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Kapoor R, Ebdon J, Wadhwa A, Chowdhury G, Wang Y, Raj SJ, Siesel C, Durry SE, Mairinger W, Mukhopadhyay AK, Kanungo S, Dutta S, Moe CL. Evaluation of Low-Cost Phage-Based Microbial Source Tracking Tools for Elucidating Human Fecal Contamination Pathways in Kolkata, India. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673604. [PMID: 34093494 PMCID: PMC8173070 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages, such as those infecting Bacteroides spp., have been proven to be reliable indicators of human fecal contamination in microbial source tracking (MST) studies, and the efficacy of these MST markers found to vary geographically. This study reports the application and evaluation of candidate MST methods (phages infecting previously isolated B. fragilis strain GB-124, newly isolated Bacteroides strains (K10, K29, and K33) and recently isolated Kluyvera intermedia strain ASH-08), along with non-source specific somatic coliphages (SOMCPH infecting strain WG-5) and indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) for identifying fecal contamination pathways in Kolkata, India. Source specificity of the phage-based methods was first tested using 60 known non-human fecal samples from common animals, before being evaluated with 56 known human samples (municipal sewage) collected during both the rainy and dry season. SOMCPH were present in 40-90% of samples from different animal species and in 100% of sewage samples. Phages infecting Bacteroides strain GB-124 were not detected from the majority (95%) of animal samples (except in three porcine samples) and were present in 93 and 71% of the sewage samples in the rainy and dry season (Mean = 1.42 and 1.83 log10PFU/100mL, respectively), though at lower levels than SOMCPH (Mean = 3.27 and 3.02 log10PFU/100mL, respectively). Phages infecting strain ASH-08 were detected in 89 and 96% of the sewage samples in the rainy and dry season, respectively, but were also present in all animal samples tested (except goats). Strains K10, K29, and K30 were not found to be useful MST markers due to low levels of phages and/or co-presence in non-human sources. GB-124 and SOMCPH were subsequently deployed within two low-income neighborhoods to determine the levels and origin of fecal contamination in 110 environmental samples. E. coli, SOMCPH, and phages of GB-124 were detected in 68, 42, and 28% of the samples, respectively. Analyses of 166 wastewater samples from shared community toilets and 21 samples from sewage pumping stations from the same districts showed that SOMCPH were present in 100% and GB-124 phages in 31% of shared toilet samples (Median = 5.59 and <1 log10 PFU/100 mL, respectively), and both SOMCPH and GB-124 phages were detected in 95% of pumping station samples (Median = 5.82 and 4.04 log10 PFU/100 mL, respectively). Our findings suggest that GB-124 and SOMCPH have utility as low-cost fecal indicator tools which can facilitate environmental surveillance of enteric organisms, elucidate human and non-human fecal exposure pathways, and inform interventions to mitigate exposure to fecal contamination in the residential environment of Kolkata, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Kapoor
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James Ebdon
- Environment and Public Health Research and Enterprise Group (EPHREG), University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ashutosh Wadhwa
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- ICMR – National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Yuke Wang
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Suraja J. Raj
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Casey Siesel
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sarah E. Durry
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wolfgang Mairinger
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Suman Kanungo
- ICMR – National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR – National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Christine L. Moe
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Khare N, Kaushik M, Martin JP, Mohanty A, Gulati P. Genotypic diversity in multi-drug-resistant E. coli isolated from animal feces and Yamuna River water, India, using rep-PCR fingerprinting. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:681. [PMID: 33025312 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Genotypic diversity among multi-drug-resistant (MDR) aquatic E. coli isolated from different sites of Yamuna River was analyzed using repetitive element PCR (rep-PCR) methods viz. ERIC-PCR and (GTG)5-PCR and compared with the MDR animal fecal isolates. The 97 E. coli isolates belonging to different serotypes, phylogroups, and multi-drug resistance patterns were analyzed. High genetic diversity was observed by both the methods; however, (GTG)5 typing showed higher discriminating potential. Combination of ERIC types (E1-E32) and (GTG)5 types (G1-G46) generated 77 genotypes. The frequency of genotypes ranged from 0.013 to 0.065. The genotype composition of E. coli isolates was highly diverse at all the sampling sites across Yamuna River except at its entry site in Delhi. The sampling sites under the influence of high anthropogenic activities showed an increase in number of unique genotype isolates. These sites also exhibited high multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexes (above 0.25) suggesting high risk of contamination. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed limited clustering of genotypes based on the sampling sites. The most frequent genotypes were grouped in the positive zone of both the principal coordinates (PC1 and PC2). The genotypes of most of the animal fecal isolates were unique and occupied a common space in the negative PC1 area forming a separate cluster. High genotypic diversity among the aquatic E. coli and the drain isolates, discharging the untreated municipal waste in the river, was observed, suggesting that the sewage effluents contribute substantially to contamination of this river system than animal feces. The presence of such a high diversity among the MDR E. coli isolates in the natural river systems is of great public health significance and highlights the need of an efficient surveillance system for better management of Indian natural water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Khare
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Megha Kaushik
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Juan Pedro Martin
- Departamento de Biotechnologia-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agrónomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro 2-4, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aparajita Mohanty
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
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Currens BJ, Hall AM, Brion GM, Fryar AE. Use of acetaminophen and sucralose as co-analytes to differentiate sources of human excreta in surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 157:1-7. [PMID: 30947079 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reducing pathogenic risks in surface waters impacted by leaking or overflowing sewage requires the ability to detect human excreta in raw sewage, discriminate human excreta from other types of animal excreta, and differentiate between treated wastewater and raw sewage. We used the relative concentrations of a degradable, human-specific pharmaceutical and a persistent artificial sweetener to indicate the presence of human excreta, its degree of environmental degradation, and the amount of dilution by freshwater sources. Samples were collected and analyzed for acetaminophen and sucralose between 2016 and 2018 from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and streams in metropolitan Lexington, Kentucky (USA). Both co-analytes were consistently present in raw sewage, with acetaminophen in higher concentrations than sucralose. The presence of acetaminophen was related primarily to untreated human excreta, with concentrations rapidly decreasing upon treatment to nearly undetectable levels in WWTP effluents and streams. Sucralose in surface waters was related to inputs of both raw sewage and WWTP effluents. The ratio of acetaminophen to sucralose concentrations in raw sewage and spiked river waters exhibited linear decay kinetics with respect to time, with larger decay constants observed at higher temperatures. This co-analyte indicator approach was evaluated at a local site previously suspected of receiving raw sewage. The presence and ratios of the co-analytes indicated the presence of domestic sewage that was not fully treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Currens
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, 101 Slone Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0053, USA
| | - Ashley M Hall
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, 161 Raymond Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0281, USA
| | - Gail M Brion
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, 161 Raymond Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0281, USA.
| | - Alan E Fryar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, 101 Slone Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0053, USA
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Bueno I, Williams-Nguyen J, Hwang H, Sargeant JM, Nault AJ, Singer RS. Systematic Review: Impact of point sources on antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the natural environment. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:e162-e184. [PMID: 29205899 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Point sources such as wastewater treatment plants and agricultural facilities may have a role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). To analyse the evidence for increases in ARB in the natural environment associated with these point sources of ARB and ARG, we conducted a systematic review. We evaluated 5,247 records retrieved through database searches, including both studies that ascertained ARG and ARB outcomes. All studies were subjected to a screening process to assess relevance to the question and methodology to address our review question. A risk of bias assessment was conducted upon the final pool of studies included in the review. This article summarizes the evidence only for those studies with ARB outcomes (n = 47). Thirty-five studies were at high (n = 11) or at unclear (n = 24) risk of bias in the estimation of source effects due to lack of information and/or failure to control for confounders. Statistical analysis was used in ten studies, of which one assessed the effect of multiple sources using modelling approaches; none reported effect measures. Most studies reported higher ARB prevalence or concentration downstream/near the source. However, this evidence was primarily descriptive and it could not be concluded that there is a clear impact of point sources on increases in ARB in the environment. To quantify increases in ARB in the environment due to specific point sources, there is a need for studies that stress study design, control of biases and analytical tools to provide effect measure estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bueno
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - J Williams-Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H Hwang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A J Nault
- Veterinary Medical Library, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - R S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Impact of point sources on antibiotic resistance genes in the natural environment: a systematic review of the evidence. Anim Health Res Rev 2017; 18:112-127. [DOI: 10.1017/s146625231700007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThere is a growing concern about the role of the environment in the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). In this systematic review, we summarize evidence for increases of ARG in the natural environment associated with potential sources of ARB and ARG such as agricultural facilities and wastewater treatment plants. A total of 5247 citations were identified, including studies that ascertained both ARG and ARB outcomes. All studies were screened for relevance to the question and methodology. This paper summarizes the evidence only for those studies with ARG outcomes (n= 24). Sixteen studies were at high (n= 3) or at unclear (n= 13) risk of bias in the estimation of source effects due to lack of information or failure to control for confounders. Statistical methods were used in nine studies; three studies assessed the effect of multiple sources using modeling approaches, and none reported effect measures. Most studies reported higher ARG concentration downstream/near the source, but heterogeneous findings hindered making any sound conclusions. To quantify increases of ARG in the environment due to specific point sources, there is a need for studies that emphasize analytic or design control of confounding, and that provide effect measure estimates.
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Anand T, Bera BC, Vaid RK, Barua S, Riyesh T, Virmani N, Hussain M, Singh RK, Tripathi BN. Abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental bacteriophages. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3458-3466. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taruna Anand
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Bagla Road, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India
| | - Bidhan Ch. Bera
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Bagla Road, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India
| | - Rajesh K. Vaid
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Bagla Road, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Bagla Road, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Bagla Road, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India
| | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India
| | - Mubarik Hussain
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Bagla Road, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India
| | - Raj K. Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collection, Bagla Road, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India
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Wyrsch ER, Roy Chowdhury P, Chapman TA, Charles IG, Hammond JM, Djordjevic SP. Genomic Microbial Epidemiology Is Needed to Comprehend the Global Problem of Antibiotic Resistance and to Improve Pathogen Diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:843. [PMID: 27379026 PMCID: PMC4908116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of waste effluent from hospitals and intensive food animal production with antimicrobial residues is an immense global problem. Antimicrobial residues exert selection pressures that influence the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in diverse microbial populations. Despite these concerns there is only a limited understanding of how antimicrobial residues contribute to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, rapid detection of emerging bacterial pathogens and strains with resistance to more than one antibiotic class remains a challenge. A comprehensive, sequence-based genomic epidemiological surveillance model that captures essential microbial metadata is needed, both to improve surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and to monitor pathogen evolution. Escherichia coli is an important pathogen causing both intestinal [intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC)] and extraintestinal [extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)] disease in humans and food animals. ExPEC are the most frequently isolated Gram negative pathogen affecting human health, linked to food production practices and are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Cattle are a known reservoir of IPEC but they are not recognized as a source of ExPEC that impact human or animal health. In contrast, poultry are a recognized source of multiple antibiotic resistant ExPEC, while swine have received comparatively less attention in this regard. Here, we review what is known about ExPEC in swine and how pig production contributes to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Wyrsch
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Piklu Roy Chowdhury
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Toni A Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park Norwich, UK
| | - Jeffrey M Hammond
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
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da Rocha MP, Dourado PLR, de Souza Rodrigues M, Raposo JL, Grisolia AB, de Oliveira KMP. The influence of industrial and agricultural waste on water quality in the Água Boa stream (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:442. [PMID: 26088756 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water quality monitoring is used to determine the impact of human activities on the environment. We evaluated water quality in the Água Boa stream, located within the municipality of Dourados, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, by analyzing physico-chemical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, as well as chlorophyll concentrations. Five sets of water samples were collected between December 2012 and November 2013 from three locations within the stream. The results showed the presence of Escherichia coli and antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas spp. strains and high concentrations of organic matter (total dissolved solids), inorganic species (Mg, Ca, and Fe), and agrochemical residues (thiamethoxam). The main stream water contaminants are derived from urban, industrial, and agricultural activities within the watershed. Given the presence of contaminants, it is important that such findings are disseminated in order to highlight the risks that contact with this water may pose to human health. To preserve the environment and improve site conditions, people would need to participate by demanding that normative national and international standards be respected and that the situation be supervised by the competent governmental agencies; this would make it possible to reverse or minimize contamination problems within the Água Boa stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monyque Palagano da Rocha
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia - FACET, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados - Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 533, Dourados, Mato Grosso, do Sul 79.804-970, Brazil
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Harmon SM, West RT, Yates JR. Identifying fecal pollution sources using 3M(™) Petrifilm (™) count plates and antibiotic resistance analysis in the Horse Creek Watershed in Aiken County, SC (USA). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:8215-8227. [PMID: 25139239 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sources of fecal coliform pollution in a small South Carolina (USA) watershed were identified using inexpensive methods and commonly available equipment. Samples from the upper reaches of the watershed were analyzed with 3M(™) Petrifilm(™) count plates. We were able to narrow down the study's focus to one particular tributary, Sand River, that was the major contributor of the coliform pollution (both fecal and total) to a downstream reservoir that is heavily used for recreation purposes. Concentrations of total coliforms ranged from 2,400 to 120,333 cfu/100 mL, with sharp increases in coliform counts observed in samples taken after rain events. Positive correlations between turbidity and fecal coliform counts suggested a relationship between fecal pollution and stormwater runoff. Antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) compared antibiotic resistance profiles of fecal coliform isolates from the stream to those of a watershed-specific fecal source library (equine, waterfowl, canines, and untreated sewage). Known fecal source isolates and unknown isolates from the stream were exposed to six antibiotics at three concentrations each. Discriminant analysis grouped known isolates with an overall average rate of correct classification (ARCC) of 84.3 %. A total of 401 isolates from the first stream location were classified as equine (45.9 %), sewage (39.4 %), waterfowl (6.2 %), and feline (8.5 %). A similar pattern was observed at the second sampling location, with 42.6 % equine, 45.2 % sewage, 2.8 % waterfowl, 0.6 % canine, and 8.8 % feline. While there were slight weather-dependent differences, the vast majority of the coliform pollution in this stream appeared to be from two sources, equine and sewage. This information will contribute to better land use decisions and further justify implementation of low-impact development practices within this urban watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Michele Harmon
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of South Carolina Aiken, 471 University Parkway, Aiken, SC, 29801, USA,
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Tracking human sewage microbiome in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3317-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Furukawa T, Suzuki Y. A proposal for source tracking of fecal pollution in recreational waters by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Microbes Environ 2013; 28:444-9. [PMID: 24256972 PMCID: PMC4070705 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify specific river sources of fecal contamination by applying pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to environmental water samples from a recreational beach in Japan. The genotypes of all Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains used as indicators of fecal pollution on the recreational beach and rivers were analyzed by PFGE, and the PFGE profiles of the strains were classified at a 0.9 similarity level using dendrogram analysis. PFGE types of E. faecium isolated from Sakai River or urban drainage were classified in the same cluster. Therefore, the probable sources of fecal pollution on the recreational beach were Sakai River and urban drainage. The approaches for microbial source tracking employed in this study used PFGE with Enterococcus species as an indicator can be a potential tool to specify the source(s) of fecal pollution and contribute to improved public health in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Furukawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Oita National College of Technology
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