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Zhang B, Wang Z, Zhang S, Zhong S, Sun Y, Liu X. N6-methyloxyadenine-mediated detoxification and ferroptosis confer a trade-off between multi-fungicide resistance and fitness. mBio 2024; 15:e0317723. [PMID: 38294217 PMCID: PMC10936191 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03177-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-fungicide resistance (MFR) is a serious environmental problem, which results in the excessive use of fungicides. Fitness penalty, as a common phenomenon in MFR, can partially counteract the issue of resistance due to the weakened vigor of MFR pathogens. Their underlying mechanism and relationship remain unexplained. By Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing and dot blot, we found that N6-methyloxyadenine (6mA) modification, the dominate epigenetic marker in Phytophthora capsici, was significantly altered after MFR emerged. Among the differently methylated genes, PcGSTZ1 could efficiently detoxify SYP-14288, a novel uncoupler, through complexing the fungicide with glutathione and induce MFR. Interestingly, PcGSTZ1 overexpression was induced by elevated 6mA levels and chromatin accessibility to its genomic loci. Moreover, the overexpression led to reactive oxygen species burst and ferroptosis in SYP-14288-resistant mutants, which enhanced the resistance and induced fitness penalty in P. capsici through triggering low energy shock adaptive response. Furthermore, this study revealed that the 6mA-PcGSTZ1-ferroptosis axis could mediate intergenerational resistance memory transmission and enabled adaptive advantage to P. capsici. In conclusion, the findings provide new insights into the biological role of 6mA as well as the mechanisms underlying the trade-off between MFR and fitness. These could also benefit disease control through the blockade of the epigenetic axis to resensitize resistant isolates.IMPORTANCEN6-methyloxyadenine (6mA) modification on DNA is correlated with tolerance under different stress in prokaryotes. However, the role of 6mA in eukaryotes remains poorly understood. Our current study reveals that DNA adenine methyltransferase 1 (DAMT1)-mediated 6mA modification at the upstream region of GST zeta 1 (GSTZ1) is elevated in the resistant strain. This elevation promotes the detoxification uncoupler and induces multifungicide resistance (MFR). Moreover, the overexpression led to reactive oxygen species burst and ferroptosis in SYP-14288-resistant mutants, which enhanced the resistance and induced fitness penalty in Phytophthora capsici through triggering low energy shock adaptive response. Furthermore, this study revealed that the 6mA-PcGSTZ1-ferroptosis axis could mediate intergenerational resistance memory transmission and enabled adaptive advantage to P. capsici. Overall, our findings uncover an innovative mechanism underlying 6mA modification in regulating PcGSTZ1 transcription and the ferroptosis pathway in P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borui Zhang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | | | - Shan Zhong
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Sun
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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2
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Wang W, Long Y. A review of biocontrol agents in controlling late blight of potatoes and tomatoes caused by Phytophthora infestans and the underlying mechanisms. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4715-4725. [PMID: 37555293 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans causes late blight on potatoes and tomatoes, which has a significant economic impact on agriculture. The management of late blight has been largely dependent on the application of synthetic fungicides, which is not an ultimate solution for sustainable agriculture and environmental safety. Biocontrol strategies are expected to be alternative methods to the conventional chemicals in controlling plant diseases in the integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Well-studied biocontrol agents against Phytophthora infestans include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and compounds produced by these antagonists, in addition to certain bioactive metabolites produced by plants. Laboratory and glasshouse experiments suggest a potential for using biocontrol in practical late blight disease management. However, the transition of biocontrol to field applications is problematic for the moment, due to low and variable efficacies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary on these biocontrol strategies and the underlying corresponding mechanisms. To give a more intuitive understanding of the promising biocontrol agents against Phytophthora infestans in agricultural systems, we discuss the utilizations, modes of action and future potentials of these antagonists based on their taxonomic classifications. To achieve a goal of best possible results produced by biocontrol agents, it is suggested to work on field trials, strain modifications, formulations, regulations, and optimizations of application. Combined biocontrol agents having different modes of action or biological adaptation traits may be used to strengthen the biocontrol efficacy. More importantly, biological control agents should be applied in the coordination of other existing and forthcoming methods in the IPM programs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Wang
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Youhua Long
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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3
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Troussieux S, Gilgen A, Souche JL. A New Biocontrol Tool to Fight Potato Late Blight Based on Willaertia magna C2c Maky Lysate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2756. [PMID: 36297781 PMCID: PMC9607421 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Potato late blight (PLB) is one of the most destructive disease affecting potatoes. Late blight control relies almost exclusively on the use of chemical pesticides, including copper products, which are efficient but controversial due to their environmental toxicity. Societal pressure and the quest for more sustainable agriculture reinforce the need for natural plant protection products. To respond to this demand, we tested the lysate of the amoeba Willaertia magna C2c Maky on PLB. This active substance exhibits plant protection properties against grape downy mildew thanks to a dual mode of action (plant elicitor and antifungal direct effect). We hypothesized that this active substance might also have an effect against other diseases caused by oomycetes on other crops, such as potato. In vitro, in planta, and in-field studies were conducted. The collected data demonstrate that the lysate of the amoeba Willaertia magna C2c Maky is able to elicit potato defenses, and direct fungicidal activity against Phytophtora infestans was observed. Proof of efficacy was first obtained in greenhouse, with up to 80% disease reduction, and confirmed in field trials. Formulated products provided up to 77% protection in field in the case of low infestation (28%) and up to 49% protection when the untreated plants were 100% destroyed. Willaertia magna C2c Maky was also able to significantly increase yield by up to 30% in field trials.
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4
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Saifullah S, Margus A, Kankare M, Lindström L. Repeated exposure of fluazinam fungicides affects gene expression profiles yet carries no costs on a nontarget pest. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1373-1386. [PMID: 35143114 PMCID: PMC9790412 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are used to control pathogenic fungi of crop species, but they have also been shown to alter behavioral, life history and fitness related traits of nontarget insects. Here, we tested the fungicide effects on feeding behavior, survival and physiology of the nontarget pest insect, the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Feeding behavior was studied by a choice test of adult beetles, which were allowed to choose between a control and a fungicide (fluazinam) treated potato leaf. Larval survival was recorded after 24 and 72 h exposure to control and fungicide-treated leaves with 2 different concentrations. The adults did not show fungicide avoidance behavior. Similarly, survival of the larvae was not affected by the exposure to fungicides. Finally, to understand the effects of fungicides at the physiological level (gene expression), we tested whether the larval exposure to fungicide alter the expression of 5 metabolic pathway and stress associated genes. Highest concentration and 72-h exposure caused upregulation of 1 cytochrome P450 (CYP9Z14v2) and 1 insecticide resistance gene (Ldace1), whereas metabolic detoxification gene (Ugt1) was downregulated. At 24-h exposure, highest concentration caused downregulation of another common detoxification gene (Gs), while both exposure times to lowest concentration caused upregulation of the Hsp70 stress tolerance gene. Despite these overall effects, there was a considerable amount of variation among different families in the gene expression levels. Even though the behavioral effects of the fungicide treatments were minor, the expression level differences of the studied genes indicate changes on the metabolic detoxifications and stress-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahed Saifullah
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Aigi Margus
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Maaria Kankare
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Leena Lindström
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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5
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Wang ZL, Zhang X, Fan GJ, Que Y, Xue F, Liu YH. Toxicity Effects and Mechanisms of MgO Nanoparticles on the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora infestans and Its Host Solanum tuberosum. TOXICS 2022; 10:553. [PMID: 36287834 PMCID: PMC9607216 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles have recently been used for innovation in agricultural disease management. However, both the toxicity effects and mechanisms of nanoparticles in target pathogens and their host plants are still largely unknown. Here, we found that magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) could protect potatoes against Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) at a low dosage (50 μg/mL). Through scanning electron microscopy observation, antioxidant enzymes activity measurement, and gene transcriptome analysis, we found that the cell surfaces of P. infestans were destroyed, endogenous superoxide dismutase continuously remained in a higher active state, oxidoreductase activity-related gene ontology (GO) terms were enriched with upregulation, and transporter-activity related GO terms and six essential metabolism-related pathways were enriched with downregulation in P. infestans after 30 min MgO NPs treatment, whereas only 89 genes were changed without enriched GO and pathways terms, and no change in antioxidant activities and phenylalnine ammonialyase in potato appeared at 6 h post-MgO NPs treatment. Only the "plant hormone signal transduction pathway" was enriched with upregulation under differential expression analysis in potatoes. In conclusion, cell surface distortion, continuous oxidative stress, and inhibitions of membrane transport activity and metabolic pathways were toxic mechanisms of Mg ONPs in P. infestans, and the "plant hormone signal transduction pathway" was potentially regulated by Mg-ONPs without obviously harmful effects on potato after Mg ONPs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Le Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Guang-Jin Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Que
- Chongqing Metropolitan College of Science and Technology, Chongqing 402167, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Hanbin Branch of Ankang Tobacco Company, Ankang 725000, China
| | - Ying-Hong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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6
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Runno-Paurson E, Nassar H, Tähtjärv T, Eremeev V, Hansen M, Niinemets Ü. High Temporal Variability in Late Blight Pathogen Diversity, Virulence, and Fungicide Resistance in Potato Breeding Fields: Results from a Long-Term Monitoring Study. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182426. [PMID: 36145827 PMCID: PMC9502785 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term site-specific studies describing changes in the phenotypic variability of Phytophthora infestans populations allow quantitative predictions of pathogen spread and possible outbreaks of epidemics, and provide key input for regional resistance breeding programs. Late blight samples were collected from potato (Solanum tuberosum) breeding fields in Estonia during a twelve-year study period between 2001 and 2014. In total, 207 isolates were assessed for mating type and 235 isolates for metalaxyl resistance and 251 isolates for virulence factors. The frequency of mating types strongly fluctuated across the years, whereas the later period of 2010–2014 was dominated by the A2 mating. Despite fluctuations, both mating types were recorded in the same fields in most years, indicating sustained sexual reproduction of P. infestans with oospore production. Metalaxyl-resistant and intermediately resistant strains dominated in the first years of study, but with the progression of the study, metalaxyl-sensitive isolates became dominant, reaching up to 88%. Racial diversity, characterized by normalized Shannon diversity index decreased in time, varying from 1.00 in 2003 to 0.43 in 2013. The frequency of several virulence factors changed in a time-dependent manner, with R2 increasing and R6, R8, and R9 decreasing in time. Potato cultivar resistance background did not influence the frequency of P. infestans mating type, response to metalaxyl, and racial diversity. However, the diversity index decreased in time among isolates collected from resistant and susceptible cultivars, and remained at a high level in moderately resistant cultivars. These data demonstrate major time-dependent changes in racial diversity, fungicide resistance, and virulence factors in P. infestans, consistent with alterations in the control strategies and popularity of potato cultivars with different resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Runno-Paurson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Correspondence:
| | - Helina Nassar
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Terje Tähtjärv
- Estonian Crop Research Institute, J. Aamisepa 1, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
| | - Viacheslav Eremeev
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merili Hansen
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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7
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Runno-Paurson E, Agho CA, Zoteyeva N, Koppel M, Hansen M, Hallikma T, Cooke DEL, Nassar H, Niinemets Ü. Highly Diverse Phytophthora infestans Populations Infecting Potato Crops in Pskov Region, North-West Russia. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:472. [PMID: 35628727 PMCID: PMC9147476 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is limited understanding of the genetic variability in Phytophthora infestans in the major potato cultivation region of north-western Russia, where potato is grown primarily by small households with limited chemical treatment of late blight. In this study, the mating type, sensitivity to metalaxyl, and genotype and population genetic diversity (based on 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers) of 238 isolates of P. infestans from the Pskov region during the years 2010-2013 were characterized. The aim was to examine the population structure, phenotypic and genotypic diversity, and the prevalent reproductive mode of P. infestans, as well as the influence of the location, time, and agricultural management practices on the pathogen population. The frequency of the A2 mating was stable over the four seasons and ranged from 33 to 48% of the sampled population. Both mating types occurred simultaneously in 90% of studied fields, suggesting the presence of sexual reproduction and oospore production in P. infestans in the Pskov region. Metalaxyl-sensitive isolates prevailed in all four years (72%), however, significantly fewer sensitive isolates were found in samples from large-scale conventional fields. A total of 50 alleles were detected in the 141 P. infestans isolates analyzed for genetic diversity. Amongst the 83 SSR multilocus genotypes (MLGs) detected, 65% were unique and the number of MLGs varied between locations from 3 to 20. These results, together with the high genotypic diversity observed in all the locations and the lack of significance of linkage disequilibrium, suggest that sexual recombination is likely responsible for the unique MLGs and the high genetic diversity found in the Pskov region population, resembling those of north-eastern European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Runno-Paurson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (H.N.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Collins A. Agho
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (H.N.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Nadezda Zoteyeva
- N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Mati Koppel
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (H.N.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Merili Hansen
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (H.N.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Tiit Hallikma
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (H.N.); (Ü.N.)
| | | | - Helina Nassar
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (H.N.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (C.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (H.N.); (Ü.N.)
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8
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Cheng X, Dai T, Hu Z, Cui T, Wang W, Han P, Hu M, Hao J, Liu P, Liu X. Cytochrome P450 and Glutathione S-Transferase Confer Metabolic Resistance to SYP-14288 and Multi-Drug Resistance in Rhizoctonia solani. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:806339. [PMID: 35387083 PMCID: PMC8977892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.806339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SYP-14288 is a fungicide as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, which is effective in controlling fungal pathogens like Rhizoctonia solani. To determine whether R. solani can develop SYP-14288 resistance and possibly multi-drug resistance (MDR), an SYP-14288-resistant mutant of R. solani X19-7 was generated from wild-type strain X19, and the mechanism of resistance was studied through metabolic and genetic assays. From metabolites of R. solani treated with SYP-14288, three compounds including M1, M2, and M3 were identified according to UPLC-MS/MS analysis, and M1 accumulated faster than M2 and M3 in X19-7. When X19-7 was treated by glutathione-S-transferase (GST) inhibitor diethyl maleate (DEM) and SYP-14288 together, or by DEM plus one of tested fungicides that have different modes of action, a synergistic activity of resistance occurred, implying that GSTs promoted metabolic resistance against SYP-14288 and therefore led to MDR. By comparing RNA sequences between X19-7 and X19, six cytochrome P450s (P450s) and two GST genes were selected as a target, which showed a higher expression in X19-7 than X19 both before and after the exposure to SYP-14288. Furthermore, heterologous expression of P450 and GST genes in yeast was conducted to confirm genes involved in metabolic resistance. In results, the P450 gene AG1IA_05136 and GST gene AG1IA_07383 were related to fungal resistance to multiple fungicides including SYP-14288, fluazinam, chlorothalonil, and difenoconazole. It was the first report that metabolic resistance of R. solani to uncouplers was associated with P450 and GST genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkai Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tan Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongshan Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Han
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maolin Hu
- Shenzhen Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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9
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Shirley AM, Vallad GE, Dufault N, Raid R, Quesada-Ocampo L. Duration of Downy Mildew Control Achieved with Fungicides on Cucumber Under Florida Field Conditions. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1167-1174. [PMID: 34546773 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0507-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbit production in Florida is impacted by downy mildew on a yearly basis. Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is one of the most devastating cucurbit diseases and can lead to complete yield loss. Nearly continuous production of cucurbits occurs temporally throughout Florida, which puts extensive pressure on the pathogen population to select for individuals that are resistant to fungicides in use labeled for CDM. Loss of efficacy as a result of fungicide resistance developing is becoming a major concern for Florida cucurbit growers who rely on these products to manage CDM. This study was established to evaluate the field activity of 11 utilized fungicides by determining their duration of activity when applied at various intervals for the management of CDM in cucumber under Florida field conditions. By comparing levels of percent CDM control and area under the disease progress curve values, the fungicide's duration of field activity was established. Field activities were <1 week for dimethomorph and fluopicolide; 1 week for cymoxanil; 1 to 2 weeks for chlorothalonil and mancozeb; 2 weeks for ethaboxam; 1 to 3 weeks for propamocarb, cyazofamid, and ametoctradin + dimethomorph; and 2 to 4 weeks for oxathiapiprolin and fluazinam. Knowledge of duration of field activity can potentially improve the development of CDM management programs and slow the resistance selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Shirley
- University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - Gary E Vallad
- University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - Nicholas Dufault
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Richard Raid
- University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade, FL 33430
| | - Lina Quesada-Ocampo
- North Carolina State University, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC 27695
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10
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Wang W, Zhang F, Zhang S, Xue Z, Xie L, Govers F, Liu X. Phytophthora capsici sterol reductase PcDHCR7 has a role in mycelium development and pathogenicity. Open Biol 2022; 12:210282. [PMID: 35382565 PMCID: PMC8984297 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The de novo biosynthesis of sterols is critical for the majority of eukaryotes; however, some organisms lack this pathway, including most oomycetes. Phytophthora spp. are sterol auxotrophic but, remarkably, have retained a few genes encoding enzymes in the sterol biosynthesis pathway. Here, we show that PcDHCR7, a gene in Phytophthora capsici predicted to encode Δ7-sterol reductase, displays multiple functions. When expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PcDHCR7 showed the Δ7-sterol reductase activity. Knocking out PcDHCR7 in P. capsici resulted in loss of the capacity to transform ergosterol into brassicasterol, which means PcDHCR7 has the Δ7-sterol reductase activity in P. capsici itself. This enables P. capsici to transform sterols recruited from the environment for better use. The biological characteristics of ΔPcDHCR7 transformants were compared with those of the wild-type strain and a PcDHCR7 complemented transformant, and the results showed that PcDHCR7 plays a key role in mycelium development and pathogenicity of zoospores. Further analysis of the transcriptome indicated that the expression of many genes changed in the ΔPcDHCR7 transformant, which involve in different biological processes. It is possible that P. capsici compensates for the defects caused by the loss of PcDHCR7 by remodelling its transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China,Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfang Xie
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
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11
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Mahamudul Hassan MM, Mondal B, Singh S, Haldar C, Chaturvedi J, Bisht R, Sunoj RB, Chattopadhyay B. Ir-Catalyzed Ligand-Free Directed C–H Borylation of Arenes and Pharmaceuticals: Detailed Mechanistic Understanding. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4360-4375. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Md Mahamudul Hassan
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Biplab Mondal
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sukriti Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chabush Haldar
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagriti Chaturvedi
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjana Bisht
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Puidet B, Mabon R, Guibert M, Kiiker R, Soonvald L, Le VH, Eikemo H, Dewaegeneire P, Saubeau G, Chatot C, Aurousseau F, Cooke DEL, Lees AK, Abuley IK, Hansen JG, Corbière R, Leclerc M, Andrivon D. Examining Phenotypic Traits Contributing to the Spread in Northern European Potato Crops of EU_41_A2, a New Clonal Lineage of Phytophthora infestans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:414-421. [PMID: 34080915 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-20-0542-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, genotypes of Phytophthora infestans were regionally distributed in Europe, with populations in western Europe being dominated by clonal lineages and those in northern Europe being genetically diverse because of frequent sexual reproduction. However, since 2013 a new clonal lineage (EU_41_A2) has successfully established itself and expanded in the sexually recombining P. infestans populations of northern Europe. The objective of this study was to study phenotypic traits of the new clonal lineage of P. infestans, which may explain its successful establishment and expansion within sexually recombining populations. Fungicide sensitivity, aggressiveness, and virulence profiles of isolates of EU_41_A2 were analyzed and compared with those of the local sexual populations from Denmark, Norway, and Estonia. None of the phenotypic data obtained from the isolates collected from Denmark, Estonia, and Norway independently explained the invasive success of EU_41_A2 within sexual Nordic populations. Therefore, we hypothesize that the expansion of this new genotype could result from a combination of fitness traits and more favorable environmental conditions that have emerged in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Puidet
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Riinu Kiiker
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Crop Research Institute, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
| | - Liina Soonvald
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vinh Hong Le
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Håvard Eikemo
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Pauline Dewaegeneire
- Sipre and FN3PT-inov3PT, 76110 Bretteville Du Grand Caux and 62217 Achicourt, France
| | | | - Catherine Chatot
- Florimond Desprez Veuve & Fils, 59242 Cappelle-en-Pévèle, France
- Germicopa Breeding, 29520 Châteauneuf du Faou, France
| | - Frédérique Aurousseau
- Sipre and FN3PT-inov3PT, 76110 Bretteville Du Grand Caux and 62217 Achicourt, France
| | - David E L Cooke
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Alison K Lees
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac K Abuley
- Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens G Hansen
- Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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13
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Ivanov AA, Ukladov EO, Golubeva TS. Phytophthora infestans: An Overview of Methods and Attempts to Combat Late Blight. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1071. [PMID: 34947053 PMCID: PMC8707485 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is one of the main pathogens in the agricultural sector. The most affected are the Solanaceae species, with the potato (Solanum tuberosum) and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) being of great agricultural importance. Ornamental Solanaceae can also host the pests Petunia spp., Calibrachoa spp., as well as the wild species Solanum dulcamara, Solanum sarrachoides, etc. Annual crop losses caused by this pathogen are highly significant. Although the interaction between P. infestans and the potato has been investigated for a long time, further studies are still needed. This review summarises the basic approaches in the fight against the late blight over the past 20 years and includes four sections devoted to methods of control: (1) fungicides; (2) R-gene-based resistance of potato species; (3) RNA interference approaches; (4) other approaches to control P. infestans. Based on the latest advances, we have provided a description of the significant advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemii A. Ivanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Egor O. Ukladov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Tatiana S. Golubeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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14
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Kalyandurg PB, Sundararajan P, Dubey M, Ghadamgahi F, Zahid MA, Whisson SC, Vetukuri RR. Spray-Induced Gene Silencing as a Potential Tool to Control Potato Late Blight Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2168-2175. [PMID: 33973799 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-21-0054-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans causes late blight disease on potato and tomato and is currently controlled by resistant cultivars or intensive fungicide spraying. Here, we investigated an alternative means for late blight control by spraying potato leaves with double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) that target the P. infestans genes essential for infection. First, we showed that the sporangia of P. infestans expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) can take up in vitro synthesized dsRNAs homologous to GFP directly from their surroundings, including leaves, which led to the reduced relative expression of GFP. We further demonstrate the potential of spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) in controlling potato late blight disease by targeting developmentally important genes in P. infestans such as guanine-nucleotide binding protein β-subunit (PiGPB1), haustorial membrane protein (PiHmp1), cutinase (PiCut3), and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (PiEndo3). Our results demonstrate that SIGS can potentially be used to mitigate potato late blight; however, the degree of disease control is dependent on the selection of the target genes.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthvi B Kalyandurg
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma 234 22, Sweden
| | - Poorva Sundararajan
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma 234 22, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 75651, Sweden
| | - Farideh Ghadamgahi
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma 234 22, Sweden
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948978 Mashhad-Iran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Awais Zahid
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma 234 22, Sweden
| | - Stephen C Whisson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Ramesh R Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma 234 22, Sweden
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15
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Xue W, Haynes KG, Qu X. Resistance to Phytophthora infestans Clonal Lineage US-23 in Potato Cultivars and Its Relationship with Early Blight Resistance and Tuber Yield. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3956-3966. [PMID: 34232057 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0594-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans clonal lineage US-23 in 217 old and modern potato cultivars was evaluated in field trials in 2016 and 2017 in Pennsylvania. Significant differences in resistance were found among these cultivars (P < 0.0001). Significant interaction between cultivars and environments was found (P < 0.0001). The values of relative area under the disease progress curve ranged from 0 to 0.5841 in 2016 and from 0 to 0.5469 in 2017. Broad-sense heritability of late blight resistance was estimated to be 0.91, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.88 to 0.93. Cluster analysis classified the cultivars into five groups: resistant, moderately resistant, intermediate, moderately susceptible, and susceptible. Thirty cultivars showing resistance and 32 cultivars showing moderate resistance were identified. The 217 cultivars were also evaluated for foliar maturity, tuber yield, and resistance to early blight caused by Alternaria solani. A few cultivars with late blight resistance independent of late maturity were found. Late blight resistance and early blight resistance were positively correlated, and 17 cultivars possessed resistance to both diseases. Yield trade-off associated with late blight resistance was not observed among the cultivars in the absence of disease pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kathleen G Haynes
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Xinshun Qu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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16
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Lurwanu Y, Wang Y, Wu E, He D, Waheed A, Nkurikiyimfura O, Wang Z, Shang L, Yang L, Zhan J. Increasing temperature elevates the variation and spatial differentiation of pesticide tolerance in a plant pathogen. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1274-1285. [PMID: 34025767 PMCID: PMC8127700 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and pesticide resistance are two of the most imminent challenges human society is facing today. Knowledge of how the evolution of pesticide resistance may be affected by climate change such as increasing air temperature on the planet is important for agricultural production and ecological sustainability in the future but is lack in scientific literatures reported from empirical research. Here, we used the azoxystrobin-Phytophthora infestans interaction in agricultural systems to investigate the contributions of environmental temperature to the evolution of pesticide resistance and infer the impacts of global warming on pesticide efficacy and future agricultural production and ecological sustainability. We achieved this by comparing azoxystrobin sensitivity of 180 P. infestans isolates sampled from nine geographic locations in China under five temperature schemes ranging from 13 to 25°C. We found that local air temperature contributed greatly to the difference of azoxystrobin tolerance among geographic populations of the pathogen. Both among-population and within-population variations in azoxystrobin tolerance increased as experimental temperatures increased. We also found that isolates with higher azoxystrobin tolerance adapted to a broader thermal niche. These results suggest that global warming may enhance the risk of developing pesticide resistance in plant pathogens and highlight the increased challenges of administering pesticides for effective management of plant diseases to support agricultural production and ecological sustainability under future thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahuza Lurwanu
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Department of Crop ProtectionFaculty of AgricultureBayero UniversityKanoNigeria
| | - Yan‐Ping Wang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - E‐Jiao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic ImprovementInstitute of PomologyJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Dun‐Chun He
- School of Economics and TradeFujian Jiangxia UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhen Wang
- Southern Potato Center of ChinaEnshi Academy of Agricultural SciencesEnshiChina
| | - Li‐Ping Shang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Li‐Na Yang
- Institute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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17
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Najdabbasi N, Mirmajlessi SM, Dewitte K, Ameye M, Mänd M, Audenaert K, Landschoot S, Haesaert G. Green Leaf Volatile Confers Management of Late Blight Disease: A Green Vaccination in Potato. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040312. [PMID: 33919547 PMCID: PMC8072593 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yield losses of crops due to plant pathogens are a major threat in all agricultural systems. In view of environmental issues and legislative limitations for chemical crop protection products, the need to design new environmentally friendly disease management strategies has gained interest. Despite the unique capability of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) to suppress a broad spectrum of plant pathogens, their capacity to control the potato late-blight-causing agent Phytophthora infestans has not been well studied. This study addresses the potential role of the GLV Z-3-hexenyl acetate (Z-3-HAC) in decreasing the severity of late blight and the underlying gene-based evidence leading to this effect. Nine-week-old potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) were exposed to Z-3-HAC before they were inoculated with P. infestans genotypes at different time points. These pre-exposed potato plants exhibited slower disease development after infection with the highly pathogenic genotype of P. infestans (EU-13-A2) over time. Qualitative assessment showed that the exposed, infected plants possessed significantly lower sporulation intensity and disease severity compared to the control plants. Hypersensitive response (HR)-like symptoms were observed on the treated leaves when inoculated with different pathogen genotypes. No HR-like lesions were detected on the untreated leaves after infection. It was shown that the transcript levels of several defense-related genes, especially those that are involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production pathways were significantly expressed in plants at 48 and 72 h postexposure to the Z-3-HAC. The current work provides evidence on the role of Z-3-HAC in the increased protection of potato plants against late blight through plant immunity and offers new opportunities for the sustainable control of potato diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Najdabbasi
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Kevin Dewitte
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Marika Mänd
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
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18
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Janiszewska M, Sobkowiak S, Stefańczyk E, Śliwka J. Population Structure of Phytophthora infestans from a Single Location in Poland Over a Long Period of Time in Context of Weather Conditions. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:746-757. [PMID: 33123759 PMCID: PMC7982385 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a destructive potato pathogen. Changing weather conditions are among the factors that influence the pathogen population structure. In this study, 237 P. infestans isolates were collected from a single unprotected experimental field in an area with high late-blight pressure located in Boguchwała in the southeastern part of Poland during 15 growing seasons (2000-2014). The isolates were assessed for mating type, mitochondrial haplotype, resistance to metalaxyl, virulence, and polymorphism of 14 single-sequence repeat markers (SSRs). The results revealed 89 unique genotypes among the 237 P. infestans isolates. Eighty-seven isolates belonged to genotype 34_A1, which was detected in all the years of research except 2012. Isolates of P. infestans from individual years were very similar to each other, as shown by Nei's genetic identity based on 14 SSR markers. The obtained results on isolate characteristics were analyzed in terms of meteorological data (air temperature and precipitation) and indicated that frost, long winters, and hot, dry summers did not directly affect the P. infestans population structure. We described the variability in metalaxyl resistance and virulence among isolates of the P. infestans genotype 34_A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janiszewska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland.
| | - S Sobkowiak
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - E Stefańczyk
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - J Śliwka
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Młochów Research Centre, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
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19
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Fantastic Downy Mildew Pathogens and How to Find Them: Advances in Detection and Diagnostics. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030435. [PMID: 33668762 PMCID: PMC7996204 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Downy mildews affect important crops and cause severe losses in production worldwide. Accurate identification and monitoring of these plant pathogens, especially at early stages of the disease, is fundamental in achieving effective disease control. The rapid development of molecular methods for diagnosis has provided more specific, fast, reliable, sensitive, and portable alternatives for plant pathogen detection and quantification than traditional approaches. In this review, we provide information on the use of molecular markers, serological techniques, and nucleic acid amplification technologies for downy mildew diagnosis, highlighting the benefits and disadvantages of the technologies and target selection. We emphasize the importance of incorporating information on pathogen variability in virulence and fungicide resistance for disease management and how the development and application of diagnostic assays based on standard and promising technologies, including high-throughput sequencing and genomics, are revolutionizing the development of species-specific assays suitable for in-field diagnosis. Our review provides an overview of molecular detection technologies and a practical guide for selecting the best approaches for diagnosis.
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20
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Liljeroth E, Lankinen Å, Andreasson E, Alexandersson E. Phosphite Integrated in Late Blight Treatment Strategies in Starch Potato Does Not Cause Residues in the Starch Product. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:3026-3032. [PMID: 32830998 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2296-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently available fungicides against potato late blight are effective but there are concerns about the sustainability of frequent applications and the risks of fungicide resistance. Therefore, we investigated how potassium phosphite can be integrated into late blight control programs with reduced fungicides in field trials. Phosphite was somewhat less effective than the conventional fungicides at suppressing late blight in the foliage, and the tubers contained less starch. However, when we reduced the amount of phosphite and combined it with reduced amounts of conventional fungicides, we observed no differences in disease suppression, total yields, and tuber starch contents compared with the full treatments with conventional fungicides. The amount of phosphite detected in the harvested tubers was linearly associated with the amount of phosphite applied to the foliage. Our analyses indicate that phosphite could replace some fungicides without exceeding the current European Union standards for the maximum residue levels in potato tubers. No phosphite was detected in the starch from the tubers. In 1 of 2 years, early blight (caused by Alternaria solani) was less severe in the phosphite treatments than in the treatments without phosphite. The integration of phosphite into current treatment strategies would reduce the dependence on conventional fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erland Liljeroth
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, SE-230 53, Sweden
| | - Åsa Lankinen
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, SE-230 53, Sweden
| | - Erik Andreasson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, SE-230 53, Sweden
| | - Erik Alexandersson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, SE-230 53, Sweden
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21
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism Related to Fluazinam Stress of Panonychus citri (Acarina: Tetranychidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110730. [PMID: 33114558 PMCID: PMC7692568 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, is an important pest that causes serious citrus production losses in China. The insecticide fluazinam has a good control effect on the pest mites; however, its mechanism of action on mites remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomic sequencing and differential expression genes in P. citri treated with fluazinam, and identified some of the genes potential involved in detoxification metabolism related with the fluazinam exposure. Evaluating the efficacy of fluazinam, and analyzing the transcriptome data of P. citri under fluazinam stress, potentially provide a new agent for prevention and control of P. citri, and also preliminary research results for exploring the mechanism of action of fluazinam on P. citri. Given the up-regulated expression levels of genes for Mn-superoxide dismutase and catalase, we speculate that they play an important role in fluazinam-stress action on P. citri. Abstract The use of a large number of chemical acaricides to control these pest mites has led to an increasing problem of pesticide resistance, which has always been the difficulty in integrated pest management (IPM). Fluazinam has a good control effect on Panonychus citri, the serious pest on citrus; however, we only know the mechanism of action of fluazinam as a fungicide and its mechanism of action on mites remains unclear. Through analysis using Illumina high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing and differential expression genes in P. citri treated with fluazinam, 59 cytochrome P450 genes, 23 glutathione s-transferase genes, five carboxylate esterase genes, 11 superoxide dismutase genes and 15 catalase genes were identified. The Gene Ontology enrichment and the enrichment of KEGG results showed that the treatment were enrichment for redox enzyme pathways. Evaluating the efficacy of fluazinam, and analyzing the transcriptome data of P. citri under fluazinam stress, potentially provide a new agent for prevention and control of P. citri, and also preliminary research results for exploring the mechanism of action of fluazinam on P. citri. Given the up-regulated expression levels of genes for Mn-superoxide dismutase and catalase, we speculate that they play an important role in fluazinam-stress action on P. citri.
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22
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Liang J, Wu L, Gao W, Jiang J. Iturin A Extracted From Bacillus subtilis WL-2 Affects Phytophthora infestans via Cell Structure Disruption, Oxidative Stress, and Energy Supply Dysfunction. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:536083. [PMID: 33013776 PMCID: PMC7509112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.536083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, represents a great food security threat worldwide and is difficult to control. Recently, Bacillus spp. have been considered biocontrol agents to control many plant diseases. Here, Bacillus subtilis WL-2 was selected as a potent strain against P. infestans mycelium growth, and its functional metabolite was identified as Iturin A via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that Iturin A caused cell membrane disruption and an irregular internal cell structure. In addition, Iturin A triggered oxidative stress reactions similarly to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in P. infestans cells and caused mitochondrial damage, including mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity (MRCCA), and ATP production decline. These results highlight that the cell structure disruption, oxidative stress, and energy supply dysfunction induced by Iturin A play an important role in inhibiting P. infestans. Additionally, B. subtilis WL-2 and Iturin A have great potential for inhibiting P. infestans mycelium growth and controlling potato late blight in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Congying Zhang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiao Liang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lufang Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Wenbin Gao
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jizhi Jiang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Cheng X, Man X, Wang Z, Liang L, Zhang F, Wang Z, Liu P, Lei B, Hao J, Liu X. Fungicide SYP-14288 Inducing Multidrug Resistance in Rhizoctonia solani. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2563-2570. [PMID: 32762501 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-20-0048-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a widely distributed soilborne plant pathogen, and can cause significant economic losses to crop production. In chemical controls, SYP-14288 is highly effective against plant pathogens, including R. solani. To examine the sensitivity to SYP-14288, 112 R. solani isolates were collected from infected rice plants. An established baseline sensitivity showed that values of effective concentration for 50% growth inhibition (EC50) ranged from 0.0003 to 0.0138 μg/ml, with an average of 0.0055 ± 0.0030 μg/ml. The frequency distribution of the EC50 was unimodal and the range of variation factor (the ratio of maximal over minimal EC50) was 46.03, indicating that all wild-type strains were sensitive to SYP-14288. To examine the risk of fungicide resistance, 20 SYP-14288-resistant mutants were generated on agar plates amended with SYP-14288. Eighteen mutants remained resistant after 10 transfers, and their fitness was significantly different from the parental strain. All of the mutants grew more slowly but showed high virulence to rice plants, though lower than the parental strain. A cross-resistance assay demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between SYP-14288 and fungicides having or not having the same mode of action with SYP-14288, including fluazinam, fentin chloride, fludioxonil, difenoconazole, cyazofamid, chlorothalonil, and 2,4-dinitrophen. This result showed a multidrug resistance induced by SYP-14288, which could be a concern in increasing the spectrum of resistance in R. solani to commonly used fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkai Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuejing Man
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zitong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Lei
- Institute of Nuclear and Biological Technologies, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, U.S.A
| | - Xili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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24
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Wang Y, Liang J, Zhang C, Wang L, Gao W, Jiang J. Bacillus megaterium WL-3 Lipopeptides Collaborate Against Phytophthora infestans to Control Potato Late Blight and Promote Potato Plant Growth. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1602. [PMID: 32733429 PMCID: PMC7363778 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycete Phytophthora infestans [(Mont.) de Bary] is the cause of potato late blight, a plant disease which poses a serious threat to our global food security and is responsible for huge economic losses worldwide. Lipopeptides produced by Bacillus species are known to be potent antibacterial compounds against many plant pathogens. In this study, we show that Bacillus megaterium WL-3 has an antagonistic effect against potato late blight. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) revealed that lipopeptides derived from the WL-3 strain contained three subfamilies, surfactin (C13 - C15), Iturin A (C14 - C16), and Fengycin A (C15 - C19). The Iturin A and Fengycin A lipopeptide families were each confirmed to have anti-oomycete effects against P. infestans mycelium growth as well as obvious controlling effects against potato late blight in greenhouse experiments and field assays. Furthermore, Iturin A and Fengycin A were able to promote plant photosynthetic efficiency, plant growth, and potato yield. Most importantly, the combination of Iturin A and Fengycin A (I + F) was superior to individual lipopeptides in controlling potato late blight and in the promotion of plant growth. The results of this study indicate that B. megaterium WL-3 and its lipopeptides are potential candidates for the control of late blight and the promotion of potato plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiao Liang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Congying Zhang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Le Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Wenbin Gao
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jizhi Jiang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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25
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Wang Z, Dai T, Peng Q, Gao X, Zhong S, Gao H, Liu P, Liu X. Bioactivity of the Novel Fungicide SYP-14288 Against Plant Pathogens and the Study of its Mode of Action Based on Untargeted Metabolomics. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2086-2094. [PMID: 32544002 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-20-0142-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease is a major threat to crop production, and fungicide application is one of the most effective methods to control plant disease. With emerging issues related to toxic residues and pathogen resistance, new fungicides with novel modes of action are urgently needed. SYP-14288 is a novel fungicide that could efficiently promote respiration and inhibit ATP biosynthesis in target organisms, but its bioactivity against various plant pathogens and exact mode of action are still unknown. In this study, we found that SYP-14288 is highly effective against 31 important plant pathogens belonging to a range of taxonomic groups. In addition, SYP-14288 has demonstrated excellent activity against all life stages of the important fungal plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and is especially effective during the pathogen's high energy consumption stages. SYP-14288 showed good preventative control efficacy against pepper blight and rice blast in the greenhouse and field, respectively. In an untargeted metabolomics assay designed to determine the exact mode of action of SYP-14288, significant changes occurred in 25 metabolites, with the accumulation of seven fatty acid metabolites and a decrease in 18 starch and sugar metabolites (e.g., from the tricarboxylic acid cycle). This suggests that SYP-14288 is an uncoupling agent similar to 2,4-dinitrophenol, which can allow for accumulation of various fatty acids after destroying oxidative phosphorylation coupling, thereby inhibiting the growth of the phytopathogen. These results indicate that the novel uncoupler SYP-14288 is a promising agrochemical in plant disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tan Dai
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qin Peng
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huige Gao
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xili Liu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712110, China
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26
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Wang Z, Peng Q, Hou Y, Gao X, Zhong S, Fang Y, Liu C, Liu X. Resistance assessment for SYP-14288 in Phytophthora capsici and changes in mitochondria electric potential-associated respiration and ATP production confers resistance. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2525-2536. [PMID: 32077584 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora capsici is a destructive plant oomycete pathogen that could lead to devastating losses in food production. Fungicide application is the main way to control plant disease caused by P. capsici. SYP-14288, a novel fungicide with a unique mode of action, could be used to control a broad range of plant diseases. Here, the potential for SYP-14288 resistance in P. capsici and the resistance mechanism involved were evaluated. RESULTS Baseline sensitivities of 133 isolates to SYP-14288 were determined and found to conform to a unimodal curve with a mean half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) of 0.625 μg mL-1 . In total, 21 stable SYP-14288-resistant mutants were generated by fungicide adaptation in three sensitive isolates. The fitness of all the mutants was found to be lower than that of the parental isolates. Otherwise, downregulation of various ATPases may confer different resistance levels in P. capsici. Finally, multiple biochemical studies strongly suggest that both ATP content and electric potential were reduced in SYP-14288-resistant mutants, and as a compensatory mechanism, respiration was facilitated to make up for the energy defect in mutants. CONCLUSION The low fitness of SYP-14288-resistant mutants suggests that the resistance risk of P. capsici to SYP-14288 is low. Resistance may be led by a permeability change in the mitochondrial inner membrane in SYP-14288-resistant isolates, and lower ATP consumption lifestyles may be key to the SYP-14288 resistance generated in P. capsici. The current study could benefit the registration and application of the novel fungicide SYP-14288. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Peng
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Hou
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, China Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang, China
| | - Xili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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27
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Younes NA, Dawood MFA, Wardany AA. The phyto-impact of fluazinam fungicide on cellular structure, agro-physiological, and yield traits of pepper and eggplant crops. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:18064-18078. [PMID: 32170615 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluazinam is a widely used fungicide; most of the available information associated with its impact predominately on birds, invertebrates, mammals, and algae and scarce works studied its impact on crop plants. A two years-field experiments were conducted to study the response of pepper and eggplant to fluazinam at 0, 1, 2, and 3 times of the fluazinam-recommended dose (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mL/L). The results revealed that fluazinam did not cause toxic effect on the tested plants except for temporary decline of shoot weights and lengths after 3 days of fluazinam application. However, fluazinam improved the physiological status of leaves via promoting metabolites, antioxidants, better membrane integrity, and adjustment of the redox status of fluazinam-sprayed plants. The ultrastructure changes of fluazinam-treated leaves associated with increment of chloroplasts' starch granules, giant nucleus, and elevated number of mitochondria. After 35 days of treatments, plant length of fungicide-treated plants was found to be higher than control and flowering time showed significant earliness. Furthermore, the yield traits were increased significantly in response to fluazinam. Our findings suggested that fluazinam-treated plants could initiate an early defense mechanism to mitigate the permanent growth retardation. This study could serve as a matrix for further studies to seek elucidation of plants' response to other doses of fluazinam. Graphical abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Younes
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Mona F A Dawood
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Wardany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
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28
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Kettles GJ, Luna E. Food security in 2044: How do we control the fungal threat? Fungal Biol 2019; 123:558-564. [PMID: 31345410 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant fungal pathogens place considerable strain on agricultural productivity and threaten global food security. In recent decades, advances in crop breeding, farming practice and the agrochemical industry have allowed crop yields to keep pace with food demand. In this opinion article, we speculate on which recent technological advances will allow us to maintain this situation into the future. We take inspiration that it is 25 y since the first plant disease resistance genes were cloned, and imagine if and how agricultural control of pathogens will be achieved by the year 2044. We examine which technologies are best poised to make the jump from lab bench to field application, and propose that future control measures will likely depend on effective integrated disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Kettles
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Estrella Luna
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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29
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Leesutthiphonchai W, Vu AL, Ah-Fong AMV, Judelson HS. How Does Phytophthora infestans Evade Control Efforts? Modern Insight Into the Late Blight Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:916-924. [PMID: 29979126 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-18-0130-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The infamous oomycete Phytophthora infestans has been a persistent threat to potato and tomato production worldwide, causing the diseases known as late blight. This pathogen has proved to be remarkably adept at overcoming control strategies including host-based resistance and fungicides. This review describes the features of P. infestans that make it such a daunting challenge to agriculture. These include a stealthy lifestyle that helps P. infestans evade plant defenses, effectors that suppress host defenses and promote susceptibility, profuse sporulation with a short latent period that enables rapid dissemination, and a genome structure that promotes the adaptive evolution of P. infestans by fostering genetic diversity. Nevertheless, there is reason to be optimistic that accumulated knowledge about the biology of P. infestans and its hosts will lead to improved management of late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea L Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Audrey M V Ah-Fong
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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