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Jakovljević I, Smoljo I, Sever Štrukil Z, Pehnec G. Carcinogenic Activity and Risk Assessment of PAHs in Ambient Air: PM 10 Particle Fraction and Bulk Deposition. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11030228. [PMID: 36976993 PMCID: PMC10051387 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper present seasonal variation in the equivalent concentration (BaPeq) of PAHs in order to assess the potential cancer risk for two different groups of residents via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation pathways. The possible ecological risk caused by PAH atmospheric deposition based on risk quotient was also estimated. A bulk (total, wet and dry) deposition and PM10 particle fraction (particles with an equivalent aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm) were collected from June 2020 to May 2021 at an urban residential location in the northern part of Zagreb, Croatia. The monthly average of total equivalent BaPeq mass concentrations of PM10 varied from 0.057 ng m-3 in July to 3.656 ng m-3 in December; the annul ∑BaPeq average was 1.348 ng m-3. In bulk deposition, ∑BaPeq mass concentrations varied from 1.94 to 57.60 ng L-1. In both investigated media, BaP had the highest contribution in carcinogenic activity. For PM10 media, dermal absorption implied the greatest potential cancer risk, followed by ingestion and inhalation. For bulk media, a moderate ecological risk for BaA, BbF and BaP was observed according to the risk quotient approach.
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Chandia-Poblete D, Cole-Hunter T, Haswell M, Heesch KC. The influence of air pollution exposure on the short- and long-term health benefits associated with active mobility: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157978. [PMID: 35964755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Active mobility (AM), defined as walking and cycling for transportation, can improve health through increasing regular physical activity. However, these health improvements could be outweighed by harm from inhaling traffic-related air pollutants during AM participation. The interaction of AM and air pollutants on health is complex physiologically, manifesting as acute changes in health indicators that may lead to poor long-term health consequences. The aim of this study was to systematically review the current evidence of effect modification by air pollution (AP) on associations between AM and health indicators. Studies were included if they examined associations between AM and health indicators being modified by AP or, conversely, associations between AP and health indicators being modified by AM. Thirty-three studies met eligibility criteria. The main AP indicators studied were particulate matter, ultrafine particles, and nitrogen oxides. Most health indicators studied were grouped into cardiovascular and respiratory indicators. There is evidence of a reduction by AP, mainly ultrafine particles and PM2.5, in the short-term health benefits of AM. Multiple studies suggest that long-term health benefits of AM are not negatively associated with levels of the single traffic-related pollutant NO2. However, other studies reveal reduced long-term health benefits of AM in areas affected by high levels of pollutant mixtures. We recommend that future studies adopt consistent and rigorous study designs and include reporting of interaction testing, to advance understanding of the complex relationships between AM, AP, and health indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Chandia-Poblete
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Thomas Cole-Hunter
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Melissa Haswell
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Indigenous Strategy and Services) and School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kristiann C Heesch
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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Gajski G, Gerić M, Pehnec G, Matković K, Rinkovec J, Jakovljević I, Godec R, Žužul S, Bešlić I, Cvitković A, Wild P, Guseva Canu I, Hopf NB. Associating Air Pollution with Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Parameters in Lymphocytes of the General Population in Zagreb (Croatia). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710083. [PMID: 36077482 PMCID: PMC9455971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is recognized as one of the most serious public health issues worldwide and was declared to be a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. At the same time, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay serves as a cancer predictive method that is extensively used in human biomonitoring for populations exposed to environmental contamination. The objective of this cross-sectional study is two-fold: to evaluate genomic instability in a sample (N = 130) of healthy, general population residents from Zagreb (Croatia), chronically exposed to different levels of air pollution, and to relate them to air pollution levels in the period from 2011 to 2015. Measured frequencies of CBMN assay parameters were in agreement with the baseline data for the general population of Croatia. Air pollution exposure was based on four factors obtained from a factor analysis of all exposure data obtained for the examined period. Based on the statistical results, we did not observe a significant positive association between any of the CBMN assay parameters tested and measured air pollution parameters for designated time windows, except for benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) that showed significant negative association. Our results show that measured air pollution parameters are largely below the regulatory limits, except for B[a]P, and as such, they do not affect CBMN assay parameters’ frequency. Nevertheless, as air pollution is identified as a major health threat, it is necessary to conduct prospective studies investigating the effect of air pollution on genome integrity and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1468-2500
| | - Marko Gerić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Matković
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Rinkovec
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranka Godec
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silva Žužul
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ante Cvitković
- Teaching Institute of Public Health Brod-Posavina County, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Pascal Wild
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- PW Statistical Consulting, 54520 Laxou, France
| | - Irina Guseva Canu
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nancy B. Hopf
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Skuland T, Grytting VS, Låg M, Jørgensen RB, Snilsberg B, Leseman DLAC, Kubátová A, Emond J, Cassee FR, Holme JA, Øvrevik J, Refsnes M. Road tunnel-derived coarse, fine and ultrafine particulate matter: physical and chemical characterization and pro-inflammatory responses in human bronchial epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:45. [PMID: 35787286 PMCID: PMC9251916 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic particulate matter (PM) comprises a mixture of particles from fuel combustion and wear of road pavement, tires and brakes. In countries with low winter temperatures the relative contribution of mineral-rich PM from road abrasion may be especially high due to use of studded tires during winter season. The aim of the present study was to sample and characterize size-fractioned PM from two road tunnels paved with different stone materials in the asphalt, and to compare the pro-inflammatory potential of these fractions in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT) in relation to physicochemical characteristics. METHODS The road tunnel PM was collected with a vacuum pump and a high-volume cascade impactor sampler. PM was sampled during winter, both during humid and dry road surface conditions, and before and after cleaning the tunnels. Samples were analysed for hydrodynamic size distribution, content of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and endotoxin, and the capacity for acellular generation of reactive oxygen species. Cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses were assessed in HBEC3-KT cells after exposure to coarse (2.5-10 μm), fine (0.18-2.5 μm) and ultrafine PM (≤ 0.18 μm), as well as particles from the respective stone materials used in the pavement. RESULTS The pro-inflammatory potency of the PM samples varied between road tunnels and size fractions, but showed more marked responses than for the stone materials used in asphalt of the respective tunnels. In particular, fine samples showed significant increases as low as 25 µg/mL (2.6 µg/cm2) and were more potent than coarse samples, while ultrafine samples showed more variable responses between tunnels, sampling conditions and endpoints. The most marked responses were observed for fine PM sampled during humid road surface conditions. Linear correlation analysis showed that particle-induced cytokine responses were correlated to OC levels, while no correlations were observed for other PM characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The pro-inflammatory potential of fine road tunnel PM sampled during winter season was high compared to coarse PM. The differences between the PM-induced cytokine responses were not related to stone materials in the asphalt. However, the ratio of OC to total PM mass was associated with the pro-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Skuland
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vegard Sæter Grytting
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rikke Bræmming Jørgensen
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Daan L A C Leseman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment - RIVM, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Jessica Emond
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment - RIVM, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, 0316, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway
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