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Cox N, Raizada SR, Barkham N, Venkatachalam S, Sheeran TP, Adizie T, Sapkota H, Scott IC, Muller S, Bateman J. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and stringent social distancing measures on health-related quality of life and COVID-19 infection rates in patients with rheumatic disease: a longitudinal analysis through the pandemic. Rheumatol Adv Pract 2023; 7:rkad009. [PMID: 36751643 PMCID: PMC9897299 DOI: 10.1093/rap/rkad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim was to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and stringent social isolation measures on patients with rheumatic disease (RD) from the beginning of the pandemic (April 2020). Methods In this UK-based single-centre, prospective, observational cohort study, all RD follow-up patients at our centre were invited by SMS text message in April 2020 to participate in the study. Participants completed questionnaires at four time points between April 2020 and December 2021. We collected demographics, clinically extremely vulnerable (CEV) status, short form 12 mental (MCS) and physical health component scores (PCS) for health-related quality of life, vaccination status, COVID-19 infection rates and incidence of long COVID. Results We enrolled 1605 patients (female, 69.0%; CEV, 46.5%); 906 of 1605 (56.4%) completed linked responses to our final questionnaire. MCS improved (+0.6, P < 0.05), whereas PCS scores deteriorated (-1.4, P < 0.001) between April 2020 and December 2021. CEV patients had worse mental and physical health scores than non-CEV patients at entry (PCS, 36.7 and 39.3, respectively, P < 0.001; MCS, 40.9 and 43.0, respectively, P < 0.001) and at each time point throughout the study; both mental and physical health outcomes were worse in CEV compared with non-CEV patients (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). At study close, 148 of 906 (16.3%) reported COVID infection, with no difference in infection, vaccination or long COVID rates between CEV and non-CEV patients. Conclusions Mental and physical health in RD patients has changed throughout the pandemic; outcomes for both metrics of health were worse in CEV patients, although there were no differences in infection rates between the groups. These data might assist the understanding and planning of future health-care policy and social restrictions in RD patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04542031.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Cox
- Correspondence to: Natasha Cox, Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK. E-mail:
| | | | - Nick Barkham
- The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | - Tom P Sheeran
- The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | - Hem Sapkota
- The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Ian C Scott
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK
| | - Sara Muller
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK
| | - James Bateman
- The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK,Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Janssen JM, McGrath A, Ereman R, Moonan PK, Oeltmann JE, Willis M, McCurdy SA. Use of SMS-linked electronic surveys for COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing - Marin County, CA, USA. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2021; 2:100170. [PMID: 34345874 PMCID: PMC8320401 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We sought to quantify the proportion of contacts reported by persons with COVID-19 through a short message service (SMS)-linked survey in comparison to the proportion of contacts reported during a follow-up phone-interview. We also sought to assess improvement in contact tracing timeliness associated with sending SMS-linked surveys. Study design During December 4-15, 2020, persons identified as COVID-19 cases whose data was entered into Marin County's contact tracing database on even days received a SMS-linked survey and persons whose data was entered on odd days did not; all were called for case investigation and contact tracing. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare demographic data. Chi-square test was used to contrast categorical outcomes, and Wilcoxon's rank-sum test was used for continuous outcomes. Results Among 350 SMS-linked survey recipients, 85 (24%) responded and 4 (1%) reported contacts using the survey; an additional 303 contacts were reported during phone interviews. Without phone interviews, 99% of reported contacts would have been missed. There was no meaningful difference between study arms in the proportion of contacts notified within 48 h. Conclusions This SMS-linked survey had low participation and was not useful for identifying contacts. Phone interviews remained crucial for COVID-19 contact tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Janssen
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alana McGrath
- Marin County Department of Health and Human Services, 3240, Kerner Blvd, San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Rochelle Ereman
- Marin County Department of Health and Human Services, 3240, Kerner Blvd, San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Patrick K Moonan
- COVID-19 Response Team, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John E Oeltmann
- COVID-19 Response Team, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew Willis
- Marin County Department of Health and Human Services, 3240, Kerner Blvd, San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A McCurdy
- COVID-19 Case and Contact Investigation Unit, Marin County Department of Health and Human Services, 3240 Kerner Blvd, San Rafael, CA, USA
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Amorim AB, Coombs D, Richards B, Maher CG, Machado GC. Text Messaging and Web-Based Survey System to Recruit Patients With Low Back Pain and Collect Outcomes in the Emergency Department: Observational Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021; 9:e22732. [PMID: 33661125 PMCID: PMC7974753 DOI: 10.2196/22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain (LBP) is a frequent reason for emergency department (ED) presentations, with a global prevalence of 4.4%. Despite being common, the number of clinical trials investigating LBP in the ED is low. Recruitment of patients in EDs can be challenging because of the fast-paced and demanding ED environment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to describe the recruitment and response rates using an SMS text messaging and web-based survey system supplemented by telephone calls to recruit patients with LBP and collect health outcomes in the ED. METHODS An automated SMS text messaging system was integrated into Research Electronic Data Capture and used to collect patient-reported outcomes for an implementation trial in Sydney, Australia. We invited patients with nonserious LBP who presented to participating EDs at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after ED discharge. Patients who did not respond to the initial SMS text message invitation were sent a reminder SMS text message or contacted via telephone. The recruitment rate was measured as the proportion of patients who agreed to participate, and the response rate was measured as the proportion of participants completing the follow-up surveys at weeks 2 and 4. Regression analyses were used to explore factors associated with response rates. RESULTS In total, 807 patients with nonserious LBP were invited to participate and 425 (53.0%) agreed to participate. The week 1 survey was completed by 51.5% (416/807) of participants. At week 2, the response rate was 86.5% (360/416), and at week 4, it was 84.4% (351/416). Overall, 60% of the surveys were completed via SMS text messaging and on the web and 40% were completed via telephone. Younger participants and those from less socioeconomically disadvantaged areas were more likely to respond to the survey via the SMS text messaging and web-based system. CONCLUSIONS Using an SMS text messaging and web-based survey system supplemented by telephone calls is a viable method for recruiting patients with LBP and collecting health outcomes in the ED. This hybrid system could potentially reduce the costs of using traditional recruitment and data collection methods (eg, face-to-face, telephone calls only). INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019052.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Barros Amorim
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Danielle Coombs
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bethan Richards
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,Rheumatology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris G Maher
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gustavo C Machado
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
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Cleaton N, Raizada S, Barkham N, Venkatachalam S, Sheeran TP, Adizie T, Sapkota H, Singh BM, Bateman J. The impact of COVID-19 on rheumatology patients in a large UK centre using an innovative data collection technique: prevalence and effect of social shielding. Rheumatol Int 2021; 41:707-714. [PMID: 33559727 PMCID: PMC7871319 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to gain insight into the prevalence of COVID-19 and the impact stringent social distancing (shielding) has had on a large cohort of rheumatology (RD) follow-up patients from a single large UK centre. METHODS We linked COVID-19-related deaths, screening and infection rates to our RD population (1.2.20-1.5.20) and audited active rheumatology follow-up patients through survey data communicated via a linked mobile phone SMS message. We assessed epidemiology, effect of stringent social distancing (shielding) and quality of life (HRQoL) by Short Form 12 (SF12). RESULTS There were 10,387 active follow-up patients, 7911 had linked mobile numbers. 12/10,387 RD patients died from COVID-19 (0.12%); local population 4131/7,415,149 (0.12%). For patients with mobile phones, 1693/7911 (21%) responded and of these, 1605 completed the SF12. Inflammatory arthritis predominated 1174/1693 (69%); 792/1693 (47%) were shielding. Advice on shielding/distancing was followed by 1372/1693(81%). 61/1693 (4%) reported COVID-19 (24/61 shielding); medication distribution was similar in COVID and non-COVID patients. Mental SF12 (MCS) but not physical (PCS) component scores were lower in COVID (60) vs. non-COVID (1545), mean differences: MCS, - 3.3; 95% CI - 5.2 to - 1.4, P < 0.001; PCS, - 0.4; 95% CI, - 2.1 to 1.3). In 1545 COVID-negative patients, those shielding had lower MCS (- 2.1; 95% CI - 2.8 to - 1.4) and PCS (- 3.1, 95% CI - 3.7 to - 2.5), both P < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS Our full RD cohort had no excess of COVID deaths compared to the general local population. Our survey data suggest that shielding adversely affects both mental and physical health in RD. These data broaden our understanding of shielding, indicating need for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Cleaton
- Departments of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - S. Raizada
- Departments of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - N. Barkham
- Departments of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - S. Venkatachalam
- Departments of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - T. P. Sheeran
- Departments of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - T. Adizie
- Departments of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - H. Sapkota
- Departments of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - B. M. Singh
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - J. Bateman
- Departments of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
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5
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Raizada SR, Cleaton N, Bateman J, Mulherin DM, Barkham N. Are telephone consultations here to stay in rheumatology? Rheumatol Adv Pract 2020; 5:rkaa071. [PMID: 33511325 PMCID: PMC7798592 DOI: 10.1093/rap/rkaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives During the COVID-19 pandemic, face-to-face rheumatology follow-up appointments were mostly replaced with telephone or virtual consultations in order to protect vulnerable patients. We aimed to investigate the perspectives of rheumatology patients on the use of telephone consultations compared with the traditional face-to-face consultation. Methods We carried out a retrospective survey of all rheumatology follow-up patients at the Royal Wolverhampton Trust who had received a telephone consultation from a rheumatology consultant during a 4-week period via an online survey tool. Results Surveys were distributed to 1213 patients, of whom 336 (27.7%) responded, and 306 (91.1%) patients completed all components of the survey. Overall, an equal number of patients would prefer telephone clinics or face-to-face consultations for their next routine appointment. When divided by age group, the majority who preferred the telephone clinics were <50 years old [χ2 (d.f. = 3) = 10.075, P = 0.018]. Prevalence of a smartphone was higher among younger patients (<50 years old: 46 of 47, 97.9%) than among older patients (≥50 years old: 209 of 259, 80.7%) [χ2 (d.f. = 3) = 20.919, P < 0.001]. More patients reported that they would prefer a telephone call for urgent advice (168, 54.9%). Conclusion Most patients interviewed were happy with their routine face-to-face appointment being switched to a telephone consultation. Of those interviewed, patients >50 years old were less likely than their younger counterparts to want telephone consultations in place of face-to-face appointments. Most patients in our study would prefer a telephone consultation for urgent advice. We must ensure that older patients and those in vulnerable groups who value in-person contact are not excluded. Telephone clinics in some form are here to stay in rheumatology for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina R Raizada
- Rheumatology Department, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Natasha Cleaton
- Rheumatology Department, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - James Bateman
- Rheumatology Department, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Diarmuid M Mulherin
- Rheumatology Department, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Nick Barkham
- Rheumatology Department, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
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6
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Siedner MJ, Harling G, Derache A, Smit T, Khoza T, Gunda R, Mngomezulu T, Gareta D, Majozi N, Ehlers E, Dreyer J, Nxumalo S, Dayi N, Ording-Jesperson G, Ngwenya N, Wong E, Iwuji C, Shahmanesh M, Seeley J, De Oliveira T, Ndung'u T, Hanekom W, Herbst K. Protocol: Leveraging a demographic and health surveillance system for Covid-19 Surveillance in rural KwaZulu-Natal. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:109. [PMID: 32802963 PMCID: PMC7424917 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15949.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A coordinated system of disease surveillance will be critical to effectively control the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Such systems enable rapid detection and mapping of epidemics and inform allocation of scarce prevention and intervention resources. Although many lower- and middle-income settings lack infrastructure for optimal disease surveillance, health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS) provide a unique opportunity for epidemic monitoring. This protocol describes a surveillance program at the Africa Health Research Institute's Population Intervention Platform site in northern KwaZulu-Natal. The program leverages a longstanding HDSS in a rural, resource-limited setting with very high prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis to perform Covid-19 surveillance. Our primary aims include: describing the epidemiology of the Covid-19 epidemic in rural KwaZulu-Natal; determining the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak and non-pharmaceutical control interventions (NPI) on behaviour and wellbeing; determining the impact of HIV and tuberculosis on Covid-19 susceptibility; and using collected data to support the local public-sector health response. The program involves telephone-based interviews with over 20,000 households every four months, plus a sub-study calling 750 households every two weeks. Each call asks a household representative how the epidemic and NPI are affecting the household and conducts a Covid-19 risk screen for all resident members. Any individuals screening positive are invited to a clinical screen, potential test and referral to necessary care - conducted in-person near their home following careful risk minimization procedures. In this protocol we report the details of our cohort design, questionnaires, data and reporting structures, and standard operating procedures in hopes that our project can inform similar efforts elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Siedner
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guy Harling
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology and Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Derache
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Theresa Smit
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Khoza
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Resign Gunda
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Dickman Gareta
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Eugene Ehlers
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Jaco Dreyer
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Siyabonga Nxumalo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Njabulo Dayi
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Nothando Ngwenya
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Emily Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Collins Iwuji
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Maryam Shahmanesh
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janet Seeley
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Global Health and Development Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tulio De Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP)), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Willem Hanekom
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kobus Herbst
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- SAPRIN, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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Bateman J, Mulherin D, Hirsch G, Venkatachalam S, Sheeran T. Rapid distribution of information by SMS-embedded video link to patients during a pandemic. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2020; 2:e315-e316. [PMID: 32382726 PMCID: PMC7202853 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Bateman
- Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK
| | | | - George Hirsch
- Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK
| | | | - Tom Sheeran
- Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK
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8
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Siedner MJ, Harling G, Derache A, Smit T, Khoza T, Gunda R, Mngomezulu T, Gareta D, Majozi N, Ehlers E, Dreyer J, Nxumalo S, Dayi N, Ording-Jesperson G, Ngwenya N, Wong E, Iwuji C, Shahmanesh M, Seeley J, De Oliveira T, Ndung'u T, Hanekom W, Herbst K. Protocol: Leveraging a demographic and health surveillance system for Covid-19 Surveillance in rural KwaZulu-Natal. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:109. [PMID: 32802963 PMCID: PMC7424917 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15949.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A coordinated system of disease surveillance will be critical to effectively control the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Such systems enable rapid detection and mapping of epidemics and inform allocation of scarce prevention and intervention resources. Although many lower- and middle-income settings lack infrastructure for optimal disease surveillance, health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS) provide a unique opportunity for epidemic monitoring. This protocol describes a surveillance program at the Africa Health Research Institute's Population Intervention Platform site in northern KwaZulu-Natal. The program leverages a longstanding HDSS in a rural, resource-limited setting with very high prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis to perform Covid-19 surveillance. Our primary aims include: describing the epidemiology of the Covid-19 epidemic in rural KwaZulu-Natal; determining the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak and non-pharmaceutical control interventions (NPI) on behaviour and wellbeing; determining the impact of HIV and tuberculosis on Covid-19 susceptibility; and using collected data to support the local public-sector health response. The program involves telephone-based interviews with over 20,000 households every four months, plus a sub-study calling 750 households every two weeks. Each call asks a household representative how the epidemic and NPI are affecting the household and conducts a Covid-19 risk screen for all resident members. Any individuals screening positive are invited to a clinical screen, potential test and referral to necessary care - conducted in-person near their home following careful risk minimization procedures. In this protocol we report the details of our cohort design, questionnaires, data and reporting structures, and standard operating procedures in hopes that our project can inform similar efforts elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Siedner
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guy Harling
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology and Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Derache
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Theresa Smit
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Khoza
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Resign Gunda
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Dickman Gareta
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Eugene Ehlers
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Jaco Dreyer
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Siyabonga Nxumalo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Njabulo Dayi
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Nothando Ngwenya
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Emily Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Collins Iwuji
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Maryam Shahmanesh
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janet Seeley
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Global Health and Development Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tulio De Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP)), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Willem Hanekom
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kobus Herbst
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- SAPRIN, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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9
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van Velthoven MH, Wang W, Wu Q, Li Y, Scherpbier RW, Du X, Chen L, Zhang Y, Car J, Rudan I. Comparison of text messaging data collection vs face-to-face interviews for public health surveys: a cluster randomized crossover study of care-seeking for childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea in rural China. J Glob Health 2018; 8:010802. [PMID: 29899982 PMCID: PMC5997366 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.08.010802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare text messaging and face-to-face interviews to conduct a survey on childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia. METHODS Caregivers of young children able to send text messages in Zhao County in rural China were included in this crossover study. Villages (clusters) were randomized into two groups using the ratio 1:1.6 to account for an expected higher drop-out in group 2. In group 1, participants first completed the face-to-face and then text messaging survey; this order was reversed in group 2. We determined data equivalence of 17 questions that were answered by participants who were the same person in both surveys. For the text messaging survey, we assessed the overall and item response rate. RESULTS We included 1014 participants between 16 and 28 March 2013: 371 in 15 villages in group 1 and 643 in 27 villages in group 2. A total of 662 (65.3%) out of 1014 participants responded (first text message question) and a significantly higher proportion who did not respond were from rural areas (P = 0.005). Of 651 participants willing to participate, 356 (54.7%) completed the text messaging survey, which was marginally significantly different between the groups (P = 0.05). In total, 409 participants took part in both surveys: 183 in group 1 and 226 in group 2. There was a significantly higher proportion of caregivers from rural areas in Zhao County in the non-responder group compared to the responder group (P = 0.004). Kappas were substantial for six (0.61-0.80), moderate for two (0.58 and 0.60), and fair for three questions (0.31, 0.35 and 0.37). The proportion of agreement was >90% for five questions; 80.0%-90.0% for five questions; 70.0%, 65.0% and 45.5%. The remaining questions had too small numbers to calculate these values. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that text messaging data collection produces data similar to data from face-to-face interviews in a middle-income setting, but the response rate was insufficient for use in public health surveys. Improving the response rate is important, because text message surveys could be of greater value in rural remote areas due to the cost-saving potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Helena van Velthoven
- Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiaozhen Du
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Josip Car
- Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Population Health Sciences (CePHaS), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences and Global Health Academy, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Jangi M, Ferandez-de-Las-Penas C, Tara M, Moghbeli F, Ghaderi F, Javanshir K. A systematic review on reminder systems in physical therapy. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018; 9:7-15. [PMID: 29387313 PMCID: PMC5771354 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.9.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Background The main goal of physical therapy is to help the patient gain a better health status. Several studies have investigated the use of reminders to prevent such failures on the patients' side. This article presents a systematic review of the literature concerning reminders in physical therapy. Methods Databases were searched until May 2017 and literatures were found from April 1992 until 2017. The literature recruitment strategy was based on applying several keywords and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) combination running against title and abstract, including concepts such as reminder, physical therapy. The finally selected articles were categorized through reminder aspects such as how, who feedback. Data were extracted according to PRISMA guidelines. Results In 47% of studies, the reminder was sent to the patients, 29% to the physical therapists and 12% to the caretaker team. In 24% of the studies, paper-based letters were main medium for reminders while the rest were various types of media like emails and SMS mobile text messages. 35% of the articles showed positive effects of the reminders. Conclusions Many reminder methods consisted of SMS, phone calls, letters, emails and notices on the wall were used in physical therapy. Reminders may be used to improve patients' adherence to exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Jangi
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Cesar Ferandez-de-Las-Penas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mahmoud Tara
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fateme Moghbeli
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghaderi
- Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khodabakhsh Javanshir
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institate, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol Iran
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Grutzmacher SK, Munger AL, Speirs KE, Zemeir LA, Richard KC, Worthington L. Feasibility of bidirectional text messages in evaluating a text-based nutrition education program for low-income parents: Results from the Text2BHealthy program. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2017; 64:90-94. [PMID: 28578291 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Text messages are increasingly used in the delivery of health education programs. One appealing aspect of this approach is the possibility of remotely collecting participant data to use in program tailoring or evaluation. The purpose of the present study is to test the feasibility of using text messages to collect participant data. Using data from 33 texted evaluation questions sent through the Text2BHealthy nutrition education program for low-income parents (n=108-1521) response rates under different incentive and prompting strategies were examined. Response rates are generally low across a pilot year and three program years, ranging from 10-55%. While incentives seemed to be ineffective at improving response rates, results indicate that prompting participants to respond may increase response rates. Individuals who respond to an initial question are highly likely to respond to a follow-up question (88-99%) and to report positive behaviors (68-100%). Responses received through text may be unrepresentative and positively biased. Text messages may be a supplemental data collection strategy in nutrition education programs, but low response rates and response bias undermine data quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley L Munger
- California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | | | - Lindsey A Zemeir
- University of Maryland, College Park, Columbia, MD, United States.
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Timeliness of Childhood Primary Immunization and Risk Factors Related with Delays: Evidence from the 2014 Zhejiang Provincial Vaccination Coverage Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091086. [PMID: 28930165 PMCID: PMC5615623 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: this study aimed to assess both immunization coverage and timeliness, as well as reasons for non-vaccination, and identity the risk factors of delayed immunization, for the vaccines scheduled during the first year of life, in Zhejiang province, east China. Methods: A cluster survey among children aged 24-35 months was conducted. Demographic information and socio-economic characteristics of the selected child, the mother, and the household were collected. Immunization data were transcribed from immunization cards. Timeliness was assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis for each vaccine given before 12 months of age, based on the time frame stipulated by the expanded program on immunization of China. Cox proportional hazard regression was applied to identify risk factors of delayed immunization. Results: A total of 2772 eligible children were surveyed. The age-appropriate coverage ranged from 25.4% (95% CI: 23.7-27.0%) for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) to 91.3% (95% CI: 90.2-92.3%) for the first dose of oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV1). The most frequent reason for non-vaccination was parent's fear of adverse events of immunization. Delayed immunizations were associated with mother having a lower education level, mother having a job, delivery at home, increasing number of children per household, and having a lower household income. Conclusions: Although the timeliness of immunization has improved since 2011, necessary steps are still needed to achieve further improvement. Timeliness of immunization should be considered as another important indicator of expanded program on immunization (EPI) performance. Future interventions on vaccination coverage should take into consideration demographic and socio-economic risk factors identified in this study. The importance of adhering to the recommended schedule should be explained to parents.
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Westphal DW, Williams SA, Leeb A, Effler PV. Continuous active surveillance of adverse events following immunisation using SMS technology. Vaccine 2016; 34:3350-5. [PMID: 27206385 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On-going post-licensure surveillance of adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) is critical to detecting and responding to potentially serious adverse events in a timely manner. SmartVax is a vaccine safety monitoring tool that uses automated data extraction from existing practice management software and short message service (SMS) technology to follow-up vaccinees in real-time. We report on childhood vaccine safety surveillance using SmartVax at a medical practice in Perth, Western Australia. METHODS Parents of all children under age five years who were vaccinated according to the Australian National Immunisation Schedule between November 2011 and June 2015 were sent an SMS three days post administration to enquire whether the child had experienced a suspected vaccine reaction. Affirmative replies triggered a follow-up SMS requesting details of the reaction(s) via a link to a survey that could be completed using a smartphone or the web. Rates of reported AEFI including fever, headache, fatigue, rash, vomiting, diarrhoea, rigours, seizures, and local reactions were calculated by vaccination time point. RESULTS Overall, 239 (8.2%; 95% CI 7.2-9.2%) possible vaccine reactions were reported for 2897 vaccination visits over the 44 month time period. The proportion of children experiencing a possible AEFI, mostly local reactions, was significantly greater following administration of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-poliomyelitis vaccine at 4 years of age (77/441; 17.5%; 95% CI 13.9-21.0%) compared to the vaccinations given at 2-18 months (p<0.001). Across all time points, local reactions and fatigue were the most frequently reported AEFI. CONCLUSION Automated SMS-based reporting can facilitate sustainable, real-time, monitoring of adverse reactions and contribute to early identification of potential vaccine safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren W Westphal
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Public Health Division, Western Australian Department of Health, Perth, WA, Australia; Westfarmer's Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia; National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia.
| | - Stephanie A Williams
- National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Alan Leeb
- Illawarra Medical Centre, Ballajura, WA, Australia
| | - Paul V Effler
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Public Health Division, Western Australian Department of Health, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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14
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Walsh EI, Brinker JK. Should participants be given a mobile phone, or use their own? Effects of novelty vs utility. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Gahleitner F, Legg J, Holland E, Pearson S, Roberts G. The validity and acceptability of a text-based monitoring system for pediatric asthma studies. Pediatr Pulmonol 2016; 51:5-12. [PMID: 25847724 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A meaningful analysis in research requires robust, valid data. Paper diaries allow the collection of data from individuals over time but are notorious for poor compliance and validity. SMS-technology is a novel method for data collection in medical research. Time-tagged SMS are transferred directly to an electronic file. We used SMS to collect symptoms and peak flow rate (PEFR) meter readings from 32 children with asthma. Parents responded first to five SMS daily for 7 days during an asymptomatic period and then for 14 days during a cold. Compliance with use of PEFR meter and SMS system were assessed. Digital PEFR meters enabled data download at the end of the study to confirm validity of transmitted data. Parents of 24 participants provided feedback about this data collection tool. Mean (±SD) "SMS-diary and PEFR-meter compliance" were 96% (±8) and 84% (±21) during baseline and 91% (±12) and 82% (±20) during cold respectively. Correctly reported PEFR values were found in 65.5% of all cases, in 8.3% PEFR values sent were "self-invented" and 2.4% of values were missing. All of the 22 parents completing the baseline questionnaire were happy to use SMS for this study. Of the 20 parents completing the follow up questionnaire, 95% (19/20) found the system user-friendly, 55% (11/20) would be more likely to participate in studies if they were using SMS data collection and 25% (5/20) were "sometimes unhappy" about receiving messages. This real-time capture of data is well accepted and could avoid some of the pitfalls of backfilled paper diaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gahleitner
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Julian Legg
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Emma Holland
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Sarah Pearson
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Graham Roberts
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development in Health Academic Units, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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16
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Web-based questionnaires to capture acute infections in long-term cohorts : findings of a feasibility study. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 57:1308-14. [PMID: 25293887 PMCID: PMC4210750 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-014-2049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and gastrointestinal infections (GII) are difficult to assess due to high frequency episodes, limited severity and short duration. Retrospective assessments therefore are particularly prone to recall bias, while prospective assessment with conventional questionnaires requires high discipline from participants which is difficult to maintain over longer time periods. Web-based questionnaires (WQ) allow integration of a recall system and thus carry the potential to prospectively capture acute infections. We investigated the feasibility of a weekly WQ assessing symptoms of ARI and GII among participants of the German National Cohort (GNC). Material and methods In the study centres Hamburg and Bremen of the GNC participants of the Pretest 1 phase (September to November 2011) were invited to additionally take part in this feasibility study testing the WQ. Every Monday participants received an e-mail, containing a link to the WQ, asking for occurrence of ARI or GII symptoms during the past 7 days. The study took place from the beginning of February until mid-July 2012. We calculated the overall proportion of participation, weekly participation and the number of weekly reports per participant and we estimated incidences of ARI, ILI and GII. Results Of 200 Pretest 1 participants 171 (86 %) reported having an email address and thus were eligible for the web-based study. A total of 167 (98 %) agreed to participate. Participants of the web-based study were younger and better educated than non-participants. Access to Internet decreased with increasing age. Of the 167 participants in the feasibility study, 144 (86 %) responded at least once during the study period of 23 weeks, 5 persons (3 %) had non-functioning email addresses and 18 (11 %) did not respond at all. The weekly response varied between 62 % and 81 %, the median was 74 % (IQR: 71–77 %). Weekly median reports per person were 20 (IQR: 14–22; range 1–23). More than 90 % of participants responded during the first 3 days. The following mean incidence rates were found: ARI, 12 %; ILI, 0.49 %; and GII, 3 %. Conclusion Use of WQ in prospective studies seems well possible, as Internet access is frequent among study participants and major technical problems did not occur. We observed high participation during the study period of 6 months and low drop out numbers. Participants of the web-based study were slightly younger and better educated than non-participants, so selection bias is possible and must be kept in mind when discussing generalizability of the results.
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Regan AK, Blyth CC, Tracey L, Mak DB, Richmond PC, Effler PV. Comparison of text-messaging to voice telephone interviews for active surveillance of adverse events following immunisation. Vaccine 2015; 33:3689-94. [PMID: 26079616 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2013, the Follow-up and Active Surveillance of Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in Mums (FASTMum) program began using short message service (SMS) to collect adverse event information in pregnant women who recently received trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV). This study was designed to compare data collected via SMS and telephone for the purposes of monitoring vaccine safety. METHODS A number of 344 women who received TIV were randomly assigned to a telephone interview group. They were telephoned seven days post-vaccination and administered a standard survey soliciting any adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) they experienced. They were matched by brand of vaccine, age group, and residence to 344 women who were sent a SMS seven days post-vaccination. The SMS solicited similar information. AEFI reported by SMS and telephone interview were compared by calculating risk ratios. RESULTS Response rate was higher to SMS compared to telephone interview (90.1% vs. 63.9%). Women who were surveyed by SMS were significantly less likely to report an AEFI compared to women who were surveyed by telephone (RR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.29-0.59). The greatest discrepancies between SMS and telephone interview were for self-reported injection site reactions (3.1% vs. 16.8%) and unsolicited (or "other") events (11.4% vs. 4.1%). Data collected by SMS was significantly timelier. CONCLUSIONS Data collection by SMS results in significantly improved response rates and timeliness of vaccine safety data. Systems which incorporate SMS could be used to more rapidly detect safety signals and promote more rapid public health response to vaccine quality issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Regan
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Western Australia Department of Health, Shenton Park, WA, Australia.
| | - C C Blyth
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Vaccine Trials Group, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - L Tracey
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Western Australia Department of Health, Shenton Park, WA, Australia
| | - D B Mak
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Western Australia Department of Health, Shenton Park, WA, Australia
| | - P C Richmond
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Vaccine Trials Group, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - P V Effler
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Western Australia Department of Health, Shenton Park, WA, Australia
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Lim MSC, Wright C, Hellard ME. The medium and the message: fitting sound health promotion methodology into 160 characters. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2014; 2:e40. [PMID: 25367387 PMCID: PMC4259983 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Text messaging health promotion projects continue to proliferate due to their relative low-cost, simplicity, non-intrusiveness, and proven effectiveness in several randomized controlled trials. In these past trials, participants have typically been recruited through traditional means, received the text messaging intervention, and then completed evaluation. In this issue of the Journal of Medical Internet Research, Sheoran et al have demonstrated how use of text messaging alone can be a feasible method for all three stages: recruitment, intervention, and evaluation. Use of text messages without any other modes of communication could be a key to population-level dissemination and wider uptake of health promotion messages. However, in the rush to utilize new technologies and in the brevity of 160 characters, it should not be forgotten that quality, rigour, and careful development remain essential in any health promotion practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S C Lim
- Burnet Institute, Centre for Population Health, Melbourne, Australia.
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Li Y, Wang W, Wu Q, van Velthoven MH, Chen L, Du X, Zhang Y, Rudan I, Car J. Increasing the response rate of text messaging data collection: a delayed randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2014; 22:51-64. [PMID: 25332355 DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2014-002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effectiveness of multiple interventions on increasing the response rate of text messaging for longitudinal data collection. METHODS Our cohort included 283 caregivers of children aged 6-12 months who were participating in an anemia program in rural China. Using text messages to collect data on anemia medication adherence, we conducted a delayed randomized controlled trial to test multiple interventions (an additional four reminders; a ¥5.0 (US$0.79) credit reward for replying; and a feedback text message). After a 6-week pilot study with week 7 as the baseline measurement, we randomly allocated all participants into two groups: group 1 (n = 142) and group 2 (n = 141). During weeks 8-11, we introduced the interventions to group 1, and in weeks 12-15 the intervention was introduced to both groups. We compared the response rates between groups and explored factors affecting the response rate. RESULTS During weeks 8-11, the response rates in group 1 increased and were significantly higher than in group 2 (p<0.05). During weeks 12-15, the response rate increased significantly in group 2 (p>0.05) and slightly decreased in group 1. Younger participants or participants who had children with lower hemoglobin concentration were more likely to reply (p = 0.02). Sending four reminders on the second day contributed to only 286 (11.7%) extra text messages. DISCUSSION Our study showed that multiple interventions were effective in increasing response rate of text messaging data collection in rural China. CONCLUSIONS Larger multi-site studies are needed to find the most effective way of using these interventions to allow usage of text messaging data collection for health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | | | - Li Chen
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Du
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences and Global Health Academy, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josip Car
- Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Brabyn S, Adamson J, MacPherson H, Tilbrook H, Torgerson DJ. Short message service text messaging was feasible as a tool for data collection in a trial of treatment for irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Epidemiol 2014; 67:993-1000. [PMID: 24972761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the feasibility of collecting data relating to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), symptoms by short message service (SMS) text and explore the data to assess its usefulness. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING In a randomized parallel group design substudy, 59 consenting participants recruited from primary care to a trial of acupuncture for IBS (ISRCTN 08827905) were randomized to receive a one-question SMS message at either 9:30 am or at 6:30 pm for 7 days: "On a scale of 0-9, with 0 being no symptoms and 9 being the worst symptoms you could have, how would you score your IBS symptoms now? Please text back a single number." RESULTS Of the total messages, 59% (n = 203) were answered within 15 minutes, 73.4% (n = 254) within 1 hour, and 97% (n = 334) within 10 hours. Response rates to evening texts were higher (93.5% vs. 87.6% P = 0.05) and response times shorter though not significantly (median: 0 vs. 5 hours; P = 0.12). There was no difference in mean scores, and morning symptoms varied more. Mean scores correlated significantly with IBS trial primary outcome measure, the IBS symptom severity score, and secondary outcome measures. CONCLUSION Among IBS trial participants, data collection by SMS is feasible and acceptable, and there is potential for deriving meaningful data from the scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Brabyn
- Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Joy Adamson
- Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Hugh MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Helen Tilbrook
- Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - David J Torgerson
- Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Nhavoto JA, Grönlund A. Mobile technologies and geographic information systems to improve health care systems: a literature review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2014; 2:e21. [PMID: 25099368 PMCID: PMC4114429 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of research has employed mobile technologies and geographic information systems (GIS) for enhancing health care and health information systems, but there is yet a lack of studies of how these two types of systems are integrated together into the information infrastructure of an organization so as to provide a basis for data analysis and decision support. Integration of data and technical systems across the organization is necessary for efficient large-scale implementation. Objective The aim of this paper is to identify how mobile technologies and GIS applications have been used, independently as well as in combination, for improving health care. Methods The electronic databases PubMed, BioMed Central, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science were searched to retrieve English language articles published in international academic journals after 2005. Only articles addressing the use of mobile or GIS technologies and that met a prespecified keyword strategy were selected for review. Results A total of 271 articles were selected, among which 220 concerned mobile technologies and 51 GIS. Most articles concern developed countries (198/271, 73.1%), and in particular the United States (81/271, 29.9%), United Kingdom (31/271, 11.4%), and Canada (14/271, 5.2%). Applications of mobile technologies can be categorized by six themes: treatment and disease management, data collection and disease surveillance, health support systems, health promotion and disease prevention, communication between patients and health care providers or among providers, and medical education. GIS applications can be categorized by four themes: disease surveillance, health support systems, health promotion and disease prevention, and communication to or between health care providers. Mobile applications typically focus on using text messaging (short message service, SMS) for communication between patients and health care providers, most prominently reminders and advice to patients. These applications generally have modest benefits and may be appropriate for implementation. Integration of health data using GIS technology also exhibit modest benefits such as improved understanding of the interplay of psychological, social, environmental, area-level, and sociodemographic influences on physical activity. The studies evaluated showed promising results in helping patients treating different illnesses and managing their condition effectively. However, most studies use small sample sizes and short intervention periods, which means limited clinical or statistical significance. Conclusions A vast majority of the papers report positive results, including retention rate, benefits for patients, and economic gains for the health care provider. However, implementation issues are little discussed, which means the reasons for the scarcity of large-scale implementations, which might be expected given the overwhelmingly positive results, are yet unclear. There is also little combination between GIS and mobile technologies. In order for health care processes to be effective they must integrate different kinds of existing technologies and data. Further research and development is necessary to provide integration and better understand implementation issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- José António Nhavoto
- Informatics, Örebro University School of Business, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Du X, Wang W, Helena van Velthoven M, Chen L, Scherpbier RW, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Li Y, Rao X, Car J. mHealth Series: Text messaging data collection of infant and young child feeding practice in rural China - a feasibility study. J Glob Health 2013; 3:020403. [PMID: 24363921 PMCID: PMC3868816 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.03.020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Face–to–face interviews by trained field workers are commonly used in household surveys. However, this data collection method is labor–intensive, time–consuming, expensive, prone to interviewer and recall bias and not easily scalable to increase sample representativeness. Objective To explore the feasibility of using text messaging to collect information on infant and young child feeding practice in rural China. Methods Our study was part of a clustered randomized controlled trial that recruited 591 mothers of children aged 12 to 29 months in rural China. We used the test–retest method: first we collected data through face–to–face interviews and then through text messages. We asked the same five questions on standard infant and young child feeding indicators for both methods and asked caregivers how they fed their children yesterday. We assessed the response rate of the text messaging method and compared data agreement of the two methods. Finding In the text messaging survey, the response rate for the first question and the completion rate were 56.5% and 48.7%, respectively. Data agreement between the two methods was excellent for whether the baby was breastfed yesterday (question 1) (kappa, κ = 0.81), moderate for the times of drinking infant formula, fresh milk or yoghurt yesterday (question 2) (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.46) and whether iron fortified food or iron supplement was consumed (question 3) (κ = 0.44), and poor for 24–hour dietary recall (question 4) (ICC = 0.13) and times of eating solid and semi–solid food yesterday (question 5) (ICC = 0.06). There was no significant difference in data agreement between the two surveys at different time intervals. For infant and young child feeding indicators from both surveys, continued breastfeeding at 1 year (P = 1.000), continued breastfeeding at 2 years (P = 0.688) and minimum meal frequency (P = 0.056) were not significantly different, whereas minimum dietary diversity, minimum accepted diet and consumption of iron–rich or iron fortified foods were significantly different (P < 0.001). Conclusions The response rate for our text messaging survey was moderate compared to response rate of other studies using text messaging method and the data agreement between the two methods varied for different survey questions and infant and young child feeding indicators. Future research is needed to increase the response rate and improve data validity of text messaging data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Du
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China ; Joint first authorship
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China ; Joint first authorship
| | | | - Li Chen
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Robert W Scherpbier
- Section of Health and Nutrition, Water, Environment and Sanitation, UNICEF China, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Rao
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Josip Car
- Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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van Velthoven MH, Li Y, Wang W, Du X, Wu Q, Chen L, Majeed A, Rudan I, Zhang Y, Car J. mHealth Series: mHealth project in Zhao County, rural China - Description of objectives, field site and methods. J Glob Health 2013; 3:020401. [PMID: 24363919 PMCID: PMC3868818 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.03.020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We set up a collaboration between researchers in China and the UK that aimed to explore the use of mHealth in China. This is the first paper in a series of papers on a large mHealth project part of this collaboration. This paper included the aims and objectives of the mHealth project, our field site, and the detailed methods of two studies. Field site The field site for this mHealth project was Zhao County, which lies 280 km south of Beijing in Hebei Province, China. Methods We described the methodology of two studies: (i) a mixed methods study exploring factors influencing sample size calculations for mHealth–based health surveys and (ii) a cross–over study determining validity of an mHealth text messaging data collection tool. The first study used mixed methods, both quantitative and qualitative, including: (i) two surveys with caregivers of young children, (ii) interviews with caregivers, village doctors and participants of the cross–over study, and (iii) researchers’ views. We combined data from caregivers, village doctors and researchers to provide an in–depth understanding of factors influencing sample size calculations for mHealth–based health surveys. The second study, a cross–over study, used a randomised cross–over study design to compare the traditional face–to–face survey method to the new text messaging survey method. We assessed data equivalence (intrarater agreement), the amount of information in responses, reasons for giving different responses, the response rate, characteristics of non–responders, and the error rate. Conclusions This paper described the objectives, field site and methods of a large mHealth project part of a collaboration between researchers in China and the UK. The mixed methods study evaluating factors that influence sample size calculations could help future studies with estimating reliable sample sizes. The cross–over study comparing face–to–face and text message survey data collection could help future studies with developing their mHealth tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Du
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences and Global Health Academy, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Josip Car
- Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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van Velthoven MH, Li Y, Wang W, Du X, Chen L, Wu Q, Majeed A, Zhang Y, Car J. mHealth Series: Factors influencing sample size calculations for mHealth-based studies - A mixed methods study in rural China. J Glob Health 2013; 3:020404. [PMID: 24363922 PMCID: PMC3868817 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.03.020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important issue for mHealth evaluation is the lack of information for sample size calculations. Objective To explore factors that influence sample size calculations for mHealth–based studies and to suggest strategies for increasing the participation rate. Methods We explored factors influencing recruitment and follow–up of participants (caregivers of children) in an mHealth text messaging data collection cross–over study. With help of village doctors, we recruited 1026 (25%) caregivers of children under five out of the 4170 registered. To explore factors influencing recruitment and provide recommendations for improving recruitment, we conducted semi–structured interviews with village doctors. Of the 1014 included participants, 662 (65%) responded to the first question about willingness to participate, 538 (53%) responded to the first survey question and 356 (35%) completed the text message survey. To explore factors influencing follow–up and provide recommendations for improving follow–up, we conducted interviews with participants. We added views from the researchers who were involved in the study to contextualize the findings. Results We found several factors influencing recruitment related to the following themes: experiences with recruitment, village doctors’ work, village doctors’ motivations, caregivers’ characteristics, caregivers’ motivations. Village doctors gave several recommendations for ways to recruit more caregivers and we added our views to these. We found the following factors influencing follow–up: mobile phone usage, ability to use mobile phone, problems with mobile phone, checking mobile phone, available time, paying back text message costs, study incentives, subjective norm, culture, trust, perceived usefulness of process, perceived usefulness of outcome, perceived ease of use, attitude, behavioural intention to use, and actual use. From our perspective, factors influencing follow–up were: different caregivers participating in face–to–face and text message survey, sending text messages manually, participants responding incorrectly, and technical issues. Participants provided several recommendations for improving follow–up and we added our views to these. Conclusions This is the first study to evaluate factors influencing recruitment and follow–up of participants in an mHealth study in a middle–income setting. More work is needed to assess effectiveness of our suggested strategies. This work would improve evaluation of mHealth interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Du
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Paediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Josip Car
- Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Zhang Y, Chen L, van Velthoven MHMMT, Wang W, Liu L, Du X, Wu Q, Li Y, Car J. mHealth Series: Measuring maternal newborn and child health coverage by text messaging - a county-level model for China. J Glob Health 2013; 3:020402. [PMID: 24363920 PMCID: PMC3868819 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.03.020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective interventions in maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH), if achieving high level of population coverage, could prevent most of deaths in children under five years of age. High-quality measurements of MNCH coverage are essential for tracking progress and making evidence-based decisions. METHODS MNCH coverage data are mainly collected through fieldworkers' interview with preselected households in standard programs of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) or Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) in most low- and middle-income countries. Household surveys will continue to be the major data source for MNCH coverage in the foreseeable future. However, face-to-face data collection broadly used in household surveys is labor-intensive, time-consuming and expensive. Mobile phones are drawing more and more interest in medical research with the rapid increase in usage and text messaging could be an innovative way of data collection, that is, we could collect DHS data through mHealth method. We refer to it as "mDHS". FINDING We propose in this paper a conceptual model for measuring MNCH coverage by text messaging in China. In developing this model, we considered resource constraints, sample representativeness, sample size and survey bias. The components of the model are text messaging platform, routine health information system, health facilities, communities and households. CONCLUSIONS Measuring MNCH interventions coverage by text messaging could be advantageous in many ways and establish a much larger evidence-base for MNCH health policies in China. Before mDHS could indeed be launched, research priorities would include a systematic assessment of routine health information systems and exploring feasibility to collect name lists, mobile phone numbers and general demographic and socio-economic data; qualitative interviews with health workers and caregivers; assessment of data validity of all indicators to be collected by text messaging; and exploring approaches to increase participation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Du
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Josip Car
- Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Li Y, Wang W, van Velthoven MH, Chen L, Car J, Rudan I, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Du X, Scherpbier RW. Text messaging data collection for monitoring an infant feeding intervention program in rural China: feasibility study. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15:e269. [PMID: 24305514 PMCID: PMC3869081 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An effective data collection method is crucial for high quality monitoring of health interventions. The traditional face-to-face data collection method is labor intensive, expensive, and time consuming. With the rapid increase of mobile phone subscribers, text messaging has the potential to be used for evaluation of population health interventions in rural China. Objective The objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of using text messaging as a data collection tool to monitor an infant feeding intervention program. Methods Participants were caregivers of children aged 0 to 23 months in rural China who participated in an infant feeding health education program. We used the test-retest method. First, we collected data with a text messaging survey and then with a face-to-face survey for 2 periods of 3 days. We compared the response rate, data agreement, costs, and participants’ acceptability of the two methods. Also, we interviewed participants to explore their reasons for not responding to the text messages and the reasons for disagreement in the two methods. In addition, we evaluated the most appropriate time during the day for sending text messages. Results We included 258 participants; 99 (38.4%) participated in the text messaging survey and 177 (68.6%) in the face-to-face survey. Compared with the face-to-face survey, the text messaging survey had much lower response rates to at least one question (38.4% vs 68.6%) and to all 7 questions (27.9% vs 67.4%) with moderate data agreement (most kappa values between .5 and .75, the intraclass correlation coefficients between .53 to .72). Participants who took part in both surveys gave the same acceptability rating for both methods (median 4.0 for both on a 5-point scale, 1=disliked very much and 5=liked very much). The costs per questionnaire for the text messaging method were much lower than the costs for the face-to-face method: ¥19.7 (US $3.13) versus ¥33.9 (US $5.39) for all questionnaires, and ¥27.1 (US $4.31) versus ¥34.4 (US $5.47) for completed questionnaires. The main reasons for not replying were that participants did not receive text messages, they were too busy to reply, or they did not see text messages in time. The main reasons for disagreement in responses were that participants forgot their answers in the text messaging survey and that they changed their minds. We found that participants were more likely to reply to text messages immediately during 2 time periods: 8 AM to 3 PM and 8 PM to 9 PM. Conclusions The text messaging method had reasonable data agreement and low cost, but a low response rate. Further research is needed to evaluate effectiveness of measures that can increase the response rate, especially in collecting longitudinal data by text messaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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Testing Skype as an interview method in epidemiologic research: response and feasibility. Int J Public Health 2012; 57:959-61. [PMID: 22945842 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-012-0404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite its popularity, Skype has not been tested as a tool for epidemiologic research. We examined its feasibility in Germany. METHODS A population-based sample of young adults was randomly invited to a Skype (n = 150) or a phone interview (n = 150). Response and duration of interviews were analysed to evaluate the feasibility of Skype interviews. RESULTS Response was low and, with 10 % (95 % CI 5-15 %), even worse among Skype candidates, compared to 22 % (15-28 %) in the phone group. A third of the Skype group asked for being interviewed by phone. Median duration was 34.0 minutes for Skype interviews and 37.0 minutes for phone interviews. CONCLUSIONS Skype is not yet a feasible tool for data collection in Germany.
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Feasibility of using short message service to collect pain outcomes in a low back pain clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:1151-5. [PMID: 22146289 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3182422df0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Observational study nested within a randomized controlled trial. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of using short message service (SMS) within a clinical trial of low back pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Technological advances have transformed communication technologies and opened the way for their use in clinical studies. SMSs have been tested for use in data collection for different patient groups, but little is known about use of this technology in low back pain research. METHODS Trial participants who owned a mobile phone and knew how to send SMS messages were included in the study. The participants were sent an SMS message asking them to rate their average pain, once a month for 12 consecutive months. Response rates during the year were calculated, and regression analyses were used to explore factors associated with phone ownership and response rates. RESULTS Of the 133 participants in the trial, 105 (61.1%) had mobile phones and 97 (56.4%) knew how to use SMS. The regression analyses showed that older patients were less likely to own a mobile phone (P < 0.000). Response rates to SMS alone during the 12 months ranged from 54.8% to 74.2%, and for SMS supplemented with phone interviews ranged from 91.5% to 99%. The median (interquartile range) number of the scheduled 12 assessments completed by SMS per patient was 9 (interquartile range, 5-11). The Poisson regression revealed no significant effect for any of the predictors studied: age, sex, education level, and pain level at baseline and after treatment (P ≥ 0.16). CONCLUSION SMS supplemented with phone interviews, but not SMS alone, is a feasible option to collect simple data within a back pain clinical trial setting.
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Whitford HM, Donnan PT, Symon AG, Kellett G, Monteith-Hodge E, Rauchhaus P, Wyatt JC. Evaluating the reliability, validity, acceptability, and practicality of SMS text messaging as a tool to collect research data: results from the Feeding Your Baby project. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2012; 19:744-9. [PMID: 22539081 DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the reliability, validity, acceptability, and practicality of short message service (SMS) messaging for collection of research data. MATERIALS AND METHODS The studies were carried out in a cohort of recently delivered women in Tayside, Scotland, UK, who were asked about their current infant feeding method and future feeding plans. Reliability was assessed by comparison of their responses to two SMS messages sent 1 day apart. Validity was assessed by comparison of their responses to text questions and the same question administered by phone 1 day later, by comparison with the same data collected from other sources, and by correlation with other related measures. Acceptability was evaluated using quantitative and qualitative questions, and practicality by analysis of a researcher log. RESULTS Reliability of the factual SMS message gave perfect agreement. Reliabilities for the numerical question were reasonable, with κ between 0.76 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.96) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.59 to 1.00). Validity for data compared with that collected by phone within 24 h (κ =0.92 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.00)) and with health visitor data (κ =0.85 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.97)) was excellent. Correlation validity between the text responses and other related demographic and clinical measures was as expected. Participants found the method a convenient and acceptable way of providing data. For researchers, SMS text messaging provided an easy and functional method of gathering a large volume of data. CONCLUSION In this sample and for these questions, SMS was a reliable and valid method for capturing research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Whitford
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
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Abstract
Many epidemiological studies showed associations of low birth weight with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The associations seem to be consistent and stronger among subjects with a postnatal catch up growth. It has been suggested that developmental changes in response to adverse fetal exposures might lead to changes in the fetal anatomy and physiology. These adaptations may be beneficial for short term, but may lead to common diseases in adulthood. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is one of the most important adverse fetal exposures in Western countries, and is known to be associated with a 150-200 g lower birth weight. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy might be involved in pathways leading to both low birth weight and common diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity, in adulthood. In this review, we discuss epidemiological studies focused on the associations of maternal smoking with fetal growth and development and cardiovascular and metabolic disease in later life. We also discuss potential biological mechanisms, and challenges for future epidemiological studies.
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Bakker H, Jaddoe VWV. Cardiovascular and metabolic influences of fetal smoke exposure. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:763-70. [PMID: 21994150 PMCID: PMC3218270 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies showed associations of low birth weight with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The associations seem to be consistent and stronger among subjects with a postnatal catch up growth. It has been suggested that developmental changes in response to adverse fetal exposures might lead to changes in the fetal anatomy and physiology. These adaptations may be beneficial for short term, but may lead to common diseases in adulthood. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is one of the most important adverse fetal exposures in Western countries, and is known to be associated with a 150–200 g lower birth weight. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy might be involved in pathways leading to both low birth weight and common diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity, in adulthood. In this review, we discuss epidemiological studies focused on the associations of maternal smoking with fetal growth and development and cardiovascular and metabolic disease in later life. We also discuss potential biological mechanisms, and challenges for future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Bakker
- The Generation R Study Group (Room Ae-012), Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Aims: The spatial aspect of Swedish seasonal influenza data was investigated and modelled with the main aim of finding patterns that could be useful for outbreak detection, i.e. for detecting an increase in incidence as soon as possible. Methods: Quality problems with data on laboratory-diagnosed cases (LDI) collected by a number of laboratories and other data were studied. Parametric and nonparametric regression methods were used for estimation of the excepted incidence. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the impact of different spatial components. Results: Quality problems were found for all types of data. LDI was found useful for the present aim. No evidence for a geographical pattern was found. It was found that the influenza outbreak started at about the same time in the metropolitan areas and about 1 week later in the rest of the country. Both parametric and nonparametric regression models are suggested. Conclusions: There was a time difference between the outbreaks in the metropolitan areas and the rest of the country. This can be utilised to improve outbreak detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Schiöler
- Statistical Research Unit, Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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The Shanghai Changfeng Study: a community-based prospective cohort study of chronic diseases among middle-aged and elderly: objectives and design. Eur J Epidemiol 2010; 25:885-93. [PMID: 21120588 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-010-9525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Shanghai Changfeng Study is a community-based prospective cohort study of chronic diseases ongoing since February 2009 in Shanghai, China. The study focuses on multiple chronic diseases, including obesity and metabolic syndrome, diabetes, osteoporosis, liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases and neurologic diseases. 15,000 subjects of 40 years or over are planned to be recruited. The rationale, objectives and design of this study are described in this paper.
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Jaddoe VWV, van Duijn CM, van der Heijden AJ, Mackenbach JP, Moll HA, Steegers EAP, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Verhulst FC, Hofman A. The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2010. Eur J Epidemiol 2010; 25:823-41. [PMID: 20967563 PMCID: PMC2991548 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-010-9516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until young adulthood. The study is designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes of normal and abnormal growth, development and health during fetal life, childhood and adulthood. The study focuses on four primary areas of research: (1) growth and physical development; (2) behavioural and cognitive development; (3) diseases in childhood; and (4) health and healthcare for pregnant women and children. In total, 9,778 mothers with a delivery date from April 2002 until January 2006 were enrolled in the study. General follow-up rates until the age of 4 years exceed 75%. Data collection in mothers, fathers and preschool children included questionnaires, detailed physical and ultrasound examinations, behavioural observations, and biological samples. A genome wide association screen is available in the participating children. Regular detailed hands on assessment are performed from the age of 5 years onwards. Eventually, results forthcoming from the Generation R Study have to contribute to the development of strategies for optimizing health and healthcare for pregnant women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group (AE006), Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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The rational use of influenza vaccines in healthy children and children with underlying conditions. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22:244-9. [PMID: 19333123 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e32832a58e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses why influenza should be considered an important clinical problem even in healthy children, and what can be expected from the use of influenza vaccines in pediatrics. RECENT FINDINGS It has been demonstrated that not only children with an underlying disease but also otherwise healthy children can suffer from severe influenza. The greatest clinical problems arise during the first 23 months of life, but a substantial number of children aged 2-5 years and more than 5 years can die or be hospitalized. This suggests that adequate prophylactic measures should be planned for all children, regardless of their age. An influenza vaccination can be administered using a trivalent inactivated influenza virus or live attenuated influenza virus vaccine, and in both cases seems to be highly cost-effective. However, the actual use of influenza vaccines in children continues to be less than officially recommended. SUMMARY Influenza is a clinical problem for children at risk because of underlying disease and previously healthy children. Effective vaccines are currently available, and their extensive pediatric use seems to be associated with significant clinical and socioeconomic advantages.
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