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Jiang B, Lin J, Hua H, Liu Y, Yu S, Sun Y. Simultaneous removal of naphthalene and NO x over V-Ce/Ti catalyst: Design of separated active sites for naphthalene degradation and SCR reaction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134788. [PMID: 38850934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
V-Ce/Ti catalysts were prepared for the removal of naphthalene and NOx in the flue gas. The adverse effects of NH3 and NO on the naphthalene degradation were weakened on V-Ce/Ti, resulting in a decrease of only 2.5 % in COx selectivity. The formation of high molecular weight byproducts was also reduced. Besides the acid sites on the catalysts, Ce introduced new Brønsted basic sites, which could also adsorb and degrade naphthalene into naphthol effectively. With the separated active sites for naphthalene degradation and NO removal, the reaction between NH3 and the intermediates during the naphthalene degradation was also inhibited, decreasing the formation and accumulation of phthalimide. The oxidation of the intermediates was promoted by active V5+ introduced by Ce, inhibiting the transformation of the intermediates to higher molecular weight byproducts. Nearly 100 % conversion of naphthalene and NO, as well as 40.1 % of the COx selectivity were obtained on V-Ce/Ti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqiong Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jianxiang Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hao Hua
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaocai Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yuhai Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou 310012, China.
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Zhou S, Wang X, Yang Y, Wang R, Liao J, Zhang P, Liu L, Zhao Y, Deng Y. Distribution and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with PCA-MLR and PMF methods in the topsoil of Chengdu at SW, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168263. [PMID: 37926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In spite of extensive studies on the features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in cities, lack of understanding on the distribution and source characteristics of PAHs in big city with basin climate that can easily accelerate the pollution. Therefore, we sampled and analyzed PAHs from forty-five topsoil samples evenly distributed in Chengdu and the data shows that: (1) concentrations of ∑16PAHs in the study area ranged from 88.56 to 4448.34 ng/g, with a mean value of 739.07 ng/g, which is a lower level compared to similar cities, the distribution and proportion of LMW-PAHs show that the migration of pollution is blocked by the topography of the basin; (2) principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated that combustion of fossil fuels and biomass is the most important source of PAHs in Chengdu; (3) the toxic equivalency factors of benzo[a]pyrene indicated a low risk of ∑16PAHs in all areas in Chengdu; (4) the inherited lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) showed a relatively low level of potential risk in the region, while female inhabitants in several regions seem to suffer from higher health risks. Overall, our case study of PAHs in the topsoil at Chengdu city at SW China indicates that the PCA-MLR analysis is useful to identify the source of PAHs in the urban region with complicated pollution source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhuo Zhou
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China; State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China.
| | - Jianghai Liao
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- International Center for Planetary Science, College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Yongcai Zhao
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Yintian Deng
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
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Veselinović G, Štrbac S, Antić N, Ferreira CSS, Dincă LC, Mijatović N, Kašanin-Grubin M. Connectivity approach in urban protected area management based on soil and vegetation chemical status. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9525-9540. [PMID: 37024708 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The quality and vitality of cities largely depend on the design, management, and maintenance of green areas, including urban protected areas (UPAs), since they provide multiple benefits for the city. Due to urbanization and higher anthropogenic pressure, green areas are decreasing which directly affects natural habitats and biodiversity. This study aims to assess soil and vegetation chemical status in UPAs in the city of Belgrade, Serbia, and to understand how their distance from pollution hotspots affects soil and vegetation quality. Additionally, this paper considers the inclusion of soil and vegetation conditions in the urban protected areas management as a basis for introducing a connectivity approach to expand green infrastructure throughout the city. Chemical properties, the content of nutrients (C, N, P, and K), and microelements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Pb, Zr, U, and Th) in soil and conifer needles were analyzed. Results showed that the distance of pollution hotspots does not affect nutrient and microelements concentrations in soil, i.e., they do not vary significantly between sites and do not exceed remediation intervention values. However, the microelements status of vegetation is affected since Cr, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Pb are higher in needles from trees from the city center. The state of soil and plant composition supports the establishment of a network of green corridors and should become a part of management strategies, thus helping biodiversity protection, climate change mitigation, and human well-being in the cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorica Veselinović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Snežana Štrbac
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Antić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carla S S Ferreira
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Navarino Environmental Observatory, 24001, Kalamata, Messinia, Greece
- Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), College of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lucian C Dincă
- Forest Research and Management Institute, 500035, Brasov, Romania
| | | | - Milica Kašanin-Grubin
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Fingerprint analysis reveals sources of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils of different geographical oilfields of China and its ecological assessment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4808. [PMID: 35314750 PMCID: PMC8938453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and characteristics of petroleum in three different geographic oilfields in China: Shengli Oilfield (SL), Nanyang Oilfield (NY), and Yanchang Oilfield (YC) were investigated. The average concentration of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) conformed to be in the following law: SL Oilfield > NY Oilfield > YC Oilfield. Fingerprint analysis on the petroleum contamination level and source was conducted by the geochemical indices of n-alkanes and PAHs, such as low to high molecular weight (LMW/HMW) hydrocarbons, n-alkanes/pristine or phytane (C17/ Pr, C18/Ph), and ratio of anthracene/ (anthracene + phenanthrene) [Ant/(Ant + Phe)]. Soils adjacent to working well oils indicated new petroleum input with higher ratio of low to high molecular weight (LMW/HMW) hydrocarbons. The oil contamination occurred in the grassland soils might result of rainfall runoff. Petroleum source, petroleum combustion source, and biomass combustion were dominant PAHs origination of soils collected from oil exploitation area, petrochemical-related sites, farmland and grassland, respectively. The suggestive petroleum control strategies were proposed in each oilfield soils. Ecological potential risk of PAHs was assessed according to the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) of seven carcinogenic PAHs. The results showed that high, medium, and low ecological risk presented in petro-related area, grassland soils, and farmland soils, respectively. High ecological risk was persistent in abandoned oil well areas over abandoned time of 15 years, and basically stable after 5 years. This study can provide a critical insight to ecological risk management and source control of the petroleum contamination.
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Distribution of the Soil PAHs and Health Risk Influenced by Coal Usage Processes in Taiyuan City, Northern China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176319. [PMID: 32878008 PMCID: PMC7503818 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The quality of urban soil is closely related to the safety of public places and the guarantee of food quality. This study investigated the level, distribution, source, and carcinogenic risk of 16 U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban, agricultural, and montane soil in Taiyuan. The ∑16PAHs level varied from 104.78 to 6594.63 ng g-1 with a mean of 922.93 ng g-1, and 47.73% of the soil samples were severely contaminated, with a concentration higher than 600 ng g-1. PAHs with higher molecular weight (≥4 rings) were dominant in PAHs profiles accounting for 80.92%. In the spatial distribution of PAHs, hotspots of ∑16 PAHs were observed near the industries, indicating pollutants emitted by the industries directly affect the surrounding soil quality. The sources identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated: coal combustion (40.77%), vehicle exhausts (32.94%), biomass combustion (14.89%), and coking source (11.40%). Coal-related sources (coal and coking sources) were the major contributors (52.17%) to PAHs and carcinogenic risk (46.48%) assessed by BaP toxic equivalent concentration in total soils. Therefore, the extensive usage of coal was the leading factor for PAH pollution and health risk in Taiyuan soil.
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Milenkovic B, Stajic JM, Zeremski T, Strbac S, Stojic N, Nikezic D. Is Kragujevac city still a "hot spot" area, twenty years after the bombing? CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125610. [PMID: 31864048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
After NATO bombing of Serbia in 1999, UNEP has identified Kragujevac as one of the four heavily polluted environmental "hot spots". Damaging of industrial and military targets caused the release of substantial amounts of hazardous chemical substances into the environment. This study was conducted in order to access the exposure of residents of Kragujevac city to persistent soil pollutants, twenty years after NATO air campaign. The paper reports the results of measuring radionuclides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg) in soil samples collected from two depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) at 30 locations along the riverbank of the Lepenica River. The average specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs were comparable to average worldwide values; excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) from natural radionuclides ranged from 1.1·10-4 to 3.3·10-4. The measured concentrations of As, Co, Cr, Cu, and Ni exceeded the limit values in most of the samples. Non-carcinogenic risk (hazard quotient and hazard index) and carcinogenic risk from heavy metals were assessed. Total hazard index was 0.257 and 2.16 for adults and children, respectively. Sum of measured PAHs ranged from 110 to 1026 μg kg-1. Sum of PCBs exceeded the limit value of 20 μg kg-1 in all samples (it ranged from 48.8 to 196.8 μg kg-1), but it was still below the remediation level. The differences between two layers with respect to all measured variables were not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Milenkovic
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Science, Jovana Cvijica bb, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena M Stajic
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Science, Jovana Cvijica bb, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Tijana Zeremski
- Institute of Field & Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Snezana Strbac
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Centre of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Stojic
- University Educons, Faculty for Environmental Protection, Vojvode Putnika bb, Sremska Kamenica, 21208, Serbia
| | - Dragoslav Nikezic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovica 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia; The State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadzica bb, 36300, Novi Pazar, Serbia
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Offiong NO, Inam EJ, Etuk HS, Essien JP. Current status and challenges of remediating petroleum‐derived PAHs in soils: Nigeria as a case study for developing countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/rem.21630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nnanake‐Abasi O. Offiong
- International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR)University of Uyo Uyo Nigeria
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Uyo Uyo Nigeria
| | - Edu J. Inam
- International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR)University of Uyo Uyo Nigeria
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Uyo Uyo Nigeria
| | - Helen S. Etuk
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Uyo Uyo Nigeria
| | - Joseph P. Essien
- International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR)University of Uyo Uyo Nigeria
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Uyo Uyo Nigeria
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Yu H, Li T, Liu Y, Ma L. Spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in urban soil of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:498-509. [PMID: 31125878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution is becoming increasingly prominent and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are key pollutants in urban areas. Understanding the sources of PAH pollution is an effective step toward its control and reduction. The main purpose of this review was to collate the spatial distribution, pollution level, pollution sources, and potential risks of PAHs in urban soils of different regions of China. Relevant data of PAH soil contamination in Chinese provinces and cities were extracted from studies published from 2000 to 2018. The concentrations of total PAHs (Σ16PAHs) ranged from 65.01 to 23603.05 μg/kg for urban soils with a mean of 2801.98 μg/kg. According to the Maliszewska-Kordybach classification criteria, about 47% of the regions of China were heavily contaminated, 23% of the regions were contaminated, and 17% of the regions were weakly contaminated, while only 13% of regions were not contaminated. Based on the results of the total PAHs data from 30 provinces and cities and the results of individual compounds from 27 cities, 18 provinces and cities were classified as "severely" contaminated with a Nemero Comprehensive Index (PI) > 3.0. The results of this review indicate that the main sources of PAH pollution in urban soils of China are coal combustion and automobile exhaust emissions, followed by oil, biomass, and coke tar combustion. This review comprehensively collates the spatial distribution of PAH concentration, their composition, and dominant sources in urban soils of North and South China. Coal and oil combustion contribute more to total PAHs in North China while vehicle emissions and biomass combustion contribute more in South China. This regional difference suggests that PAH pollution in urban soils is a side-effect of a combination of regional development levels and human activities, which differ between North and South China. Risk assessment based on the benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent factor indicates that the concentration of PAHs is low in most parts of China; however, several sensitive areas should receive increased attention. This review aims to provide improved decision-making support toward soil pollution control and monitoring based on the distribution and main pollution sources of PAHs in urban soil of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Cao W, Qiao M, Liu B, Zhao X. Occurrence of parent and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in typical wastewater treatment plants and effluent receiving rivers of Beijing, and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:992-999. [PMID: 29764288 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1471031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some typical substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs) were investigated in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and effluent effluent-receiving rivers in order to indentify the elimination of these compounds in WWTPs, as well as the potantial potential risk in the effluent-receiving rivers. The concentrations of ΣPAHs in the total phase (combined dissolved and adsorbed phases) in influent were between 944.1 and 1246.5 ng·L-1, and ΣSPAHs, including methyl PAHs (MPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), between 684.9 and 844.9 ng·L-1. Regarding the SPAHs, the concentrations of ΣOPAHs (312.3 ng·L-1) were higher than those of ΣMPAHs (271.8 ng·L-1). The total removal efficiencies of PAHs in the biological treatment processes were between 59% and 68%, and those of SPAHs were a little lower (58-65%). The removal efficiency in the adsorbed phase was higher than in the dissolved phase. The concentrations of PAHs and SPAHs in the effluent were a little higher than in the receiving river. According to a PAH risk assessment of the effluent, 7 carcinogenic PAHs accounted for a relatively high proportion. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) were major contributors to the TEQs in the effluent of WWTPs, which should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- a Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
- b College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Meng Qiao
- a Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Bochuan Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xu Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust and surface soil in major urban regions of Nepal: Implication on source apportionment and toxicological effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:223-235. [PMID: 29112844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban centers have turned to be the provincial store for resource consumptions and source releases of different types of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bringing about boundless environmental pollutions, among different issues. Human prosperity inside urban communities is unambiguously dependent on the status of urban soils and house dusts. However, environmental occurrence and sources of release of these SVOCs are challenging in Nepalese cities, as exceptionally very limited data are accessible. This motivated us to explore the environmental fate, their source/sink susceptibilities and health risk associated with PAHs. In this study, we investigated the contamination level, environmental fate and sources/sink of 16 EPA's priority pollutants in surface soil and house dusts from four major cities of Nepal. Additionally, the toxicological effect of individual PAH was studied to assess the health risk of PAHs. Generally, the concentrations of ∑16PAHs in surface soil were 1.5 times higher than house dust, and ranged 767-6770ng/g dry weight (dw) (median 1810ng/g dw), and 747-4910 dw (median 1320ng/g dw), respectively. High molecular weight-PAHs both in soil and dust were more abundant than low molecular weight-PAHs, suggesting the dominance of pyrogenic source. Moderate to weak correlation of TOC and BC with PAHs in soil and dust suggested little or no role of soil organic carbon in sorption of PAHs. Source diagnostic ratio and principal component analysis indicated fossil fuel combustion, traffic/vehicular emissions and combustion of biomass are the principal sources of PAHs contamination in Nepalese urban environment. The high average TEQ value of PAHs in soil than dust suggested high risk of soil carcinogenicity compared to dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Škrbić BD, Đurišić-Mladenović N, Tadić ĐJ, Cvejanov JĐ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soil of Novi Sad, Serbia: occurrence and cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16148-16159. [PMID: 28537034 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contents of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed in 30 soil samples from 15 locations in Novi Sad, Serbia, assessing for the first time the corresponding health risks in the Serbian urban zone. Total concentrations were in the range of 22-2247 μg kg-1, with a mean and median value of 363 and 200 μg kg-1, respectively. Comparison with the relevant maximum allowed contents proposed by the Serbian government and with the Dutch target values implied that soils from the urban area of Novi Sad were "suitable as residential soils" and that no intervention would be needed if the current levels were retained. Seven diagnostic ratios were calculated, indicating the pyrogenic sources of PAHs as the dominant. Cancer risks in humans via accidental ingestion, inhalation of soil particles, and dermal contact with soil were estimated. Cancer risk for soil ingestion by children was the highest. The total lifetime carcinogenic risk as sum of individual cancer risks for seven carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was within the range 10-4 to 10-6, indicating acceptable risks at 30 and 47% of sites for children and adults, respectively. However, for the rest of the samples, total lifetime cancer risk was >10-4 indicating over the acceptable risk, even though the contents in soil were not of concern as the comparison with the environmental guidance previously showed. This could be explained by (a) the dominant concentrations of higher molecular weight compounds with 4 to 6 rings, among which there are compounds with higher toxicity equivalents, but also with (b) the extreme conditions used for the conservative risk assessment under maximal exposure frequency, exposure time, and ingestion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | | | - Đorđe J Tadić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đ Cvejanov
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
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Stankov Jovanović V, Mitić V, Ćirić S, Ilić M, Nikolic J, Dimitrijević M, Stojanović G. Optimized Ultrasonic Extraction for the Determination of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1293677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Stankov Jovanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - V. Mitić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - S. Ćirić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - M. Ilić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - J. Nikolic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - M. Dimitrijević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - G. Stojanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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Gulan L, Milenkovic B, Zeremski T, Milic G, Vuckovic B. Persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and radioactivity in the urban soil of Priština City, Kosovo and Metohija. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:415-426. [PMID: 28033572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals content and radioactivity levels were measured in 27 soil samples collected from Priština, the capital of Kosovo and Metohija. The sixteen PAHs, twelve OCPs and six PCBs congeners were determined by gas chromatography system with mass spectrometry detection. Although the use of PCBs and OCPs was prohibited decades ago residues of those compounds still existed in measurable concentrations in soils of Priština. PAHs were also present in analyzed samples but their mean concentration was significantly lower than mean concentrations of PAHs previously reported in urban areas in the world. The concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined by the EDTA extraction protocols, along with their extractable concentrations. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) were determined by gamma spectrometry method. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test found that activity concentrations of natural radionuclides were normally distributed. Radiological risk was estimated through the annual effective dose, gonadal dose equivalent, excess lifetime cancer risk, radium equivalent activity, external and internal hazard indexes. Spearman correlation coefficient was used for analysis of correlations between physicochemical properties, heavy metal contents and radionuclide activity concentrations. Strong positive correlation between 226Ra and 232Th was found, as well as among pairs of As-Cd and Co-Mn. Very strong positive correlation (0.838) at the 0.01 significance level was noted for Pb-Zn pair. Strong correlations indicate common occurrence of these elements in the nature, as well as geogenic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Gulan
- University of Priština, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Biljana Milenkovic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Tijana Zeremski
- Institute of Field & Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Milic
- University of Priština, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Biljana Vuckovic
- University of Priština, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
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Jia J, Bi C, Guo X, Wang X, Zhou X, Chen Z. Characteristics, identification, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dusts and agricultural soils from industrial sites in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:605-615. [PMID: 27743326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Road dusts and agricultural soil samples were collected from eight sites close to steel mills, chemical plants, and municipal solid waste incinerator in suburban Shanghai. Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority controlled list were analyzed quantitatively using GC-MS. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 0.79 to 6.2 μg g-1 in road dust samples with a mean value of 2.38 μg g-1 and 0.26 to 0.54 μg g-1 in agricultural soils with an average of 0.36 μg g-1. The most abundant individual PAHs were phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene in dust samples and phenanthrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene in soil samples. Dominant compounds were four-ring and five- to six-ring PAHs, which accounted for 41.5 and 31.5 % in dusts and 33.9 and 41.1 % in soils. The spatial distribution of PAHs in dusts and soils was consistent. The wind direction could affect the spatial distribution of PAHs. Organic matter contents were found to be significantly positively correlated with PAH concentrations in both dusts and soils while grain size of particles had no correlation with PAH concentrations and could not significantly influence the distribution of PAH concentrations. PAH isomer ratios showed that combustion of grass, wood, and coal was important sources of PAHs in road dusts and agricultural soils. Toxic equivalent concentrations indicated seven kinds of carcinogenetic PAHs were major toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) contributors, accounting for 98 % of TEQ, in the road dusts and agricultural soils. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) estimation results showed that the PAHs in the dusts and soils had potential cancer risk for both children and adults only by direct ingestion exposure. The TEQ and ILCR values of PAHs in road dusts were much higher than those in soils, which suggested that PAHs in road dusts could be an important source of PAHs in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chunjuan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Xue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xueping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhenlou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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Škrbić BD, Ji Y, Đurišić-Mladenović N, Zhao J. Occurence of the phthalate esters in soil and street dust samples from the Novi Sad city area, Serbia, and the influence on the children's and adults' exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 312:272-279. [PMID: 27039030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study reporting the presence of 6 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in 60 composite soil and street dust samples collected in the urban zone of Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia. The results were further used to assess children's and adults' PAEs nondietary daily intakes (DIs) through incidental soil and dust ingestion and/or dermal absorption. The study could be regarded as the important baseline for future monitoring of PAEs in the urban environments, particularly as it contributes to the rare data on PAEs occurence in the street dust. All 6 PAEs were detected in every analyzed soil and street dust samples from 0.0002mgkg(-1) to 4.82mgkg(-1), with the highest level obtained for di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which was the most dominant PAE (70-96%). The highest total PAEs (Σ6PAEs) contents in soil (2.12mgkg(-1)) and street dust (5.45mgkg(-1)) samples were obtained for the samples from city parks. In all soil samples, Σ6PAEs exceeded the soil sustainable quality limit sets by the relevant Serbian Regulation, but were much lower than the limit requiring remediation measures. Concerning the estimated DIs, children were more susceptible to PAEs intake than adults regardless of the exposure routes. All the estimated DIs values were far below the known reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
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Devi NL, Yadav IC, Shihua Q, Dan Y, Zhang G, Raha P. Environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil from Himalayas, India: Implications for spatial distribution, sources apportionment and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:493-502. [PMID: 26386774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is one of the important mountain ecosystems among the global mountain system which support wide variety of flora, fauna, human communities and cultural diversities. Surface soil samples (n = 69) collected from IHR were analysed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) listed by USEPA. The ∑16PAH concentration in surface soil ranged from 15.3 to 4762 ngg(-1) (mean 458 ngg(-1)). The sum total of low molecular weight PAH (∑LMW-PAHs) (mean 74.0 ngg(-1)) were relatively lower than the high molecular weight PAH (∑HMW-PAHs) (mean 384 ngg(-1)). The concentration of eight carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, CHR, BbF, BkF, BaP, DahA, IcdP, BghiP) were detected high in mountain soil from IHR and ranged from 0.73 to 2729 ngg(-1) (mean 272 ngg(-1)). Based on spatial distribution map, high concentration of HMW- and LMW-PAHs were detected at GS1 site in Guwahati (615 and 4071 ngg(-1)), and lowest concentration of HMW-PAHs were found at IS6 in Itanagar (5.80 ngg(-1)) and LMW-PAHs at DS2 (17.3 ngg(-1)) in Dibrugarh. Total organic carbon (TOC) in mountain soil was poorly connected with ∑PAHs (r(2) = 0.072) and Car-PAHs (r(2) = 0.048), suggesting the little role of TOC in adsorption of PAHs. Isomeric ratio of PAHs showed the source of PAH contamination in IHR is mixed of petrogenic and pyrogenic origin and was affirmed by PAHs composition profile. These source apportionment results were further confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). Eco-toxicological analysis showed the calculated TEQ for most carcinogenic PAH were 2-4 times more than the Dutch allowed limit, while TEQ of BaP was 25 times high, suggesting increasing trend of carcinogenicity of surface soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, BIT Campus, Patna, 800014 Bihar, India; Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Qi Shihua
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-geology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Yang Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-geology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Priyankar Raha
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Wang C, Wu S, Zhou SL, Wang H, Li B, Chen H, Yu Y, Shi Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from urban to rural areas in Nanjing: Concentration, source, spatial distribution, and potential human health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 527-528:375-83. [PMID: 25981936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become a major type of pollutant in urban areas and their degree of pollution and characteristics of spatial distribution differ between various regions. We conducted a comprehensive study about the concentration, source, spatial distribution, and health risk of 16 PAHs from urban to rural soils in Nanjing. The mean total concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑16PAHs) were 3330 ng g(-1) for urban soils, 1680 ng g(-1) for suburban soils, and 1060 ng g(-1) for rural soils. Five sources in urban, suburban, and rural areas of Nanjing were identified by positive matrix factorization. Their relative contributions of sources to the total soil PAH burden in descending order was coal combustion, vehicle emissions, biomass burning, coke tar, and oil in urban areas; in suburban areas the main sources of soil PAHs were gasoline engine and diesel engine, whereas in rural areas the main sources were creosote and biomass burning. The spatial distribution of soil PAH concentrations shows that old urban districts and commercial centers were the most contaminated of all areas in Nanjing. The distribution pattern of heavier PAHs was in accordance with ∑16PAHs, whereas lighter PAHs show some special characteristics. Health risk assessment based on toxic equivalency factors of benzo[a]pyrene indicated a low concentration of PAHs in most areas in Nanjing, but some sensitive sites should draw considerable attention. We conclude that urbanization has accelerated the accumulation of soil PAHs and increased the environmental risk for urban residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Shaohua Wu
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Sheng Lu Zhou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Hui Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Baojie Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yanna Yu
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yaxing Shi
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
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18
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Hu G, Chen S, Shi W, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Huang J, Chen J, Giesy JP, Yu H. Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils in Taizhou, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:429-439. [PMID: 25416074 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their hazards in surface soil (n = 92) were investigated in Taizhou, China, which is an area in East China famous for production and exporting of rice. Total concentrations of PAHs in soils ranged from 2.3 × 10(1) to 7.6 × 10(2) with a mean of 1.8 × 10(2) μg/kg (dry mass; dm). Concentrations of 16 PAHs reported here were less than those observed in most previous studies in China and other countries. Concentrations of individual PAH in fluvo-aquic soils were greater than those in paddy soils except naphthalene. Fluoranthene and pyrene were dominant PAHs, which accounted for 19.7 and 13.3 % of the total mass of PAHs, respectively. Based on ratios of low molecular weight PAHs to high molecular weight PAHs, diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis, the predominant source of PAHs was combustion and pyrolysis, especially coal, natural gas, gasoline and diesel emissions from traffic, as well as burning of straw. Carcinogenic potencies of 13 samples were 1.1- to 2.9-fold greater than the target values promulgated by the Netherlands, indicating increased carcinogenic risks of soils from these sites. However, risks of cancer via accidental ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation to humans posed by PAHs in soil were relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjiu Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, 241 Fenghuang West Street, Nanjing, 210036, People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Woodward LA, Li QX, Wang J. Concentrations, source and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from midway atoll, north pacific ocean. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86441. [PMID: 24466100 PMCID: PMC3900525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil samples collected from Midway Atoll and evaluate their potential risks to human health. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 3.55 to 3200 µg kg(-1) with a mean concentration of 198 µg kg(-1). Higher molecular weight PAHs (4-6 ring PAHs) dominated the PAH profiles, accounting for 83.3% of total PAH mass. PAH diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that primary sources of PAHs in Midway Atoll could be combustion. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration (BaPeq) in most of the study area (86.5%) was less than 40 µg kg(-1) BaPeq and total incremental lifetime cancer risks of PAHs ranged from 1.00×10(-10) to 9.20×10(-6) with a median value of 1.24×10(-7), indicating a minor carcinogenic risk of PAHs in Midway Atoll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lee Ann Woodward
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Reefs NWRC, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Qing X. Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QXL); (JW)
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QXL); (JW)
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Okedeyi OO, Nindi MM, Dube S, Awofolu OR. Distribution and potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around coal-fired power plants in South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:2073-2082. [PMID: 22661359 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and potential sources of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils in the vicinity of three South African coal-fired power plants were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PAH compound ratios such as phenanthrene/phenanthrene + anthracene (Phen/Phen + Anth) were used to provide reliable estimation of emission sources. The total PAH concentration in the soils around three power plants ranged from 9.73 to 61.24 μg g(-1), a range above the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry levels of 1.0 μg g(-1) for significantly contaminated site. Calculated values of Phen/Phen + Anth ratio were 0.48 ± 0.08, 0.44 ± 0.05, and 0.38 + 0.04 for Matla, Lethabo, and Rooiwal, respectively. Flouranthene/fluoranthene + pyrene (Flan/Flan + Pyr) were found to be 0.49 ± 0.03 for Matla, 0.44 ± 0.05 for Lethabo, and 0.53 ± 0.08 for Rooiwal. Such values indicate a pyrolytic source of PAHs. Higher molecular weight PAHs (five to six rings) were predominant, suggesting coal combustion sources. A good correlation existed between most of the PAHs implying that these compounds were emitted from similar sources. The carcinogenic potency B[a]P equivalent concentration (B[a] Peq) at the three power plants ranged from 3.61 to 25.25 indicating a high carcinogenic burden. The highest (B[a] Peq) was found in samples collected around Matla power station. It can therefore be concluded that the soils were contaminated with PAHs originating from coal-fired power stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumuyiwa O Okedeyi
- Chemistry Department, University of South Africa, P. O. Box 392, UNISA, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa
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Ene A, Bogdevich O, Sion A. Levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoils from SE Romania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 439:76-86. [PMID: 23063641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoils (n=17) at two sampling depths in Southeastern Romania, including industrial (Galati iron and steel plant) and agricultural sites in Galati and Braila counties, as well as nature reserves such as Lower Prut Meadow (Galati County) and Bugeac Lake (Constanta County), and to compare them with national guidelines and values reported for other regions. The total detectable OCP concentrations vary in the ranges 58-1662ngg(-1) dry weight (dw) for 0-5cm depth and 6-12,644ngg(-1) dw for 5-20cm depth. Of these, the concentrations of HCHs, DDTs, and heptachlor varied in the ranges 6-6818ngg(-1), 27-5826ngg(-1), and 108-873ngg(-1) dw, respectively, the highest values being registered near a cultivated area, located in the proximity of Siret River and Galati town, probably due to extensive use of pesticides in the past. Chlordane was detected only at one industrial site in Galati (53ngg(-1) dw), while the levels of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and mirex were below the detection limits in all the locations and for both depths. The total PAH concentrations for 5-20cm depth range from 9ngg(-1) (Lower Prut Meadow) to 25,352ngg(-1) dw (cattle farm), being lower than those reported for the upper 5cm layer. The PAH distribution pattern in this study is in agreement with that previously obtained for surface soils from Lower Prut Meadow (prevalence of 3-ring PAHs), industrial area and farmland (prevalence of 4- and 5-ring PAHs), their sources being industrial activity, traffic and agricultural waste burning. Carcinogenic PAHs contribute 44.8-56.4% for 5-20cm and 43.7-55.8% for 0-5cm depth to total PAHs. In some locations the HCH, DDT and PAH amounts exceed the legal values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta Ene
- Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, 47 Domneasca St., 800008 Galati, Romania.
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22
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Lang Y, Wang N, Gao H, Bai J. Distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Liaohe estuarine wetland soils. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:5545-5552. [PMID: 22006262 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-one surface soil samples were collected from Liaohe estuarine wetland in October 2008 and May and August 2009. The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), identified as priority pollutants by the US EPA, were measured by gas chromatography. PAHs were predominated by three- and four-ring compounds. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 704.7 to 1,804.5 μg/kg with a mean value of 1,001.9 μg/kg in October 2008, from 509.7 to 1,936.9 μg/kg with an average of 887.1 μg/kg in May 2009, and from 293.4 to 1,735.9 μg/kg with a mean value of 675.4 μg/kg in August 2009. The PAH concentration detected at most sites shared the same pattern, with maximum concentrations during the autumn (October) and minimum concentrations during the summer (August). The ecological risk assessment of PAHs showed that adverse effects would occasionally occur in the soils from Liaohe estuarine wetland based on the effects range low (ERL)/effects range median and the toxic equivalency factors. The results revealed that some of the individual PAHs were in excess of ERL which implied possible acute adverse biological effects. The BaP(eq) values in some sites surpassed the Dutch target value. Therewith, quite a part of soils in the wetland were subjected to potential ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhai Lang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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23
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Owojori OJ, Siciliano SD. Accumulation and toxicity of metals (copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead) and organic compounds (geraniol and benzo[a]pyrene) in the oribatid mite Oppia nitens. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:1639-1648. [PMID: 22544678 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The oribatid mite Oppia nitens has been suggested as a test species for ecotoxicological assessment of contaminated boreal soils. Knowledge of the ecotoxicity of pollutants of different modes of action to this species is necessary to assess its relative sensitivity in comparison with other invertebrates. The toxicity of four metals and two organic chemicals to O. nitens was evaluated over a 28- or 35-d period. Mite survival, reproduction, and tissue accumulation were assessed at the end of the test. Reproduction was a more sensitive endpoint than survival for all of the compounds except geraniol. The reproduction median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were 2,896, 1,562, 137, and 1,678 mg/kg, respectively, whereas those for benzo[a]pyrene and geraniol were greater than 1,600 and 283 mg/kg. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were 3,311, 2,291, 603, and 6,761 mg/kg, respectively, whereas those for benzo[a]pyrene and geraniol were greater than 1,600 and 251 mg/kg. When effects on reproduction are compared with those of other soil invertebrates, O. nitens appears less sensitive to Cu and Zn but within the same order of magnitude of sensitivity as that for Cd and Pb. Despite its lower sensitivity to Cu and Zn, O. nitens is a member of a group underrepresented in ecotoxicological evaluations and should therefore be included in test battery for risk assessment of contaminated boreal and other northern soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olugbenga J Owojori
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Xie W, Chen A, Li J, Liu Q, Yang H, Lu Z. County-scale distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in topsoil of the Yellow River Delta Region. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:1419-1427. [PMID: 22571530 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.672385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Yellow River Delta (YRD) is a typical agricultural and petrochemical industrial area in China. To assess the current status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of soil residues, soil samples (0-15 cm) (n = 82) were collected in Bincheng District, at the geographic center of the YRD. Concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) ranged from 181.1 to 2176.0 μg kg(-1), with an average concentration of 359.8 μg kg(-1), showing significant increase along a rural-urban gradient (p ≤ 0.05). The contribution of naphthalene and phenanthrene to ∑PAHs was 48.6-57.6 %, and the contribution of low molecular weight (two- and three-ring) PAHs was 56.3-66.4 % from urban to rural. The significant correlations between ∑PAHs and soil organic C and total N concentrations were observed (p ≤ 0.05), indicated soil organic C and total N can affect PAH distribution in the study area, especially for low molecular weight PAHs. Principal component and multiple linear regression analysis reveal that soil PAHs have different sources in different area. Various petroleum inputs (volatilization, vehicular and non-vehicle combustion) were the main sources of soil PAHs in the urban and suburban areas, and the main source was biomass burning in the rural. In general, most soil PAH contaminations in the study area were classified as weakly polluted. Even so, soil PAH contamination from petroleum, particularly near petrochemical production sites, deserves further attention, because lighter PAH compounds are more labile and can react with other pollutants to form more toxic derivates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xie
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Key Food Safety Laboratory of Binzhou City, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China
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Jiang Y, Wang X, Wu M, Sheng G, Fu J. Contamination, source identification, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 183:139-150. [PMID: 21360000 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-1913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The level, distribution, compositional pattern, and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil of Shanghai were investigated. The concentrations ranged from 140.7 to 2,370.8 μg kg( -1) for 21 PAHs and from 92.2 to 2,062.7 μg kg( -1) for 16 priority PAHs, respectively. The higher level of PAHs was mainly distributed in the south and west of Shanghai region, and the lower concentration was found in Chongming Island. Generally, the composition pattern of PAHs was characterized with high molecular weight PAHs, the seven possible carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 4.8-50.8% of the total PAHs, and fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene were the most dominant components in soil samples. The correlation analysis suggested that low molecular weight PAHs and high molecular weight PAHs were originated from different sources and further corroborated that total organic carbon was a key soil property affecting the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment. The isomer ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in the investigated areas were derived primarily from combustion of biomass, coal, and petroleum. Compared to the soil quality standards of the Netherlands, all the target PAHs (except Ant) in most samples exceeded their target values. The Nemerow composite index based on the same soil quality standard showed that 69.4% of the soil samples were heavily polluted. The total BaP(eq) of ten Dutch target PAHs in 72% soil samples were higher than the reference total carcinogenic potency. Therefore, the agricultural soil in Shanghai is suffering from serious PAHs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuFeng Jiang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Blagojević J, Stamenković G, Vujosević M. Potential genotoxic effects of melted snow from an urban area revealed by the Allium cepa test. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:1344-1347. [PMID: 19589556 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The presence of well-known atmospheric pollutants is regularly screened for in large towns but knowledge about the effects of mixtures of different pollutants and especially their genotoxic potential is largely missing. Since falling snow collects pollutants from the air, melted snow samples could be suitable for evaluating potential genotoxicity. For this purpose the Allium cepa anaphase-telophase test was used to analyse melted snow samples from Belgrade, the capital city of Serbia. Samples of snow were taken at two sites, characterized by differences in pollution intensity, in three successive years. At the more polluted site the analyses showed a very high degree of both toxicity and genotoxicity in the first year of the study corresponding to the effects of the known mutagen used as the positive control. At the other site the situation was much better but not without warning signals. The results showed that standard analyses for the presence of certain contaminants in the air do not give an accurate picture of the possible consequences of urban air pollution because the genotoxic potential remains hidden. The A. cepa test has been demonstrated to be very convenient for evaluation of air pollution through analyses of melted snow samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Blagojević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stanković, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia.
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De La Torre-Roche RJ, Lee WY, Campos-Díaz SI. Soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in El Paso, Texas: analysis of a potential problem in the United States/Mexico border region. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 163:946-58. [PMID: 18768257 PMCID: PMC2712665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic extraction followed by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) and thermal desorption inline coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (TD/GC/MS) was used to perform a comprehensive determination of soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in El Paso, Texas. The method provided good sensitivity and faster processing time for the analysis. The total PAHs in El Paso soil ranged from 0.1 to 2225.5 microg kg(-1). Although the majority of PAH concentrations did not exceed the soil screening levels regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the existence of PAHs in this ecosystem is ubiquitous. Naphthalene were found in 100% of the soil samples; while the heavy PAHs (five- and six-ring) were not often detected and mostly remained in closer proximity to industrial areas and major traffic points. The results ruled out the possibility of petroleum refining as the significant source of local soil-borne PAH contamination, but they suggested that the PAHs found in El Paso soil were closely linked to human activities and possible other industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J De La Torre-Roche
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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Li P, Li X, Stagnitti F, Zhang H, Lin X, Zang S, Zhuo J, Xiong X. Studies on the sources of benzo[a]pyrene in grain and aboveground tissues of rice plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 162:463-468. [PMID: 18585859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rice plant pot experiments designed to identify benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) sources in plant tissues were conducted in an air-quality controlled greenhouse built to prevent contamination from B[a]P air pollution. Results from quartz sand cultures with control and 50, 100 and 500 microgkg(-1) of B[a]P treatments were compared with those from outdoor field experiments, in which rice plants were exposed to polluted air in the urban area of Shenyang, China. When B[a]P was strictly controlled in both air and quartz sand culture medium, the background values of B[a]P in rice plant tissues were uniformly very low. There was no significant difference of B[a]P contents of rice grain between control and treatments of B[a]P in controlled air quality trials. This indicated that the source of B[a]P in the rice grains is not from any B[a]P in the root culture media. The B[a]P content of rice grain, husk, and stem with leaf sampled from outdoor field was up to 7.33-, 9.21- and 27.10-fold higher than corresponding tissues from air-quality controlled conditions. This indicated that polluted air is the main source of B[a]P in aboveground tissues. Therefore control of B[a]P pollution in ambient air is of prime importance for improving the quality of cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Dai J, Li S, Zhang Y, Wang R, Yu Y. Distributions, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil at Ji'nan city, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2008; 147:317-326. [PMID: 18224454 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-0123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Surface soil (0-5 cm) samples from 17 sampling sites including different functional areas at Ji'nan city in Shandong Province of China were collected and analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total PAH concentrations were in the range from 1.31 mg kg(-1) to 254.08 mg kg(-1) (dry weight), and the average level of total PAHs was 23.25 mg kg(-1). The highest total PAHs concentrations were found in steel and iron plant at industrial areas. The total PAHs concentrations in industrial areas were markedly higher than those in other different functional areas. According to comparing total PAHs concentration in Ji'nan city to that of other urban areas, it was found that total PAHs concentrations were 6 to 137 times higher than other areas because of some specific sampling sites such as steel and iron plant and one main roadside. The results showed that PAHs in topsoil of Ji'nan city were suffered from strong pyrogenic influence, especially in industrial areas. However about 52.9% soil samples were mainly originated from both pyrogenic and petrogenic mixed sources based on Flu/Pyr ratios and Phe/Ant ratios. Furthermore, It was found that all individual PAHs except Fle were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with LMW, HMW, total PAHs and SOM, and individual PAHs except Fle in soils were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with each other. The nemerow composite index to assess the environmental quality showed that the soil sample of steel and iron plant in industrial areas and one main roadside were heavy pollution of PAHs, and about 47% soil sampling sites were safety, about 53% soil sampling sites were got different grades of PAHs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiulan Dai
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250100, China
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Desaules A, Ammann S, Blum F, Brändli RC, Bucheli TD, Keller A. PAH and PCB in soils of Switzerland—status and critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:1265-77. [DOI: 10.1039/b807206j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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