factors with indoor home radon values in citizen scientists' homes over time, controlling for atmospheric conditions, topography, age of home, and home exposure to tobacco smoke. We collected and analyzed indoor radon values, soil radon gas concentrations, and dwelling- and county-level geologic and atmospheric conditions on 66 properties in four rural counties during two seasons: (1) summer 2021 (n = 53); and (2) winter/spring 2022 (n = 52). Citizen scientists measured indoor radon using Airthings radon sensors, and outdoor temperature and rainfall. Geologists obtained soil radon measurements using RAD7 instruments at two locations (near the dwelling and farther away) at each dwelling, testing for associations of indoor radon values with soil values, bedrock type, topography, and atmospheric conditions. Bedrock type, near soil radon levels, home age, and barometric pressure were associated with indoor radon. Dwellings built on carbonate bedrock had indoor radon values that were 2.8 pCi/L (103.6 Bq m-3) higher, on average, compared to homes built on siliclastic rock. Homes with higher near soil radon and those built <40 ago were more likely to have indoor radon ⩾4.0 pCi/L (148 Bq m-3). With higher atmospheric barometric pressure during testing, observed indoor radon values were lower. Seasonality and topography were not associated with indoor radon level. Understanding relationships among bedrock type, soil radon, and indoor radon exposure allows the development of practical predictive models that may support pre-construction forecasting of indoor radon potential based on geologic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Hahn
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - William C Haneberg
- Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Stacy R Stanifer
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Kathy Rademacher
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Jason Backus
- Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Mary Kay Rayens
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
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Gil-Oncina S, Valdes-Abellan J, Pla C, Benavente D. Estimation of the Radon Risk Under Different European Climates and Soil Textures. Front Public Health 2022; 10:794557. [PMID: 35252086 PMCID: PMC8892385 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.794557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radon is a radioactive gas produced from the natural radioactive decay of uranium and is found in almost all rocks and soils. In confined places (e.g., dwellings, workplaces, caves, and underground mines), radon may accumulate and become a substantial health risk since it is considered the second most important cause of lung cancer in many developed countries. Radon risk assessment commonly considers either field or estimate values of the radon concentration and the gas permeability of soils. However, radon risk assessment from single measurement surveys to radon potential largescale mapping is strongly sensitive to the soil texture variability and climate changes, and particularly, to the soil water content dynamic and its effect on soil gas permeability. In this paper, the gas permeability of soils, and thus, the estimation of radon risk, is studied considering the effect of three different climates following the Köppen classification and four soil textures on soil water content dynamics. This investigation considers the CLIGEN weather simulator to elaborate 100-year length climatic series; Rosseta 3 pedotransfer function to calculate soil hydraulics parameters, and the HYDRUS-1D software to model the dynamics of water content in the soil. Results reveal that climate strongly affects gas permeability of soils and they must be considered as an additional factor during the evaluation of radon exposure risk. The impact of climate and texture defines the soil water content dynamic. Coarse soils show smaller gas permeability variations and then radon risk, in this case, is less affected by the climate type. However, in clay soils, the effect of climate and the differences in soil water content derive in gas permeability variations between 100 and 1,000 times through an annual cycle. As a result, it may cross the boundary between two radon risk categories. Results deeply confirm that both climate and texture should be compulsory considered when calculating the radon exposure risk and in the definition of new strategies for the elaboration of more reliable geogenic radon potential largescale maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gil-Oncina
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Sara Gil-Oncina
| | | | - Concepcion Pla
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - David Benavente
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Bem H, Długosz-Lisiecka M, Mazurek-Rudnicka D, Szajerski P. Occurrence of 222Rn and 226,228Ra in underground water and 222Rn in soil and their mutual correlations for underground water supplies in southern Greater Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3099-3114. [PMID: 33507469 PMCID: PMC8310503 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
European Union Council Directive 2013/51/EURATOM recently sets out so-called indicator parameters for: radon, tritium and indicative dose of water intended for human consumption. The aim of this research was to elaborate an effective procedure for determination of radon and radium 226,228Ra isotopes (which are potentially the main contributors to the internal dose from drinking and cooking water) and to find the possible relationships between these radionuclides in underground water reservoirs and 222Rn concentration in the soil gas in their vicinity. The research was performed by applying a non-volatile and water-immiscible scintillation cocktail based on a pure diisopropylnaphthalene (Ultima Gold F: UGF), which allow for efficient radon extraction from 0.5 dm3 of water samples to 20 cm3 of scintillation phase and its direct determination with a detection limit of 5 × 10-3 Bq dm-3. The further preliminary concentration of 3 dm3 of crude water samples by evaporation to 0.5 dm3 samples led to the removal of all unsupported 222Rn activity and allowed the 226Ra determination via equivalent 222Rn detection after one-month samples storage using a low-background Triathler liquid scintillation counter in the α/β separation counting mode. Together with determination of 226Ra isotope in water samples, the simultaneous measurements of 228Ra and 222Rn radionuclides concentrations in water as well as 222Rn activity in the soil gas around the water supply sites were performed. The achieved limit of 226Ra detection was at a very low level of 10-3 Bq dm-3. The measured values of 226Ra concentration in 50 public underground water supply units for the Kalisz district of Poland were relatively low and ranged from below detection limit to 28.5 × 10-3 Bq dm-3 with arithmetic mean and median values of 12.9 and 12.2 × 10-3 Bq dm-3, respectively. Weak correlations were observed between activity concentrations of 226Ra and 222Rn in the crude water samples (R2 = 0.31) and 222Rn in water and its concentration in the nearby soil gas (R2 = 0.48).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Bem
- Calisia University - Kalisz, Poland, Nowy Swiat 4, 62-800, Kalisz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Długosz-Lisiecka
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Szajerski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland.
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Szewczak K, Jednoróg S, Wołoszczuk K, Gluba Ł, Rafalska-Przysucha A, Łukowski M. Radon emission fluctuation as a result of biochar application into the soil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13810. [PMID: 34226596 PMCID: PMC8257686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented research was focused on the analysis of the impact of biochar application into the soil on the radon exhalation process as a new issue of radiation protection in agriculture. Field measurements of the radon exhalation rate utilizing two methods-active and passive as well as laboratory measurements of the radon emanation coefficient were performed. In laboratory a soil samples with sunflower husk biochar were analysed using the accumulation chamber technique. At the final step the assessment of the effective dose for humans coming from radon exhalation from soil depending on biochar dose applied were evaluated. The doses of biochar applied in the analysed experimental fields were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 Mg ha-1. The results show that biochar application into the soil contribute to a decrease in the emanation coefficient from a value around 7% to less than 2% with a simultaneous decrease in the radon exhalation rate from 4.4 to 14.8 mBq m-2 s-1 when the biochar dose increase from 0 to 100 Mg ha-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Szewczak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Jednoróg
- Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, Konwaliowa 7, 01-194, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wołoszczuk
- Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, Konwaliowa 7, 01-194, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gluba
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Rafalska-Przysucha
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Łukowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
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Burghele BD, Botoș M, Beldean-Galea S, Cucoș A, Catalina T, Dicu T, Dobrei G, Florică Ș, Istrate A, Lupulescu A, Moldovan M, Niță D, Papp B, Pap I, Szacsvai K, Sainz C, Tunyagi A, Țenter A. Comprehensive survey on radon mitigation and indoor air quality in energy efficient buildings from Romania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141858. [PMID: 32892081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years applied scientific research has been carried out in Romania to tacked the residential radon issues. The increased interest to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings has lead to the implementation and use of new architectural solutions aimed to save energy in houses and other buildings. As a consequence, the degree of retrofit in existing buildings and energy efficiency of new buildings promoted the need to not only mitigate indoor radon, but improve indoor air quality overall. The present study found that the while the best performance in radon reduction was confirmed to be based on sub-slab depressurization (61% - 95% reduction), centralized and decentralized mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation with heat recovery yielded a good efficiency in overall improvement of indoor air quality (CO2, VOC, RH, temperature). The outcome of our research, as well as future perspectives, take into account the recommended harmonization of energy efficiency programs with those of public health by finding and applying the best technologies in compliance with energy saving and indoor environmental quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Burghele
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - M Botoș
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Faculty of Civil Engineering, Tehnical University of Cluj-Napoca, Str. C. Daicoviciu 15, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - S Beldean-Galea
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A Cucoș
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - T Catalina
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Faculty of Engineering Installations, Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, Bld. P. Protopopescu 66, Bucharest, Romania
| | - T Dicu
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - G Dobrei
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ș Florică
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Faculty of Biology and Geology, Department of Geology, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. M. Kogalniceanu 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A Istrate
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Clima Instal Systems SRL, Str. Prunilor nr. 15, Oras Pantelimon, ILFOV
| | - A Lupulescu
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - M Moldovan
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - D Niță
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - B Papp
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - I Pap
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - K Szacsvai
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - C Sainz
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, c/ Herrera Oria s/n, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - A Tunyagi
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Faculty of Physics, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A Țenter
- "Constantin Cosma" Radon Laboratory (LiRaCC), Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Str. Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Haneberg WC, Wiggins A, Curl DC, Greb SF, Andrews WM, Rademacher K, Rayens MK, Hahn EJ. A Geologically Based Indoor-Radon Potential Map of Kentucky. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2020GH000263. [PMID: 33283125 PMCID: PMC7682569 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We combined 71,930 short-term (median duration 4 days) home radon test results with 1:24,000-scale bedrock geologic map coverage of Kentucky to produce a statewide geologically based indoor-radon potential map. The test results were positively skewed with a mean of 266 Bq/m3, median of 122 Bq/m3, and 75th percentile of 289 Bq/m3. We identified 106 formations with ≥10 test results. Analysis of results from 20 predominantly monolithologic formations showed indoor-radon concentrations to be positively skewed on a formation-by-formation basis, with a proportional relationship between sample means and standard deviations. Limestone (median 170 Bq/m3) and dolostone (median 130 Bq/m3) tended to have higher indoor-radon concentrations than siltstones and sandstones (median 67 Bq/m3) or unlithified surficial deposits (median 63 Bq/m3). Individual shales had median values ranging from 67 to 189 Bq/m3; the median value for all shale values was 85 Bq/m3. Percentages of values falling above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) action level of 148 Bq/m3 were sandstone and siltstone: 24%, unlithified clastic: 21%, dolostone: 46%, limestone: 55%, and shale: 34%. Mississippian limestones, Ordovician limestones, and Devonian black shales had the highest indoor-radon potential values in Kentucky. Indoor-radon test mean values for the selected formations were also weakly, but statistically significantly, correlated with mean aeroradiometric uranium concentrations. To produce a map useful to nonspecialists, we classified each of the 106 formations into five radon-geologic classes on the basis of their 75th percentile radon concentrations. The statewide map is freely available through an interactive internet map service.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Wiggins
- BREATHE, College of NursingUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Douglas C. Curl
- Kentucky Geological SurveyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Stephen F. Greb
- Kentucky Geological SurveyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | | | | | - Mary Kay Rayens
- BREATHE, College of NursingUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Ellen J. Hahn
- BREATHE, College of NursingUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Center for Appalachian Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
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