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Ning Y, Guo Z, Zhang J, Niu S, He B, Xiao K, Liu A. Characterizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on road dusts in Shenzhen, China: implications for road stormwater reuse safety. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:4951-4963. [PMID: 37004581 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Urban road stormwater reuse is one of the most effective ways to mitigate water resource shortage. However, due to a diversity of human activities such as traffic, various toxic pollutants can be deposited on road surfaces during dry periods and washed off during wet periods, threatening stormwater reuse safety. Among these pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been widely found in road stormwater. This study selected twelve road sites in Shenzhen, China, and investigated PAHs deposited on urban roads and their influential factors (traffic characteristics, land use and road surface condition). The research outcomes showed that high-molecular-weight PAH species (5-6 benzene rings) had higher concentrations and variability on spatial distributions than light-molecular-weight ones (2-4 benzene rings). Additionally, more PAHs were attached to dusts with small particle sizes (< 150 µm), and among influential factors, commercial land use showed a stronger correlation with PAHs distributions, regardless of particle sizes. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that traffic volume did not have an important influence on PAH generations on roads, while the source tracking results did indicate that traffic activities were the main contributor of PAHs. This implies that other traffic characteristics such as frequent go-and-stop activities might also contribute PAHs on roads. This means that areas with frequent traffic congestions could be the "hot spot" areas of PAHs, although the traffic volume might be not high. These research outcomes can provide useful insight into effective stormwater management and ensuring their reuse safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfang Ning
- Shenzhen Municipal Engineering Corporation, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shenzhen Municipal Engineering Corporation, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantong Zhang
- Shenzhen Municipal Engineering Corporation, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangjian Niu
- Shenzhen Municipal Engineering Corporation, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
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Huang Y, Li K, Liu H, Yuan X, Li M, Xiong B, Du R, Johnson DM, Xi Y. Distribution, sources and risk assessment of PAHs in soil from the water level fluctuation zone of Xiangxi Bay, Three Gorges Reservoir. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2615-2628. [PMID: 34365569 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Information on PAH distribution in the water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of Three Gorges Reservoir is limited. In this study, we investigated PAH distribution and sources and assessed PAH risks, over one annual water level fluctuation cycle (June 2017-June 2018) at four elevations spanning the WLFZ (145 m, 155 m, 165 m and 175 m) at seven locations in the water level fluctuation zone along Xiangxi River. The mean total PAH concentration in June 2018 (953 ng g-1) was significantly higher than in June 2017 (494 ng g-1), and the horizontal and vertical distributions of PAHs changed significantly. The changes in distribution patterns provided evidence for the cause of increased PAH levels, which were attributed to construction of the Xiangxi River Bridge. Thus, this study of PAH dynamics in the WLFZ soils of Xiangxi Bay also provided valuable information on the impact of bridge construction on WLFZ soils. The change in PAH levels among stations implicated sediment disturbance resulting from bridge construction as the major contributor to the increased PAH levels. Source characterization, based on the ratios of certain PAHs, indicates that PAHs are mainly from the combustion of petroleum fuels, biomass and coal. These ratios indicated that the proportion of PAHs from fuel combustion increased from 2017 to 2018, implicating the heavy equipment used during bridge construction as another source of the increased PAH levels. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model was used to assess the health risk of the PAHs and the range among all age groups (10-5-10-4) indicates a potential health risk. The mean effects range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q) was used to assess the ecological risk of PAHs and the range (0.1-0.5) indicates low to medium risk. The increase in PAH levels from 2017 to 2018 increased the risk to public health and the environment. The results of this investigation provide a reference for ecological restoration of the WLFZ and support development of effective policies for environmental and public health. Further, the results provide information on the impact of bridge construction on WLFZ soils and identify research needed to more fully understand PAH dynamics in WLFZ soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingping Huang
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Daxue Road 8#, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Li
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Daxue Road 8#, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Huigang Liu
- College of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Daxue Road 8#, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Daxue Road 8#, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Li
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Daxue Road 8#, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Biao Xiong
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Daxue Road 8#, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Rongshan Du
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Daxue Road 8#, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Yichang Environmental Monitoring Station, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - David M Johnson
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Daxue Road 8#, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Xi
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Daxue Road 8#, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China.
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Jang GG, Wiechert AI, Kim YH, Ladshaw AP, Spano T, McFarlane J, Myhre K, Song JJ, Yiacoumi S, Tsouris C. Charging of radioactive and environmental airborne particles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 248:106887. [PMID: 35487089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The charging of various airborne particles was investigated using single-particle levitation and charge-balance equations. Though radioactive decay and triboelectrification can induce charging, it is typically assumed that the aerosols in a radioactive plume will not carry significant charge at steady state since atmospheric particles can have their charge neutralized through the capture of adjacent counter-ions (i.e., diffusion charging). To assess this assumption, we directly measured the surface charge and charge density of various triboelectrically charged aerosols including radioactive uranium oxide (<1 μm), urban dust, Arizona desert dust, hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica nanoparticles, and graphene oxide powders using an electric field-assisted particle levitator in air. Of these particles, uranium oxide aerosols exhibited the highest surface charge density. Charge balance equations were employed to predict the average charge gained from radioactive decay as a function of time and to evaluate the effects of diffusion charging on triboelectrically charged radioactive and non-radioactive particles in the atmosphere. Simulation results show that particles, initially charged through triboelectrification, can be quickly discharged by diffusion charging in the absence of radioactive decay. Nevertheless, simulation results also indicate that particles can be strongly charged when they carry radionuclides. These experimental and simulation results suggest that radioactive decay can induce strong particle charging that may potentially affect atmospheric transport of airborne radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoung G Jang
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6181, United States
| | | | - Yong-Ha Kim
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803-0110, United States.
| | - Austin P Ladshaw
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6181, United States
| | - Tyler Spano
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6181, United States
| | - Joanna McFarlane
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6181, United States
| | - Kristian Myhre
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6181, United States
| | - Joon Jin Song
- Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798-7140, United States
| | - Sotira Yiacoumi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0373, United States
| | - Costas Tsouris
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6181, United States; Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0373, United States.
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Pollution Level, Partition and Spatial Distribution of Benzo(a)pyrene in Urban Soils, Road Dust and Their PM10 Fraction of Health-Resorts (Alushta, Yalta) and Industrial (Sebastopol) Cities of Crimea. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in particular benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), are priority organic pollutants coming from various anthropogenic sources. The levels of accumulation and the spatial distribution of BaP in urban soils, road dust and their PM10 particles (with a diameter of less than 10 microns) were for the first time determined for various land use zones and roads of different size in the cities of Crimea—Alushta, Yalta and Sebastopol. The average content of BaP in soils and road dust in Alushta is 60 and 97 ng/g, in Yalta—139 and 64 ng/g, in Sebastopol—260 and 89 ng/g, respectively, which considerably exceeds the background level (1 ng/g). The BaP concentrations in PM10 particles of soils and dust are up to 11 and four times higher, respectively, than the total contents; they concentrate 35–70% of amount of the pollutant. The accumulation of BaP in soils and dust depends on the type of land use and size of roads. The exceedance of BaP standards in soils and road dust indicates a hazardous environmental situation in three cities of Crimea. The most dangerous are PM10 particles, which form anomalies with extreme levels of BaP contamination.
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Xu B, Liu F, Alfaro D, Jin Z, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Zhang J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fine road dust from a coal-utilization city: Spatial distribution, source diagnosis and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131555. [PMID: 34303048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coal combustion can release large amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which persist in various environment matrices (e.g., road dust) and hence cause the carcinogenic risk to human health. In this study, an exhaustive characterization of road dust samples coupling their physicochemical characteristics and stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ15N) was conducted to evaluate the source, level, spatial distribution, and carcinogenic risk of PAHs in a typical coal-utilization city. Concentrations of Σ16 PAHs ranged from 605.5 to 25,374.3 ng/g with a mean concentration of 4083.0 ng/g. Pollution levels of sites around the coal-fired power plant (Zone 1) were significantly higher than those in other zones (p < 0.05). PAH concentration showed significant correlations with both C and N fractions (p < 0.01). Compositions of δ13C and δ15N in road dust coupled to principal component analysis and the partitions and diagnostic ratios of PAHs contributed to associating road dust to several local sources of contamination. Coal combustion and vehicular exhaust were major sources of PAHs around the power plant and urban area. Results of incremental lifetime cancer risk showed 81.5% of all sampling sites suffered potential risk (>10-6) for both adults and children, while children around the power plant suffered the highest risk. Despite the estimation of only potential risk being posed by PAHs in road dust, human exposure to the various environmental matrices, scientific and systematic assessment of carcinogenic risks by PAHs in the total environment warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baile Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - David Alfaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Zhou Jin
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhou
- Anhui Branch of State Electric Power Investment Group Co. Ltd, Hefei, 230093, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
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Utilization of road dust chemical profiles for source identification and human health impact assessment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14259. [PMID: 32868817 PMCID: PMC7459106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the chemical profiles of fine urban road dust as a set of indicators for major air pollutants at sampling sites or as proxies for potential human health impacts. We examined the chemical compositions of fine particles (< 100 μm) or re-suspended ultrafine particles (< 2.5 μm) in the urban road dust collected from the cities with major emission sources of CO, NH3, NOx, PM2.5, SOx, and volatile organic compounds. The elemental compositions, including metal contents and volatile or semi-volatile organic compound species were determined to constitute comprehensive chemical profiles of the solid road dust samples. The water-extractable organic compounds and fluorescent species of the size-fractionated re-suspended fine particulate matter (RPM) were also incorporated in the chemical profiles. The metal content and aliphatic hydrocarbons could partly distinguish emission sources, and clearer distinctions were achieved with the inclusion of fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) results. The dose–response test results showed positive correlations between cytotoxicity and relative abundance of hydrocarbons or metal contents of urban road dust. The set of chemical profiles suggested in this study could be further utilized for site identification or human health impact assessment using urban road dust.
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Mon EE, Phay N, Agusa T, Bach LT, Yeh HM, Huang CH, Nakata H. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Road Dust Collected from Myanmar, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:34-45. [PMID: 31781792 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust from Myanmar, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam. PAHs were detected in urban and rural areas of Myanmar at mean concentrations of 630 ng/g dry weight and 200 ng/g dry weight, respectively. PAHs were also detected in road dust from Vietnam (mean 1700 ng/g) and Taiwan (2400 ng/g). PAH diagnostic ratios suggested that fossil fuel vehicular exhaust and biomass combustion are major sources of PAHs in road dust in Myanmar. Road dust samples from Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam had similar PAH diagnostic ratios, implying that PAH sources are similar. We assessed the human health risks posed by PAHs in road dust using carcinogenic equivalents (CEQs) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). Mean CEQs were decreased in the order Taiwan (173 ng/g) > Vietnam (162 ng/g for Hanoi) > Myanmar (42 and 31 ng/g for Yangon and Pathein, respectively) > Japan (30 ng/g for Kumamoto). Benz[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene, the predominant PAHs, contributed > 70% of total CEQs. High ILCR values were found for Taiwan (5.9 × 10-4 and 9.9 × 10-4 for children and adults, respectively) and Vietnam (6.5 × 10-4 and 9.2 × 10-4 for children and adults, respectively, in Hanoi), indicating that PAHs in road dust pose cancer risks to the inhabitants of Taiwan and Hanoi. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify PAH pollution in the environment and to evaluate the human health risks of these PAHs in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Ei Mon
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Nyunt Phay
- Pathein University, Ayeyarwady Region, Pathein, Myanmar
| | - Tetsuro Agusa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Symbiotic Science, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100, Tsukide, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan
| | - Leu Tho Bach
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hsin-Ming Yeh
- Fisheries Research Institute, 199 Hou-Ih Road, Keelung, 20246, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Huei Huang
- Fisheries Research Institute, 199 Hou-Ih Road, Keelung, 20246, Taiwan
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
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Škrbić BD, Marinković V. Occurrence, seasonal variety of organochlorine compounds in street dust of Novi Sad, Serbia, and its implication for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:895-902. [PMID: 30708304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a study of organochlorine compounds in street dust, an often forgotten aspect of urban environmental pollution. Six different polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and eighteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were monitored in terms of levels, distribution, seasonal variation and health risks. Street dust samples were collected from fifteen urban locations in Novi Sad including schools, recreational areas, residential and industrial zones. Street dust concentration of PCBs ranged from less than the limit of detection (<LOD) to 12.1 ng g-1 (mean = 0.58 ng g-1) in summer and from <LOD to 3.82 ng g-1 (mean = 0.45 ng g-1) in winter. Among the investigated OCPs, only dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were detected - their concentration varied from <LOD to 34.7 ng g-1 (mean = 6.2 ng g-1 and median = 1.4 ng g-1) in summer to <LOD to 50.5 ng g-1 (mean = 7.1 ng g-1 and median = 2.0 ng g-1) in winter. Principal component analysis indicated a positive correlation among PCB 101, PCB 153 and pH as well as between PCB 138 and organic matter. Regression analysis revealed that distribution trends of DDTs between the soil and street dust samples are significantly correlated in the recreational areas. The average level of total lifetime carcinogenic risk (TLCR) for PCBs (3.7 × 10-9) and DDTs (3.6 × 10-9) found in Novi Sad street dust samples were well below the unacceptable level of 10-6, indicating that the lifetime cancer risk was acceptable. It was also found that the seasonal variations were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Vesna Marinković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Školska 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Škrbić B, Đurišić-Mladenović N, Živančev J, Tadić Đ. Seasonal occurrence and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from the Novi Sad city, Serbia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:191-203. [PMID: 30077848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation that identified seasonal occurrence, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 60 street dust samples collected within urban zone of Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia. The obtained results were further used for comprehensive assessment of carcinogenic risk of Serbian inhabitants exposed to PAHs present in street dust by the incremental lifetime cancer risk method. The total level of 16 PAHs ranged between 35 μg kg-1 and 2422 μg kg-1 in samples taken in summer and between 35 μg kg-1 and 587 μg kg-1 in samples taken in winter. In both seasons, 4-ring PAHs were the most dominant compounds and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs had similar contribution (55% in summer and 65% in winter). The highest content was determined for fluoranthene (Fly) in both seasons (597 μg kg-1 in winter, 301 μg kg-1 in summer). The PAHs source apportionment was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios, and combustion of petroleum seemed to be the main sources of the PAHs in street dust. The cancer risk level for children and adult were comparable for dermal contact and by ingestion, and ranged from 10-6 to 10-4 indicating a potential risk. Additionally, the total incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR) was assessed for children and adult population taking into account three possible exposure routs and the median total cancer risk was ˃10-5, with 7% of the samples having the risk ˃10-4 that should be considered of high concern with potential health problem. These results are the first of this kind for the whole Serbia and the Western Balkan region and can be considered as the base line for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Živančev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Đorđe Tadić
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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Wang XS. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust: sources and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:383-393. [PMID: 28185219 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urban street dust samples from 49 sampling sites in Xuzhou (China) were collected and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The organic matter and total carbon contents were also determined. The results showed that total PAHs concentrations varied from 2174 to 24,499 ng/g with a mean value of 6616 ng/g, organic matter content varied from 3.1 to 8.7% with a mean value of 5.8%, total carbon content varied from 13.2 to 24.2%, with a mean value of 19.9%. Total carbon content was found to show a significant correlation with total PAHs concentration, but such a relationship with total PAHs concentration was only weakly identified for organic matter content. Source Apportionment Techniques indicated pyrogenic sources were the main source of PAHs in urban street dust. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk, including dermal contact, ingestion and inhalation exposure pathways, was estimated to be 4.12 × 10-6 and 3.98 × 10-6 for children and adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China.
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Keshavarzi B, Abbasi H. S, Moore F, Delshab H, Soltani N. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Street Dust of Bushehr City, Iran: Status, Source, and Human Health Risk Assessment. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1354897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Abbasi H.
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Naghmeh Soltani
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Wijesiri B, Egodawatta P, McGree J, Goonetilleke A. Understanding the uncertainty associated with particle-bound pollutant build-up and wash-off: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:582-596. [PMID: 27314555 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of stormwater quality is essential for developing effective pollution mitigation strategies. The use of models incorporating simplified mathematical replications of pollutant processes is the common practice for determining stormwater quality. However, an inherent process uncertainty arises due to the intrinsic variability associated with pollutant processes, which has neither been comprehensively understood, nor well accounted for in uncertainty assessment of stormwater quality modelling. This review provides the context for defining and quantifying the uncertainty associated with pollutant build-up and wash-off on urban impervious surfaces based on the hypothesis that particle size is predominant in influencing process variability. Critical analysis of published research literature brings scientific evidence together in order to establish the fact that particle size changes with time, and different sized particles exhibit distinct behaviour during build-up and wash-off, resulting in process variability. Analysis of the different adsorption behaviour of particles confirmed that the variations in pollutant load and composition are influenced by particle size. Particle behaviour and variations in pollutant load and composition are related due to the strong affinity of pollutants such as heavy metals and hydrocarbons for specific particle size ranges. As such, the temporal variation in particle size is identified as the key to establishing a basis for assessing build-up and wash-off process uncertainty. Therefore, accounting for pollutant build-up and wash-off process variability, which is influenced by particle size, would facilitate the assessment of the uncertainty associated with modelling outcomes. Furthermore, the review identified fundamental knowledge gaps where further research is needed in relation to: (1) the aggregation of particles suspended in the atmosphere during build-up; (2) particle re-suspension during wash-off; (3) pollutant re-adsorption by different particle size fractions; and (4) development of evidence-based techniques for assessing uncertainty; and (5) methods for translating the knowledge acquired from the investigation of process mechanisms at small scale into catchment scale for stormwater quality modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhi Wijesiri
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - James McGree
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Liu L, Liu A, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang G, Guan Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with road deposited solid and their ecological risk: Implications for road stormwater reuse. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:190-198. [PMID: 27135582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reusing stormwater is becoming popular worldwide. However, urban road stormwater commonly contains toxic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which could undermine reuse safety. This study investigated pollution level of PAHs and their composition build-up on urban roads in a typical megacity in South China. The potential ecological risk posed by PAHs associated with road deposited solid (RDS) was also assessed. Results showed that ecological risk levels varied based on different land use types, which could be significantly influenced by the composition of PAHs and characteristics of RDS. A higher percentage of high-ring PAHs, such as more than four rings, could pose higher ecological risk and are more likely to undermine stormwater reuse safety. Additionally, the degree of traffic congestion rather than traffic volume was found to exert a more significant influence on the generation of high-ring PAH generation. Therefore, stormwater from more congested roads might need proper treatment (particularly for removing high-ring PAHs) before reuse or could be suitable for purposes requiring low-water-quality. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to adequate stormwater reuse strategy development and to enhance the safety of urban road stormwater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Li
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixun Zhang
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Guijuan Zhang
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Tuyen LH, Tue NM, Suzuki G, Misaki K, Viet PH, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated activities in road dust from a metropolitan area, Hanoi-Vietnam: contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and human risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 491-492:246-254. [PMID: 24522011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin-Responsive Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression assay (DR-CALUX) was applied to assess the total toxic activity of the mixture of PAHs and related compounds as well as dioxin-related compounds in road dust from urban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam. Road dust from Hanoi contained significantly higher DR-CALUX activities (3 to 39, mean 20 ng CALUX-TEQ/g dw) than those from a rural site (2 to 13, mean 5 ng CALUX-TEQ/g dw). The total concentrations of 24 major PAHs (Σ24PAHs) in urban road dust (0.1 to 5.5, mean 2.5 μg/g dw) were also 6 times higher than those in rural road dust (0.08 to 1.5, mean 0.4 μg/g dw). Diagnostic ratios of PAHs indicated vehicular engine combustion as the major PAH emission source in both sites. PAHs accounted for 0.8 to 60% (mean 10%) and 2 to 76% (mean 20%) of the measured CALUX-TEQs in road dust for Hanoi the rural site, respectively. Benzo[b]-/benzo[k]fluoranthenes were the major TEQ contributors among PAHs, whereas DRCs contributed <0.1% to CALUX-TEQs for both rural and urban sites. These results suggest TEQ contribution of other aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in road dust. Significant PAH concentrations in urban dust indicated high mutagenic and carcinogenic potencies. Estimated results of incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR) indicated that Vietnamese populations, especially those in urban areas such as Hanoi, are potentially exposed to high cancer risk via both dust ingestion and dermal contact. This is the first study on the exposure risk of AhR agonists, including PAHs and DRCs, in urban road dust from a developing country using a combined bio-chemical analytical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Huu Tuyen
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan; Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan; Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kentaro Misaki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Agricultural Faculty, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan
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15
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Shi S, Huang Y, Zhou L, Yang W, Dong L, Zhang L, Zhang X. A preliminary investigation of BDE-209, OCPs, and PAHs in urban road dust from Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:4887-4896. [PMID: 23054275 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Urban road dust samples were collected from different land use areas in Suzhou, Wuxi, and Nantong, Yangtze River Delta, China. The dust samples were analyzed for the levels and compositional profiles of deca-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Deca-BDE), 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The levels of BDE-209, ∑OCPs, and ∑PAHs in samples ranged from 4.01-1,439 μg/kg, 3.15-615 μg/kg, and 2.24-58.2 mg/kg, respectively. PAHs were the predominant target compounds in road dust samples, comprising on average 97.7 % of total compounds. The spatial gradient of the pollutants (commercial/residential area> industrial area > urban park concentrations) was observed in the present study. The results indicated that the levels of BDE-209, OCPs, and PAHs observed in road dust were usually linked to anthropogenic activities in the urban environment. In addition, there might be a reflection of current usage or emissions of OCPs in urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxin Shi
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements, Dioxin Pollution Control Key Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Administration, Beijing 100029, China.
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16
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Saeedi M, Li LY, Salmanzadeh M. Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 227-228:9-17. [PMID: 22647232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
50 street dust samples from four major streets in eastern and southern Tehran, the capital of Iran, were analyzed for metal pollution (Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn and Li). Hakanson's method was used to determine the Risk Index (RI) and ecological risks. Amongst these samples, 21 were also analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Correlation, cluster and principal component analyses identified probable natural and anthropogenic sources of contaminants. The dust had elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Fe and PAHs. Enrichment factors of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn showed that the dust is extremely enriched in these metals. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed that Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe and PAHs and, to a lesser extent, Cr and Ni have common anthropogenic sources. While Mn and Li were identified to have natural sources, Cd may have different anthropogenic origins. All samples demonstrated high ecological risk. Traffic and related activities, petrogenic and pyrogenic sources are likely to be the main anthropogenic sources of heavy metals and PAHs in Tehran dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Saeedi
- Environmental Research Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846, Iran.
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17
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Lorenzi D, Entwistle JA, Cave M, Dean JR. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust: implications for human health. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:970-7. [PMID: 21377189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The determination of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust has been done. Samples were collected from 12 sampling locations in a city centre location (Newcastle upon Tyne, north east England) and extracted using in situ pressurised fluid extraction followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. From the results it was possible to identify three groups, with respect to PAH concentration, with PAH contents ranging between 0.6-2.3 mg kg(-1), 15.6-22.5 mg kg(-1) and 36.1-46.0 mg kg(-1). The total PAH content of samples from these sampling sites has been compared to 22 urban locations around the world; comparable levels were found in these samples compared to the other cities around the world. The potential source of PAHs has been investigated by investigating the proportion of pyrogenic and petrogenic material in urban street dust using specific individual PAH ratios. The results indicate that the PAH content of urban street dust from the chosen sites are more likely to be due to pyrogenic sources i.e. vehicle exhaust emissions. The particle size fractions (<63 μm; 63-125 μm; 125-250 μm; 250-500 μm; 500-1,000 μm; and 1,000-2,000 μm) of individual PAHs in three selected sampling sites was investigated. In two of the selected sites the PAH content was independent of particle size whereas in sampling site 10 elevated PAH levels are noted in the <63 μm size fraction. Sampling site 10 is located at the junction of three road tributaries which are used as major access points to the east of the city centre. Finally, the potential health risk for unintentional consumption of PAHs was assessed in terms of a mean daily intake (based on an ingestion rate of 100 mg d(-1)). It was found that all 4-6 membered ring PAHs had concentrations in excess of the mean daily intake thereby reflecting a potential health risk, particularly in the smallest size particle fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lorenzi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Ellison Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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18
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Long Y, Chi G, Qing H, Dai T, Wu Q. Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Street Dust from the Chang-Zhu-Tan Region, Hunan, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2011.210153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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