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Betts G, Ratschen E, Opazo Breton M, Grainge MJ. Alcohol consumption and risk of common cancers: evidence from a cohort of adults from the UK. J Public Health (Oxf) 2019; 40:540-548. [PMID: 28977411 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdx123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent guidelines from the UK recommend that men and women should drink no more than 14 units of alcohol per week. This recommendation takes into account the link between alcohol and several cancers; however, there is a dearth of high quality evidence from the UK to support this. Methods Alcohol consumption using a detailed diary was obtained from 8670 adults representative of the UK population in 1984/5, with follow-up data from cancer registries until 2009. Hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for several variables including cigarette smoking were calculated for cancers of the breast, lung, colorectum and prostate separately using Cox regression. Results Units per week on a typical basis, fitted as a linear term, was associated with breast cancer in women (HR = 1.27 per 10 units/week; 95% CI 1.03-1.58) and lung cancer in men (HR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.06-1.27). Increased risks of lung (HR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.18-4.24) and colorectal (HR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.13-4.57) cancer were seen in men at 15-28 units/week along with higher levels of consumption. Some findings differed by alcohol type. Conclusions Overall, alcohol consumption of 15-28 units/week may be harmful in men with respect to common cancers. A linear association between alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer was observed in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Betts
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elena Ratschen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Magdalena Opazo Breton
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Matthew J Grainge
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Vieira AR, Abar L, Chan DSM, Vingeliene S, Polemiti E, Stevens C, Greenwood D, Norat T. Foods and beverages and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, an update of the evidence of the WCRF-AICR Continuous Update Project. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:1788-1802. [PMID: 28407090 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective As part of the World Cancer Research Fund International Continuous Update Project, we updated the systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies to quantify the dose-response between foods and beverages intake and colorectal cancer risk. Data sources PubMed and several databases up to 31 May 2015. Study selection Prospective studies reporting adjusted relative risk estimates for the association of specific food groups and beverages and risk of colorectal, colon and rectal cancer. Data synthesis Dose-response meta-analyses using random effect models to estimate summary relative risks (RRs). Results About 400 individual study estimates from 111 unique cohort studies were included. Overall, the risk increase of colorectal cancer is 12% for each 100 g/day increase of red and processed meat intake (95% CI = 4-21%, I2=70%, pheterogeneity (ph)<0.01) and 7% for 10 g/day increase of ethanol intake in alcoholic drinks (95% CI = 5-9%, I2=25%, ph = 0.21). Colorectal cancer risk decrease in 17% for each 90g/day increase of whole grains (95% CI = 11-21%, I2 = 0%, ph = 0.30, 6 studies) and 13% for each 400 g/day increase of dairy products intake (95% CI = 10-17%, I2 = 18%, ph = 0.27, 10 studies). Inverse associations were also observed for vegetables intake (RR per 100 g/day =0.98 (95% CI = 0.96-0.99, I2=0%, ph = 0.48, 11 studies) and for fish intake (RR for 100 g/day = 0.89 (95% CI = 0.80-0.99, I2=0%, ph = 0.52, 11 studies), that were weak for vegetables and driven by one study for fish. Intakes of fruits, coffee, tea, cheese, poultry and legumes were not associated with colorectal cancer risk. Conclusions Our results reinforce the evidence that high intake of red and processed meat and alcohol increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Milk and whole grains may have a protective role against colorectal cancer. The evidence for vegetables and fish was less convincing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Vieira
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London
| | - L Abar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London
| | - D S M Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London
| | - S Vingeliene
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London
| | - E Polemiti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London
| | - C Stevens
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London
| | - D Greenwood
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - T Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London
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Morrison L, Laukkanen JA, Ronkainen K, Kurl S, Kauhanen J, Toriola AT. Inflammatory biomarker score and cancer: A population-based prospective cohort study. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:80. [PMID: 26860264 PMCID: PMC4748611 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is associated with cancer but there are conflicting reports on associations of biomarkers of inflammation with cancer risk and mortality. We investigated the associations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte count with cancer risk and mortality using individual biomarkers, and an inflammatory score derived from both biomarkers. METHODS We conducted this analysis among 2,570 men enrolled in the population-based, prospective Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study in Finland. During an average follow-up period of 26 years, 653 cancer cases and 287 cancer deaths occurred. We computed a z-score for each participant, with the combined z-score being the sum of each individual's CRP and leukocyte z-scores. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate associations with cancer risk and mortality. RESULTS Using individual biomarkers, elevated leukocyte count was associated with an increased risk of cancer (RR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.04-1.66), and cancer mortality (RR=, 95% CI 1.39, 0.98-1.97). The corresponding results for CRP were (RR = 1.23, 95% CI 0.97-1.55) for risk and (RR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.81-1.64) for cancer mortality. Associations of the biomarkers with cancer appeared to be more robust using the combined z-score. HRs comparing men within the highest z-score quartile to those within the lowest z-score quartiles were 1.47 (95% CI 1.16-1.88, p-trend < 0.01) for cancer risk, and 1.48 (95% CI 1.03-2.14, p-trend = 0.09) for cancer mortality. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that inflammation is associated with cancer risk and mortality, and combining inflammatory biomarkers into a score is a robust method of elucidating this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leavitt Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences, and Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63144, USA.
| | - Jari A Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, 96300, Finland.
| | - Kimmo Ronkainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
| | - Sudhir Kurl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
| | - Adetunji T Toriola
- Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences, and Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63144, USA.
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4
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Klarich DS, Brasser SM, Hong MY. Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1280-91. [PMID: 26110674 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy alcohol drinking is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC); previous studies have shown a linear dose-dependent association between alcohol intake and CRC. However, some studies suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may have a protective effect, similar to that seen in cardiovascular disease. Other factors may interact with alcohol and contribute additional risk for CRC. We aimed to determine the association between moderate alcohol consumption, limited to 30 g of alcohol per day, by beverage type on CRC risk and to assess the effects of other factors that interact with alcohol to influence CRC risk. METHODS The PubMed database was used to find articles published between 2008 and 2014 related to alcohol and CRC. Twenty-one relevant articles were evaluated and summarized, including 11 articles reporting on CRC risk associated with moderate intake and 10 articles focusing on genetic interactions associated with alcohol and CRC risk. RESULTS The association between alcohol and increased risk for CRC was found when intakes exceeded 30 g/d alcohol. Nonsignificant results were consistently reported for intakes <30 g/d. Additional risks for CRC were found to be related to obesity and folate status for regular alcohol consumers. Some significant results suggest that the development of CRC is dependent on the interaction of gene and environment. CONCLUSIONS The association between the amount of alcohol consumed and the incidence of CRC was not significant at moderate intake levels. Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a reduced CRC risk in study populations with greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet, where wine contributed substantially to the alcoholic beverage consumed. Other factors such as obesity, folate deficiency, and genetic susceptibility may contribute additional CRC risk for those consuming alcohol. To minimize CRC risk, appropriate recommendations should encourage intakes below 30 g of alcohol each day.
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Affiliation(s)
- DawnKylee S Klarich
- Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Susan M Brasser
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Mee Young Hong
- Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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Peng H, Huang J, Hu Y, Wei Y, Liu H, Huang M, Wang L, Wang J. Associations between polymorphisms in the SYK promoter and susceptibility to sporadic colorectal cancer in a Southern Han Chinese population - a short report. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:165-72. [PMID: 25921550 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Down-regulated expression of the putative tumor suppressor gene spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is strongly associated with the development of various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). SYK gene promoter polymorphisms have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple malignant tumors. In this study, we investigated associations of SYK gene promoter polymorphisms with the susceptibility to colorectal cancer development in a Southern Han Chinese population. METHODS SNPs in the promoter region of the human SYK gene were identified using in silico analysis tools, linkage disequilibrium analysis, and a search for likely transcription factor binding sites via TFSEARCH in the NCBI SNP database (gene ID: 6850). Based on this information, -803A>T and -534T>C were selected as candidates for further analysis. TaqMan-MGB probe analyses were performed in 567 CRC patients and 569 age- and gender-matched healthy controls for SYK gene promoter genotyping. Associations between CRC risk and SNPs were estimated using an unconditional logistic regression model, and environmental risk factors were included in a multivariate logistic regression model for correction. RESULTS The frequencies of the TA and TT genotypes and the T allele of the -803A>T SNP were found to be significantly higher in the CRC patients compared to the healthy individuals of the control group (P=0.020, 0.023, and 0.013, respectively). Synergistic effects between -803A>T genotypes (i.e., TA+TT) and age (≤60 years; P=0.039), male gender (P=0.011), smoking (P=0.005), drinking alcohol (P=0.002), and high BMI (≥24.0 kg/m2; P=0.009) were found to increase the risk to develop CRC by stratified analyses. CONCLUSIONS The SYK -803 A>T genotypes TA and TT are independent risk factors for CRC development in Han Chinese in Southern China, and an association with TA+TT genotypes appears predominant among younger patients, male patients, patients with a high BMI, and patients who smoke or drink alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Toriola AT, Laukkanen JA, Kurl S, Nyyssönen K, Ronkainen K, Kauhanen J. Prediagnostic circulating markers of inflammation and risk of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2961-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kimmo Ronkainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio; Finland
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio; Finland
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8
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Meta-analyses of colorectal cancer risk factors. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:1207-22. [PMID: 23563998 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors have been associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We reviewed the published evidence and explored associations between risk factors and CRC incidence. METHODS We identified 12 established non-screening CRC risk factors and performed a comprehensive review and meta-analyses to quantify each factor's impact on CRC risk. We used random-effects models of the logarithms of risks across studies: inverse-variance weighted averages for dichotomous factors and generalized least squares for dose-response for multi-level factors. RESULTS Significant risk factors include inflammatory bowel disease (RR = 2.93, 95 % CI 1.79-4.81); CRC history in first-degree relative (RR = 1.80, 95 % CI 1.61-2.02); body mass index (BMI) to overall population (RR = 1.10 per 8 kg/m(2) increase, 95 % CI 1.08-1.12); physical activity (RR = 0.88, 95 % CI 0.86-0.91 for 2 standard deviations increased physical activity score); cigarette smoking (RR = 1.06, 95 % CI 1.03-1.08 for 5 pack-years); and consumption of red meat (RR = 1.13, 95 % CI 1.09-1.16 for 5 servings/week), fruit (RR = 0.85, 95 % CI 0.75-0.96 for 3 servings/day), and vegetables (RR = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.78-0.94 for 5 servings/day). CONCLUSIONS We developed a comprehensive risk modeling strategy that incorporates multiple effects to predict an individual's risk of developing CRC. Inflammatory bowel disease and history of CRC in first-degree relatives are associated with much higher risk of CRC. Increased BMI, red meat intake, cigarette smoking, low physical activity, low vegetable consumption, and low fruit consumption were associated with moderately increased risk of CRC.
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9
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de la Torre I, Díaz FJ, Antón M, Barragán E, Rodrigues J, Pires C. A telematic tool to predict the risk of colorectal cancer in white men and women: ColoRectal Cancer Alert (CRCA). J Med Syst 2011; 36:2557-64. [PMID: 21547503 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-011-9728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is an important disease because of its severity and also since it affects much of the population. Nothing helps patients and doctors to determine the risk of suffering from colorectal cancer during their lives, except for medical tests such as the colonoscopy. There have been several studies and research to try to estimate the relative risks of colorectal cancer based on various factors and the applications to calculate the risk of this cancer, but these are not within everyone's research. This project offers a multilingual Web tool, called ColoRectal Cancer Alert (CRCA), to calculate the risk of colorectal cancer for life in men and women of white race. With this application, doctors can carry out research in a few minutes to explore this risk when they are seeing a patient. The platform is designed in such a way that anyone can use it. It is easy to use and intuitive. We should keep in mind that this tool does not replace diagnostic tests such as the colonoscopy or the sigmoidoscopy. It is designed so that users with the assistance of their doctor know the risk and act accordingly (for example, having more checkups on the disease in case of high risk). To access the tool a computer with Internet connection will be required. Currently, 250 users of white race under the supervision of a specialist have completed the questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel de la Torre
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, Valladolid, Spain.
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10
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Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, Rota M, Scotti L, Islami F, Negri E, Straif K, Romieu I, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P, Jenab M. Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1958-1972. [PMID: 21307158 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that alcohol consumption is related to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, several issues remain unresolved, including quantification of the association for light (≤1 drink/day) and moderate (2-3 drinks/day) alcohol drinking, investigation of the dose-response relationship, and potential heterogeneity of effects by sex, colorectal site, and geographical region. METHODS Twenty-seven cohort and 34 case-control studies presenting results for at least three categories of alcohol intake were identified from a PubMed search of articles published before May 2010. The summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated by the random effects model. Second-order fractional polynomials and random effects meta-regression models were used for modeling the dose-risk relation. RESULTS The RRs were 1.21 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-1.28] for moderate and 1.52 (95% CI 1.27-1.81) for heavy (≥4 drinks/day) alcohol drinking. The RR for moderate drinkers, compared with non-/occasional drinkers, was stronger for men (RR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.13-1.37) than for women (RR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.03-1.13; P(heterogeneity) = 0.02). For heavy drinkers, the association was stronger in Asian studies (RR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.33-2.46; P(heterogeneity) = 0.04). The dose-risk analysis estimated RRs of 1.07 (95% CI 1.04-1.10), 1.38 (95% CI 1.28-1.50), and 1.82 (95% CI 1.41-2.35) for 10, 50, and 100 g/day of alcohol, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides strong evidence for an association between alcohol drinking of >1 drink/day and colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fedirko
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
| | - I Tramacere
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - V Bagnardi
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - M Rota
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - L Scotti
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - F Islami
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Digestive Disease Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran; King's College London, Thames Cancer Registry, London, UK
| | - E Negri
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - K Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - I Romieu
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - C La Vecchia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy; Section of Medical Statistics, Department of Occupational Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - P Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - M Jenab
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Abstract
Alcohol consumption in the older adult is of major concern with the advent of baby boomers coming into the over 65-age bracket. Alcohol consumption has been touted as beneficial for health, and while that may be accurate for moderate consumption in younger persons, there is considerable risk associated with increased alcohol intake in older adults. This increase is partially due to age-related physiological changes, existing diagnoses, number of comorbid conditions, and increased use of prescribed and/or over-the-counter medications, coupled with other concerns. This review addresses the current research regarding ethanol consumption in older adults and all-cause mortality as well as several conditions more frequently seen in the geriatric population. These conditions include vascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, hepatic disorders, dental and oro-facial problems, bone density decline, and falls and fractures. In addition, drug interactions and recent research into select vitamin and mineral considerations with increased alcohol intake in older persons are addressed. While recommendations for alcohol intake have not been specifically established for age ranges within the 65-year-and-older bracket, and practitioners do not routinely assess alcohol intake or ethanol related adverse events in this population, common sense approaches to monitoring will become increasingly important as the generation of "boomers" who believe that alcohol intake improves health comes of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roschelle A Heuberger
- Department of Human Environmental Studies, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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Alcohol intake and risk of colorectal cancer: results from the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:747-56. [PMID: 20648013 PMCID: PMC2938250 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies have suggested that excessive alcohol intake increases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, findings regarding tumour subsites and sex differences have been inconsistent. Methods: We investigated the prospective associations between alcohol intake on overall and site- and sex-specific CRC risk. Analyses were conducted on 579 CRC cases and 1996 matched controls nested within the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium using standardised data obtained from food diaries as a main nutritional method and repeated using data from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results: Compared with individuals in the lightest category of drinkers (>0–<5 g per day), the multivariable odds ratios of CRC were 1.16 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.88, 1.53) for non-drinkers, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.24) for drinkers with 5–<15 g per day, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.25) for drinkers with 15–<30 g per day, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.66, 1.58) for drinkers with 30–<45 g per day and 1.19 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.91) for drinkers with ⩾45 g per day. No clear associations were observed between site-specific CRC risk and alcohol intake in either sex. Analyses using FFQ showed similar results. Conclusion: We found no significantly increased risk of CRC up to 30 g per day of alcohol intake within the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium.
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Park JY, Mitrou PN, Dahm CC, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Rodwell SA. Baseline alcohol consumption, type of alcoholic beverage and risk of colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk study. Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33:347-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Karppi J, Kurl S, Nurmi T, Rissanen TH, Pukkala E, Nyyssönen K. Serum lycopene and the risk of cancer: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:512-8. [PMID: 19443241 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lycopene is thought to decrease the risk of cancers, although previous epidemiologic studies have produced inconsistent results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of lycopene against the risk of cancer. METHODS The study population consisted of 997 middle-aged Finnish men in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) cohort. During the mean follow-up time of 12.6 years, a total of 141 cancer cases appeared, of which 55 were prostate cancers. The association between the serum concentrations of lycopene and the risk of cancer was studied using the Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS An inverse association was observed between serum lycopene and overall cancer incidence. The adjusted risk ratio (RR) in the highest tertile of serum lycopene was 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-0.89; p=0.015) compared with the lowest serum lycopene group. No association was observed between the lycopene concentrations and a prostate cancer risk. RR for other cancers was 0.43 (95% CI, 0.23-0.79; p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that in middle-aged men, the higher circulating concentrations of lycopene may contribute to the lower risk of cancer, with the exception of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Karppi
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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15
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Hansell NK, Agrawal A, Whitfield JB, Morley KI, Gordon SD, Lind PA, Pergadia ML, Montgomery GW, Madden PAF, Todd RD, Heath AC, Martin NG. Can we identify genes for alcohol consumption in samples ascertained for heterogeneous purposes? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:729-39. [PMID: 19183129 PMCID: PMC3164813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have identified evidence of genetic influence on alcohol use in samples selected to be informative for alcoholism research. However, there are a growing number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using samples unselected for alcohol consumption (i.e., selected on other traits and forms of psychopathology), which nevertheless assess consumption as a risk factor. Is it reasonable to expect that genes contributing to variation in alcohol consumption can be identified in such samples? METHODS An exploratory approach was taken to determine whether linkage analyses for heaviness of alcohol consumption, using a sample collected for heterogeneous purposes, could replicate previous findings. Quantity and frequency measures of consumption were collected in telephone interviews from community samples. These measures, and genotyping, were available for 5,441 individuals (5,067 quasi-independent sibling pairs). For 1,533 of these individuals, data were collected on 2 occasions, about 8.2 years apart, providing 2 datasets that maximize data collected at either a younger or an older age. Analyses were conducted to address the question of whether age and heavier levels of alcohol consumption effects outcome. Linkage results were compared in the younger and older full samples, and with samples in which approximately 10, 20, and 40 of drinkers from the lower end of the distribution of alcohol consumption were dropped. RESULTS Linkage peaks varied for the age differentiated samples and for percentage of light drinkers retained. Larger peaks (LOD scores >2.0) were typically found in regions previously identified in linkage studies and/or containing proposed candidate genes for alcoholism including AGT, CARTPT, OPRD1, PIK3R1, and PDYN. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that GWAS assessing alcohol consumption as a covariate for other conditions will have some success in identifying genes contributing to consumption-related variation. However, sample characteristics, such as participant age, and trait distribution, may have substantial effects on the strength of the genetic signal. These results can inform forthcoming GWAS where the same restrictions apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle K Hansell
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Andersen V, Agerstjerne L, Jensen D, Østergaard M, Saebø M, Hamfjord J, Kure E, Vogel U. The multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene polymorphism G-rs3789243-A is not associated with disease susceptibility in Norwegian patients with colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer; a case control study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:18. [PMID: 19250544 PMCID: PMC2662819 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Smoking, dietary factors, and alcohol consumption are known life style factors contributing to gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Genetic variations in carcinogen handling may affect cancer risk. The multidrug resistance 1(MDR1/ABCB1) gene encodes the transport protein P-glycoprotein (a phase III xenobiotic transporter). P-glycoprotein is present in the intestinal mucosal lining and restricts absorption of certain carcinogens, among these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, P-glycoprotein transports various endogenous substrates such as cytokines and chemokines involved in inflammation, and may thereby affect the risk of malignity. Hence, genetic variations that modify the function of P-glycoprotein may be associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We have previously found an association between the MDR1 intron 3 G-rs3789243-A polymorphism and the risk of CRC in a Danish study population. The aim of this study was to investigate if this MDR1 polymorphism was associated with risk of colorectal adenoma (CA) and CRC in the Norwegian population. Methods Using a case-control design, the association between the MDR1 intron 3 G-rs3789243-A polymorphism and the risk of colorectal carcinomas and adenomas in the Norwegian population was assessed in 167 carcinomas, 990 adenomas, and 400 controls. Genotypes were determined by allelic discrimination. Odds ratio (OR) and 95 confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated by binary logistic regression. Results No association was found between the MDR1 polymorphism (G-rs3789243-A) and colorectal adenomas or cancer. Carriers of the variant allele of MDR1 intron 3 had odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.97 (0.72–1.29) for developing adenomas, and 0.70 (0.41–1.21) for colorectal cancer, respectively, compared to homozygous wild type carriers. Conclusion The MDR1 intron 3 (G-rs3789243-A) polymorphism was not associated with a risk of colorectal adenomas or carcinomas in the present Norwegian study group. Thus, this MDR1 polymorphism does not seem to play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Andersen
- Medical Department, Viborg Regional Hospital, 8800 Viborg, Denmark.
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