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Sharma P, Chandra R. Phytoremediation mechanism and role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in weed plants for eco-restoration of hazardous industrial waste polluted site: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:42495-42520. [PMID: 38872037 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Plants have numerous strategies for phytoremediation depending upon the characteristic of pollutants. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are essential to the process of phytoremediation and play a key part in it. The mechanism of PGPR for phytoremediation is mediated by two methods; under the direct method there is phytohormone production, nitrogen fixation, nutrient mineral solubilization, and siderophore production while the indirect method includes quorum quenching, antibiosis, production of lytic enzyme, biofilm formation, and hydrogen cyanide production. Due to their economic and environmental viability, most researchers have recently concentrated on the potential of weed plants for phytoremediation. Although weed plants are considered unwanted and noxious, they have a high growth rate and adaptability which opens a high scope for its role in phytoremediation of contaminated site. The interaction of plant with rhizobacteria starts from root exudates containing various organic acids and peptides which act as nutrients essential for colonization and siderophore production by the rhizospheric bacteria. The rhizobacteria, while colonizing, tend to promote plant growth and health either directly by providing phytohormones and minerals or indirectly by suppressing growth of possible phytopathogens. Recently, several weed plants have been reported for phytoextraction of heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd, Cu, As, Fe, and Cr) contaminants from various agro-based industries. These potential native weed plants have high prospect of eco-restoration of polluted site with complex organo-metallic waste for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Sharma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Ram Chandra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India.
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Singh J, Alhag SK, Al-Shahari EA, Al-Shuraym LA, Alsudays IM, Ahmed MT, Eid EM, Fayssal SA, Kumar P, Malyan SK, Singh O, Kumar V. An experimental and prediction modeling study on water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) assisted heavy metals removal from glass industry effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28090-28104. [PMID: 38530520 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The glass manufacturing industry produces hazardous effluent that is difficult to manage and causes numerous environmental problems when disposed of in the open. In this study, an attempt was made to study the phytoremediation feasibility of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.), a free-floating aquatic macrophyte, for the removal of six heavy metals from glass industry effluent (GIE) at varying concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). After a 40-day experiment, the results showed that 25% GIE dilution showed maximum removal of heavy metals i.e., Cu (91.74%), Cr (95.29%), Fe (86.47%), Mn (92.95%), Pb (87.10%), and Zn (91.34%), respectively. The bioaccumulation, translocation, and Pearson correlation studies showed that the amount of heavy metals absorbed by vegetative parts of P. stratiotes was significantly correlated with concentrations. The highest biomass production, chlorophyll content, relative growth rate, and biomass productivity were also noted in the 25% GIE treatment. Moreover, the multiple linear regression models developed for the prediction of heavy metal uptake by P. stratiotes also showed good performance in determining the impact of GIE properties. The models showed a high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.99), low mean average normalizing error (MANE = 0.01), and high model efficiency (ME > 0.99) supporting the robustness of the developed equations. This study outlined an efficient method for the biological treatment of GIE using P. stratiotes to reduce risks associated with its unsafe disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogendra Singh
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sadeq K Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser, 61913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A Al-Shahari
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser, 61913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila A Al-Shuraym
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtisam M Alsudays
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah, 56452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebrahem M Eid
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Sami Abou Fayssal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1797, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Lebanese University, Beirut, 1302, Lebanon
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Malyan
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dyal Singh Evening College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Om Singh
- Department of Chemistry, COER University, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India.
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Qu Y, Yang Y, Sonne C, Chen X, Yue X, Gu H, Lam SS, Peng W. Phytosphere purification of urban domestic wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122417. [PMID: 37598935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and overpopulation have polluted aquatic environments with significant impacts on human health and wildlife. The main pollutants in urban sewage are nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals and organic pollutants, which need to be treated with sewage, and the use of aquatic plants to purify wastewater has high efficiency and low cost. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of phytoremediation are also affected by temperature, pH, microorganisms and other factors. The use of biochar can reduce the cost of wastewater purification, and the combination of biochar and nanotechnology can improve the efficiency of wastewater purification. Some aquatic plants can enrich pollutants in wastewater, so it can be considered to plant these aquatic plants in constructed wetlands to achieve the effect of purifying wastewater. Biochar treatment technology can purify wastewater with high efficiency and low cost, and can be further applied to constructed wetlands. In this paper, the latest research progress of various pollutants in wastewater purification by aquatic plants is reviewed, and the efficient treatment technology of wastewater by biochar is discussed. It provides theoretical basis for phytoremediation of urban sewage pollution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Qu
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization,School of Forestry,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China
| | - Yafeng Yang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization,School of Landscape Architecture,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Xiangmeng Chen
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization,School of Science,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China
| | - Xiaochen Yue
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization,School of Forestry,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China
| | - Haiping Gu
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization,School of Forestry,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization,School of Forestry,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China.
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Kumar V, Verma P. A critical review on environmental risk and toxic hazards of refractory pollutants discharged in chlorolignin waste of pulp and paper mills and their remediation approaches for environmental safety. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116728. [PMID: 37495063 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Agro-based pulp and paper mills (PPMs) inevitably produce numerous refractory pollutants in their wastewater, including chlorolignin, chlorophenols, chlorocatechols, chloroguaiacol, cyanide, furan, dioxins, and other organic compounds, as well as various heavy metals, such as nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), etc. These pollutants pose significant threats to aquatic and terrestrial life due to their cytogenotoxicity, mutagenicity, impact on sexual organs, hormonal interference, endocrine disruption, and allergenic response. Consequently, it is crucial to reclaim pulp paper mill wastewater (PPMW) with high loads of refractory pollutants through effective and environmentally sustainable practices to minimize the presence of these chemicals and ensure environmental safety. However, there is currently no comprehensive published review providing up-to-date knowledge on the fate of refractory pollutants from PPMW in soil and aquatic environments, along with valuable insights into the associated health hazards and remediation methods. This critical review aims to shed light on the potential adverse effects of refractory pollutants from PPMW on natural ecosystems and living organisms. It explores existing effective treatment technologies for remediating these pollutants from wastewater, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, all in pursuit of environmental safety. Special emphasis is placed on emerging technologies used to decontaminate wastewater discharged from PPMs, ensuring the preservation of the environment. Additionally, this review addresses the major challenges and proposes future research directions for the proper disposal of PPMW. It serves as a comprehensive source of knowledge on the environmental toxicity and risks associated with refractory pollutants in PPMW, making it a valuable reference for policymakers and researchers when selecting appropriate technologies for remediation. The scientific community, concerned with mitigating the widespread risks posed by refractory pollutants from PPMs, is expected to take a keen interest in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India.
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Kumar S, Sangwan V, Kumar M, Deswal S. A survey on constructed wetland publications in the past three decades. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:992. [PMID: 37491676 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Decentralised wastewater treatment systems, such as constructed wetlands, are becoming increasingly popular these days because they are more economical and cost-effective than conventional plants. The primary objective of this review paper is to determine the number of studies that have been conducted on constructed wetlands, specifically 'free water surface flow constructed wetlands', 'horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands', 'vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands', and 'hybrid constructed wetlands'. In addition, the paper examines the status of research publications on constructed wetlands by country, author, and journal. Based on the review, it has been found that although constructed wetland technology is economical and cost-effective, it is still not among the top 10 effluent treatment methods. Compared to other constructed wetland systems, 'hybrid constructed wetlands' have received minimal attention. Based on the search results, 4639 documents published between 1989 and 2021 have been extracted from the online edition of SCI-EXPANDED, Web of Science. The documents associated with constructed wetlands are divided into eight main document types. Articles and proceedings papers are the most common document type, accounting for 93% of all publications, followed by reviews (4%), meeting abstracts (1.3%), corrections (0.56%), editorial materials (0.38%), news items (0.2%), letters (0.04%), and book reviews (0.02%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India.
| | - Vikramaditya Sangwan
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Surinder Deswal
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
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Coimbra ECL, Borges AC. Removing Mn, Cu and Fe from Real Wastewaters with Macrophytes: Reviewing the Relationship between Environmental Factors and Plants' Uptake Capacity. TOXICS 2023; 11:158. [PMID: 36851032 PMCID: PMC9967775 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution creates environmental health concerns. Among these, iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) are commonly found in aquatic environments due to the release of wastewaters. Phytoremediation in hydroponics uses macrophytes to treat contaminated environments, and this is influenced by environmental factors. However, the relationship between these factors and the removal of Fe, Cu and Mn by macrophytes is not known. Therefore, a meta-analysis serves to determine the correlations between environmental factors and the removal of these metals in real wastewater by macrophytes, as well as to identify the role of different aquatic forms of macrophytes in phytoremediation. Emergent macrophytes had higher concentrations of manganese in their tissues, and higher bioconcentrations factor of iron and manganese than floating plants. Regardless of the biotope, higher concentrations of Fe and Cu decreased the ability of plants to bioconcentrate them. The correlations among exposure time, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, photoperiod and metal phytoremediation by plants were also found. It can be concluded that the emergent macrophytes showed better performance in terms of the removal of Fe, Cu and Mn, and that the significant correlations between environmental factors and removal vary with the type of metal and the environmental factor analyzed.
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Talapatra N, Ghosh UK. New concept of biodiesel production using food waste digestate powder: Co-culturing algae-activated sludge symbiotic system in low N and P paper mill wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157207. [PMID: 35809734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to demonstrate an innovative process for the conversion of food waste digestate (FWD) powder into biofuel. The effects of different doses of FWD are investigated on microalgae-activated sludge (MAS) in treating pulp and paper mill wastewater (PPW) which generally contains insufficient nitrogen and phosphorus. FWD was added to adjust the initial N:P molar ratio in MAS at various levels (8:1 to 15:1). The highest Auxenochlorella protothecoides biomass achieved was 1.67 gL-1 at a 13.45:1 N/P molar ratio of PPW. After 10 days of cultivation, Auxenochlorella protothecoides-activated sludge system removed 91.7 %, 74.6 %, and 91.5 % of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sCOD respectively at D0.836 gL-1 DD. The highest lipid productivity was reported as 41.27 ± 2.43 mg L-1 day-1. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis showed the presence of an appreciable percentage of balanced saturated and unsaturated fatty acids i.e. palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid, rendering its potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Activated sludge induced flocculation of Auxenochlorella protothecoides was measured. The whole process establishes an effective means of circular economy, where the secondary source of recyclable nutrients i.e. FWD will be used as a source of N and P in PPW to obtain algal biodiesel from a negative value industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Talapatra
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India.
| | - Uttam Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India.
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Tripathy AP, Dixit PK, Panigrahi AK. Impact of effluent of Pulp & Paper industry on the flora of river basin at Jaykaypur, Odisha, India and its ecological implications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111769. [PMID: 34419471 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The JK Paper industry located at Rayagada discharges biologically untreated effluent more than the permissible limit prescribed by Pollution Control Board, Odisha in to the environment. The industry is seriously polluting the surrounding aquatic and terrestrial environment. No detailed intensive study was carried out by previous workers on this industry earlier. The present study aims at finding out the impact of effluent on the flora at the contaminated site. The chemically treated effluent (TE) contained significant amount of mercury and cadmium. The TE has high BOD, COD, dissolved solids and suspended solids when compared to normal river water at the site of discharge. The TE deteriorated the natural water bodies changing the physico-chemical properties of natural river water. After meeting the river water the TE was diluted after 1 km distance from the meeting point of the river. Crop plants collected from the contaminated site showed higher level of residual Hg and Cd and significant depletion in pigment was observed. Plants collected from both the sides of the treated effluent canal showed significant amount residue mercury and cadmium in the plant leaves. The plants exposed to the TE, showed variation in chlorophyll and Phaeophytin pigment content when compared to their respective control values in all terrestrial plants collected from the contaminated site. In some plant leaves little increment in the pigment level was noted but the values were not significant. The changes observed in the plant pigment might be due to heavy metal accumulation. The presence of residual Hg and Cd in crop plants and plant leaves grazed by grazing animals after absorption, accumulation and enrichment may lead to a possible biological magnification, warrants attention. Proper biological treatment, treatment of effluent by modern methods and removal of heavy metals from the effluent before discharge by the industry is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Tripathy
- Environmental Science Research Division, Department of Botany, India.
| | - P K Dixit
- Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Berhampur University, BERHAMPUR, 760007, Odisha, India
| | - A K Panigrahi
- Environmental Science Research Division, Department of Botany, India.
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Singh J, Kumar V, Kumar P, Kumar P, Yadav KK, Cabral-Pinto MMS, Kamyab H, Chelliapan S. An experimental investigation on phytoremediation performance of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) for pollutants removal from paper mill effluent. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1543-1553. [PMID: 33565675 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the phytoremediation performance of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) for physicochemical pollutants elimination from paper mill effluent (PME). For this, pot (glass aquarium) experiments were conducted using 0% (BWW: borewell water), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% treatments of PME under natural day/light regime. Results of the experiments showed that the highest removal of pH (10.75%), electrical conductivity (EC: 63.82%), total dissolved solids (TDS: 71.20%) biological oxygen demand (BOD: 85.03%), chemical oxygen demand (COD: 80.46%), total Kjeldahl's nitrogen (TKN: 93.03%), phosphorus (P: 85.56%), sodium (Na: 91.89%), potassium (K: 84.04%), calcium (Ca: 84.75%), and magnesium (Mg: 83.62%), most probable number (MPN: 77.63%), and standard plate count (SPC: 74.43%) was noted in 75% treatment of PME after treatment by P. stratiotes. PCA showed the best vector length for TKN, Na, and Ca. The maximum plant growth parameters including, total fresh biomass (81.30 ± 0.28 g), chlorophyll content (3.67 ± 0.05 mg g-1 f.wt), and relative growth rate (0.0051 gg-1 d-1 ) was also measured in 75% PME treatment after phytoremediation experiments. The findings of this study make useful insight into the biological management of PME through plant-based pollutant eradication while leftover biomass may be used as a feedstock for low-cost bioenergy production. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Biological treatment of paper mill effluent using water lettuce is presented. Best reduction of physicochemical and microbiological pollutants was attained in 75% treatment. Maximum production of chlorophyll, plant biomass, and highest growth rate was also observed in 75% treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
| | | | - Hesam Kamyab
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan
- Engineering Department, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kumar S, Deswal S. A review on current techniques used in India for rice mill wastewater treatment and emerging techniques with valuable by-products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:7652-7668. [PMID: 33392991 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parboiling rice mills produce a large amount of wastewater. The effluent from the rice mill contains high concentration of organic and inorganic compounds. Continuous discharge of this wastewater from rice mills could be a major cause of eutrophication of the water bodies, leading to a robust and undesirable growth of vegetation and algal bloom. Eutrophication leads to deoxygenation of water bodies, resulting in the mortality of aquatic flora and fauna. It is therefore very important to treat wastewater and ensure safe disposal. There are various types of processes already in existence, but the most important thing is to select a cost-effective technique. Phytoremediation technique has shown promising results for low-income countries like India. It is useful for the small-scale industrial and domestic wastewater treatment. It is a slow process, requiring a large area of land. It is an eco-friendly approach and ideal for rural areas where there is ample land availability. This paper addresses the techniques used by various researchers for rice mill wastewater treatment and also focuses on reusing and recycling of waste from rice mills. The performance of every technique is discussed in detail with its specific advantages and disadvantages. This paper also focuses on the advanced techniques of water treatment with valuable by-products such as silica, activated adsorbent, electricity and methane gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
| | - Surinder Deswal
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
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Sharma P, Tripathi S, Chandra R. Highly efficient phytoremediation potential of metal and metalloids from the pulp paper industry waste employing Eclipta alba (L) and Alternanthera philoxeroide (L): Biosorption and pollution reduction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124147. [PMID: 32992272 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the study was the evaluation of phytoremediation potential by Eclipta alba (L) and Alternanthera philoxeroide (L) of pulp and paper mill waste after secondary treatment which a source of aquatic and soil pollution due to huge discharge of organometallic compounds per tone of paper production. The result revealed 50% reduction of pollution parameters after in-situ phytoremediation. The comparative analysis of metal and metalloids showed the highest accumulation of Fe (2251.24 ± 64.74) in both plants. The antioxidant activity, chlorophyll and carotenoid content were increased in E. alba (L.) and A. philoxeroide (L.) respectively. From the results, it was concluded that E. alba (L.) and A. philoxeroide (L.) could be effectively used for the removal of metals and metalloids from effluent and sludge of pulp and paper mill waste that may help to reduce adverse health effects of metal accumulation in humans and animals via their food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonam Tripathi
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Chandra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Sharma P, Tripathi S, Chandra R. Phytoremediation potential of heavy metal accumulator plants for waste management in the pulp and paper industry. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04559. [PMID: 32760841 PMCID: PMC7393463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present manuscript has focused on the heavy metal; accumulation potential by common native plants i.e. Chenopodium album L., Ricinus communis, Ranunculus sceleratus, and Rumex dentatus growing on the disposed of pulp and paper mill effluent sludge. The sludge showed the abundance of benzene propanoic acid tert- butyldimethylsilyl ester, Octadecanoic acid, TMS, Hexadecanoic acid, TMS, cinnamic acid-α-phenyl-TMS ester, β-sitosterol TMS, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid as residual complex organic compounds along with heavy metals Fe (98.30 mg/L-1), Zn (51.00 mg/L-1), Cu (3.21 mg/L-1), Cd (9.11 mg/L-1), Mn (18.27 mg/L-1), Ni (5.21 mg/L-1), (Hg 0.014 mg/L-1) which were above the prescribed limit of environmental standard. The complexation of organic compounds with heavy metal restricts the bioavailability of metals to plants. But the metal analysis in various parts of the plant showed a significant amount of metal accumulation. Further, histological observations of root tissue through TEM showed apparent deposition of metal granules near the cell wall and vacuole as adoption features of plants. But the variable concentration of metal accumulation in different parts by various plants indicated the variable potential of tested plants with various metals. This also indicated their metal bio-availability and movement to plant tissue. Further, their bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) > 1.0 indicated the hyperaccumulation tendency of plants Mn was accumulated maximum in leaves C. album (69.38 mg/kg-1) followed by Cu (25.75 mg/kg -1), As (23.20 mg/kg -1), Fe (20.90 mg/kg -1) and Pb was maximum accumulated (22.41 mg/kg -1) in R. cummunis leaves. The result revealed that arsenic has been accumulated in higher amount root, shoot and leaves of all tested plants. The metal accumulator plants showed phytoremediation potential also by reducing various pollution parameters after growth on sludge. These potential plants may be used as biotechnological tools for the eco-restoration of polluted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Sonam Tripathi
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Ram Chandra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
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Mohanty M, Kumar Patra H. Phytoassessment of in situ weed diversity for their chromium distribution pattern and accumulation indices of abundant weeds at South Kaliapani chromite mining area with their phytoremediation prospective. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110399. [PMID: 32146196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Release of huge quantities of toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) owing to its widespread use in several industrial and mining activities is a major environmental concern in 21st century. The present in situ vegetation analysis at three study sites gives insight on Cr hyperaccumulation potentiality which evaluates the phytoremediation ability of abundant native weeds growing in and around the Cr contaminated effluent discharge site at South Kaliapani chromite mine area, Odisha, India. Moreover, the study measure the relative bioconcentration of chromium in different plant parts with analysis of uptake related phytoremediation indices viz. Bioconcentration factor (BCF), Transportation index (Ti), Translocation factor (TF) and Metal Extraction Ratio (MER) to assess hyperaccumulation potentiality. Vegetation study near mine effluent discharge site (Site-1) reported maximum abundance for Diectomis fastigiata (8.25) followed by Vernonia cinerea (7.6) with Ti values 56 and 657 respectively. In site-2 (uncultivated barren land near site-1), Croton sparsiflorus showed maximum abundance (6.7) followed by Tephrosia purpurea (5.8) with Ti values 95.2 and 87.8 respectively whereas Kyllinga monocephala reported maximum abundance (6.1) followed by Fern sps. (5.9) with Ti values 62.4 and 81.1 respectively in site-3 (a swampy land flooded with chemically treated mine waste effluent). The highest Cr concentrations was recorded in roots of Diectomis fastigiata (2371 mg/kg dry matter) and shoot of Vernonia cinerea (5500 mg/kg dry matter) indicating their Cr phytoremediation potential. Moreover, the study provides the early indicative tools for detecting native Cr hyperaccumulators growing in an in situ environment with an in situ phytoremediation perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Mohanty
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Rama Devi Women's University, Bhubaneswar, 022, Odisha, India; Department of Botany, Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, 004, Odisha, India.
| | - Hemanta Kumar Patra
- UGC Emeritus Professor, Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, 004, Odisha, India.
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Kumar S, Deswal S. Phytoremediation capabilities of Salvinia molesta, water hyacinth, water lettuce, and duckweed to reduce phosphorus in rice mill wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 22:1097-1109. [PMID: 32102549 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1731729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the reduction of phosphorus from rice mill wastewater by using free floating aquatic plants. Four free floating aquatic plants were used for this study, namely water hyacinth, water lettuce, salvinia, and duckweed. The aquatic plants reduced the total phosphorus (TP) content up to 80% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) up to 75% within 15 days. The maximum efficiency of TP and COD reduction was observed with water lettuce followed by water hyacinth, duckweed, and salvinia. The study also aims to predict phosphorus removal by three modeling techniques, for example, linear regression (LR), artificial neural network (ANN), and M5P. Prediction has been done considering hydraulic retention time (HRT), hydraulic loading rate (HLR), and initial concentration of phosphorus (Cin) as input variables whereas the reduction rate of TP (R) has been considered as a predicted variable. ANN shows promising results as compared to M5P tree and LR modeling. The model accuracy is analyzed using three statistical evaluation parameters which are coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and means absolute error (MAE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Surinder Deswal
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
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Regression models for removal of heavy metals by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from wastewater of pulp and paper processing industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42398-019-00093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ishizawa H, Tada M, Kuroda M, Inoue D, Ike M. Performance of plant growth-promoting bacterium of duckweed under different kinds of abiotic stress factors. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Kumar V, Singh J, Kumar P. Heavy metal uptake by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) from paper mill effluent (PME): experimental and prediction modeling studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:14400-14413. [PMID: 30868462 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports the heavy metal uptake by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) from paper mill effluent (PME) with its prediction modeling studies. Lab scale phytoremediation experiments were performed in glass aquariums to grow P. stratiotes in 0% (bore well water as a control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations of PME. The influence of pH and heavy metal concentration in PME for the effective uptake and accumulation of heavy metal contents (∆Y: mg/kg) in plant tissues was modeled using two-factor multiple linear regression. The results showed that the selected input variables were supportive to develop prediction models with higher linear regression (R2 > 0.72), high model efficiency (ME: 0.92-0.99), low mean average normalizing error (MANE < 0.02), and statistically significant F > Prob values. Kruskal-Wallis one-way post hoc test indicated that the contents of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in the roots, leaves, and whole plant were affected by PME concentration while the contents of Mn did not. The correlation studies showed that the bioaccumulation of heavy metals was found both element and PME concentration specific. This work represents an effective method to model heavy metal uptake by P. stratiotes from PME. Furthermore, this methodology can also be adopted for predicting effective metal uptake by plant species being used for the phytoremediation of heavy metals from industrial effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249404, India
| | - Jogendra Singh
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249404, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249404, India
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Ekperusi AO, Sikoki FD, Nwachukwu EO. Application of common duckweed (Lemna minor) in phytoremediation of chemicals in the environment: State and future perspective. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:285-309. [PMID: 30784736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, different strategies have been developed for the remediation of polluted air, land and water. Driven by public opinion and regulatory bottlenecks, ecological based strategies are preferable than conventional methods in the treatments of chemical effluents. Ecological systems with the application of microbes, fungi, earthworms, plants, enzymes, electrode and nanoparticles have been applied to varying degrees in different media for the remediation of various categories of pollutants. Aquatic macrophytes have been used extensively for the remediation of pollutants in wastewater effluents and aquatic environment over the past 30 years with the common duckweed (L. minor) as one of the most effective macrophytes that have been applied for remediation studies. Duckweed has shown strong potentials for the phytoremediation of organic pollutants, heavy metals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, radioactive waste, nanomaterials, petroleum hydrocarbons, dyes, toxins, and related pollutants. This review covers the state of duckweed application for the remediation of diverse aquatic pollutants and identifies gaps that are necessary for further studies as we find pragmatic and sound ecological solutions for the remediation of polluted environment for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham O Ekperusi
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Oilfield Chemicals Research, Institute of Petroleum Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Department of Marine Environment & Pollution Control, Faculty of Marine Environmental Management, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Francis D Sikoki
- Department of Animal & Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Eunice O Nwachukwu
- Department of Plant Science & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Assessment of pulp and paper mill effluent quality and its toxicity to fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aopf-2018-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Effluents from a pulp and paper mill in India were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to interpret the data obtained and predict the toxicity of each component to Cyprinus carpio L. fingerlings. The results showed that most of these parameters exceeded recommended levels set by various agencies, and the effluent was not suitable for discharge into agricultural fields or water bodies without further treatment. The results of static renewal toxicity tests revealed median lethal concentrations at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h to be 42, 25, 18.6 and 14.5%, respectively, and the fingerlings exhibited severe behavioral anomalies. The sublethal dose of 2.9% (v/v) caused alterations in the gill and liver at durations of 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. Anomalies such as mucous secretion, leucocyte infiltration, curling of the secondary lamellae tip, clubbing, and the fusion of the secondary lamellae, aneurism, etc. were prominent. The liver showed inflammatory infiltration, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, vacuolar degeneration, fatty degeneration, pyknosis, karyolysis, distorted pancreatic area, and piecemeal necrosis, among other pathological symptoms. The study concluded that the effluent, even in greatly diluted form, was highly toxic and the severity of responses depended on the length of exposure.
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Shabnam N, Sharmila P, Govindjee, Kim H, Pardha-Saradhi P. Differential Response of Floating and Submerged Leaves of Longleaf Pondweed to Silver Ions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1052. [PMID: 28680432 PMCID: PMC5478881 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated variations in the potential of floating and submerged leaves of longleaf pondweed (Potamogeton nodosus) to withstand silver ion (Ag+)-toxicity. Both floating and submerged leaves changed clear colorless AgNO3 solutions to colloidal brown in the presence of light. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of distinct crystalline Ag-nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in these brown solutions. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern showed that Ag-NPs were composed of Ag0 and Ag2O. Photosystem (PS) II efficiency of leaves declined upon exposure to Ag+ with a significantly higher decline in the submerged leaves than in the floating leaves. Similarly, Ag+ treatment caused a significant reduction in the carboxylase activity of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in leaves. The reduction in this carboxylase activity was significantly higher in the submerged than in the floating leaves. Ag+ treatment also resulted in a significant decline in the levels of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants; the decline was significantly lower in the floating than in submerged leaves. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of Ag2O in these leaves. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis revealed a three-fold higher Ag content in the submerged than in floating leaves. Our study demonstrates that floating leaves of longleaf pondweed have a superior potential to counter Ag+-toxicity compared with submerged leaves, which could be due to superior potential of floating leaves to reduce Ag+ to less/non-toxic Ag0/Ag2O-nanoparticles/nanocomplexes. We suggest that modulating the genotype of longleaf pondweed to bear higher proportion of floating leaves would help in cleaning fresh water bodies contaminated with ionic forms of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Shabnam
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of SeoulSeoul, South Korea
| | - P. Sharmila
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology DelhiNew Delhi, India
| | - Govindjee
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, United States
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of SeoulSeoul, South Korea
| | - P. Pardha-Saradhi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of DelhiNew Delhi, India
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Singh MM, Rai PK. A microcosm investigation of fe (iron) removal using macrophytes of ramsar lake: A phytoremediation approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2016; 18:1231-1236. [PMID: 27258126 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2016.1193471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the microcosm study of Fe (Iron) phytoremediation using Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia cucullata species collected from the Loktak Lake, a Ramsar Site which exists in north-eastern India (an Indo-Burma hotspot region). Efficiency of these four macrophytes was compared using different Fe concentrations of 1 mg L(-1), 3 mg L(-1) and 5 mg L(-1) for 4 days, 8 days and 12 days, respectively. E. crassipes was the most efficient macrophyte whereas L. minor was the least efficient. E. crassipes removed the highest percentage of Fe, i.e. 89% from 1 mg L(-1), 81.3% from 3 mg L(-1) and 73.2% from 5 mg L(-1) in 12-day experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayanglambam Muni Singh
- a Department of Environmental Science , School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management, Mizoram University , Aizawl , Mizoram , India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Rai
- a Department of Environmental Science , School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management, Mizoram University , Aizawl , Mizoram , India
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Das S, Mazumdar K. Phytoremediation potential of a novel fern, Salvinia cucullata, Roxb. Ex Bory, to pulp and paper mill effluent: Physiological and anatomical response. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:62-72. [PMID: 27521640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted with an aim to remediate effluent from a pulp and paper mill, after treating it for 28 days with an aquatic fern, Salvinia cucullata. The effluent had high BOD, COD, TS, TSS, TDS, P, hardness and chloride, and several heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn) above national limits. However, the plant survived a wide range of effluent concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, v/v), and flourished well, particularly at 25% (v/v), resisted membrane injury and generation of H2O2 and O2, showed better growth and induced all the major antioxidant enzymes. The plants also induced lipid peroxidation. Most of the elemental profiles were higher than the toxic levels stipulated for plants, indicating tolerance to metal. In fact, barring Fe, for Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mg and P, at all the effluent doses, and for Cd, Ni and Mn, up to 75% (v/v) effluent, greater concentrations were observed in leaf than in root. This plant was more suited for nutrient removal, as it effectively reduced BOD, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mg, P and increased dissolve oxygen. Further, pH, hardness, chloride, TS and Mn was reduced optimally by 25-50% (v/v) treatments. SEM revealed prominent structural damages from 50 to 100% treatments. Presence of Pb as well as Fe in the EDX peaks were observed in the cortex rather than in the root vascular zone. This plant could be suggested to be an effective phytoremediator of multi-contaminant effluent with maximum benefit at low doses (25-50%, v/v).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Das
- Aquatic Toxicology and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India.
| | - Kisholay Mazumdar
- Aquatic Toxicology and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
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Spatial Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentrations in the Surface Sediment of Taihu Lake. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15028-39. [PMID: 26633432 PMCID: PMC4690902 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121214966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With regard to the size of China's freshwater lakes, Taihu Lake ranks third and it plays an important role in the supply of drinking water, flood prevention, farming and navigation, as well as in the travelling industry. The problem of environmental pollution has attracted widespread attention in recent years. In order to understand the levels, distribution and sources of heavy metals in sediments of Taihu Lake, random selection was carried out to obtain 59 samples of surface sediment from the entire lake and study the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni. Toxic units were also calculated to normalize the toxicities caused by various heavy metals. As a result, Cd and Cu in sediment were considered lower than the effect range low (ERL) at all regions where samples were gathered, while Pb and Ni were categorized into ERL-effect range median (ERM) at over 22% of the regions where samples were obtained. Nevertheless, all average concentrations of the samples were below the level of potential effect. According to the findings of this research, significant spatial heterogeneity existed in the above heavy metals. In conclusion, the distribution areas of heavy metals with higher concentrations were mainly the north bays, namely Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay as well as Gonghu Bay. The distribution areas of Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni with higher concentration also included the lake's central region, whereas the uniform distribution areas of those with lower concentrations were the lake's southeast region. In addition, it was most probable that the spatial distribution of heavy metals was determined by river inputs, whereas atmospheric precipitation caused by urban and traffic contamination also exerted considerable effects on the higher concentrations of Pb and Cd. Through evaluating the total amount of toxic units (ΣTU), it was found that higher toxicity existed primarily in the north bays and central region of the lake. If the heavy metals were sorted by the reduction of mean heavy metal toxic units in Taihu Lake in descending order, it would be Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd, Zn and Cu. Generally speaking, these result of analyses are conducive to alleviating the contamination of heavy metals in Taihu Lake.
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Tereshchenko NN, Akimova EE, Pisarchuk AD, Yunusova TV, Minaeva OM. Utilizing heavy metal-laden water hyacinth biomass in vermicomposting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:7147-7154. [PMID: 25501861 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the efficiency of water treatment by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu), as well as a possibility of using water hyacinth biomass obtained during treatment for vermicomposting by Eisenia fetida and the vermicompost quality in a model experiment. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in the trials with water hyacinth decreased within 35 days. We introduced water hyacinth biomass to the organic substrate for vermicomposting, which promoted a significant weight gain of earthworms and growth in their number, as well as a 1.5- to 3-fold increase in coprolite production. In the trial with 40 % of Eichhornia biomass in the mixture, we observed a 26-fold increase in the number and a 16-fold weight gain of big mature individuals with clitellum; an increase in the number of small individuals 40 times and in the number of cocoons 140 times, as compared to the initial substrate. The utilization of water hyacinth biomass containing heavy metals in the mixture led to a 10-fold increase in the number of adult individuals and cocoons, which was higher than in control. We found out that adding 10 % of Eichhornia biomass to the initial mixture affected slightly the number of microorganisms and their species diversity in the vermicompost. Adding Eichhornia biomass with heavy metals reduced the total number of microorganisms and sharply diminished their species diversity. In all trials, adding water hyacinth in the mixture for vermicomposting had a positive impact on wheat biometric parameters in a 14-day laboratory experiment, even in the trial with heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya N Tereshchenko
- Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 3 Gagarin St., Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation,
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Luo J, Zhou J, Qian G, Liu J. Effective anaerobic biodegradation of municipal solid waste fresh leachate using a novel pilot-scale reactor: comparison under different seeding granular sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 165:152-157. [PMID: 24755395 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel integrated internal and external circulation (IIEC) reactor was developed for anaerobic biodegradation of municipal solid waste (MSW) fresh leachate with chemical oxygen demand (COD) between 40,000 and 60,000mg/l. The pilot-scale IIEC reactor was inoculated with two kinds of granular sludge from paper mill (SPM) and from citric acid factory (SCF), respectively. The bio-treating capacity in contaminant removal and biogas production performed much superior to others' results, principally attributed to appropriate configuration modification. Compared to SCF, much higher organic loading rate (40.5 vs 23.0kgCOD/m(3)d) and COD removal efficiency (>80% vs 60-75%) were achieved for the reactor with SPM. For methane production, 11.77 or ∼6m(3)STP/m(3)d of rate and 66-85% of content were observed with SPM or SCF, respectively. Due to better sludge concentrations and methanogenic activity, these findings indicate the anaerobic reactor could effectively bio-treat MSW leachate for methane generation, especially inoculated with granular sludge derived from leachate-like-wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghuan Luo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jizhi Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Guangren Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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