1
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Li D, Huang W, Huang R. Analysis of environmental pollutants using ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131952. [PMID: 37399723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The rise of emerging pollutants in the current environment and requirements of trace analysis in complex substrates pose challenges to modern analytical techniques. Ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (IC-MS) is the preferred tool for analyzing emerging pollutants due to its excellent separation ability for polar and ionic compounds with small molecular weight and high detection sensitivity and selectivity. This paper reviews the progress of sample preparation and ion-exchange IC-MS methods in the analysis of several major categories of environmental polar and ionic pollutants including perchlorate, inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds, metalloids and heavy metals, polar pesticides, and disinfection by-products in past two decades. The comparison of various methods to reduce the influence of matrix effect and improve the accuracy and sensitivity of analysis are emphasized throughout the process from sample preparation to instrumental analysis. Furthermore, the human health risks of these pollutants in the environment with natural concentration levels in different environmental medias are also briefly discussed to raise public attention. Finally, the future challenges of IC-MS for analysis of environmental pollutants are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhen Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China.
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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2
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Kumar KS, Kavitha S, Parameswari K, Sakunthala A, Sathishkumar P. Environmental occurrence, toxicity and remediation of perchlorate - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137017. [PMID: 36377118 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4-) comes under the class of contaminants called the emerging contaminants that will impact environment in the near future. A strong oxidizer by nature, perchlorate has received significant observation due to its occurrence, reactive nature, and persistence in varied environments such as surface water, groundwater, soil, and food. Perchlorate finds its use in number of industrial products ranging from missile fuel, fertilizers, and fireworks. Perchlorate exposure occurs when naturally occurring or manmade perchlorate in water or food is ingested. Perchlorate ingestion affects iodide absorption into the thyroid, thereby causing a decrease in the synthesis of thyroid hormone, a very crucial component needed for metabolism, neural development, and a number of other physiological functions in the body. Perchlorate remediation from ground water and drinking water is carried out through a series of physical-chemical techniques like ion (particle) transfer and reverse osmosis. However, the generation of waste through these processes are difficult to manage, so the need for alternative treatment methods occur. This review talks about the hybrid technologies that are currently researched and gaining momentum in the treatment of emerging contaminants, namely perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbiah Kavitha
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kalivel Parameswari
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayyasamy Sakunthala
- Solid State Ionics Lab, Department of Applied Physics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Green Lab, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India.
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3
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Qu D, Zhang J, Wan D, Niu Z. Perchlorate removal by a combined heterotrophic and bio-electrochemical hydrogen autotrophic system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158178. [PMID: 35995156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, a novel combined heterotrophic and bio-electrochemical hydrogen autotrophic (CHBHA) system was developed to remove perchlorate under low chemical dosages and energy consumption. The perchlorate removal performance at various hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and acetate dosages was investigated. For influent containing 10 ± 0.10 mg/L perchlorate, the optimal removal efficiency by the CHBHA system was 98.96 ± 1.62 %, 92.99 ± 2.99 %, 97.85 ± 0.41 %, and 98.24 ± 1.56 % at different operating stages. Perchlorate was mainly removed in the heterotrophic part (H-part) at a sufficient HRT (6 h) and acetate dosage (14.75 mg/L). At other stages, perchlorate was synergistically removed by the H-part and electrochemical hydrogen autotrophic part (E-part). Since the H-part removed some perchlorate, the E-part's applied current decreased, thus reducing energy costs. The maximum current efficiency of CHBHA system was 22.09 %. Compared with the single E-part system, the combined system used 65 % less energy. Perchlorate was converted into active chlorine in the E-part, which improved the effluent quality. The bacterial community structures of the two parts were significantly different. Comamonas, Dechloromonas, Acinetobacter, and Chryseobacterium were enriched in the H-part, and the dominant genera in the E-part were Thauera, Azonexus, Hydrogenophaga, and Tissierella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dongjin Wan
- Collage of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhenhua Niu
- Collage of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Wan D, Cao Y, Shi Y, Li Q, Li Y, Zhang Z, Han X, Gao Y. Construction of heterotrophic-sulfur autotrophic integrated fluidized bed reactor for simultaneous and efficient removal of compound pollution of perchlorate and nitrate in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135944. [PMID: 35961446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A heterotrophic sulfur autotrophic integrated fluidized bed reactor was established for simultaneous and efficient removal of ClO4- and NO3- from water. The optimum operating conditions forecasted through the response surface method (RSM) were the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.50 h, the influent acetate (CH3COO-) concentration of 55 mg/L and the reflux ratio of 14, contributing to ClO4- and NO3- removal of 98.99% and 99.96%, respectively, without secondary pollution caused by residual carbon (NPOC <3.89 mg/L). Meanwhile, the effluent pH fluctuated in a range of 6.70-8.02 and sulfur-containing by-products (i.e., SO42- and S2-) could be controlled by adjusting operation conditions throughout the experimental stage. The increase of the influent CH3COO- concentration reduced the load borne by autotrophic reduction process and further reduced SO42- production. Shortening HRT, increasing the influent CH3COO- concentration and decreasing the reflux ratio could all reduce alkalinity consumption. Shortening HRT and decreasing the reflux ratio could shorten contact time between sulfur and water and thus inhibit S0 disproportionation. High-throughput sequencing result showed that Proteobacteria and Chlorobi were the dominant bacteria. Sulfurovum, Sulfuricurvum and Ignavibacterium were the major heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria (DB)/perchlorate reducing bacteria (PRB), Ferritrophicum and Geothrix were DB, and Chlorobaculum was S0 disproportionation bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Wan
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yahui Shi
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Qi Li
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xinze Han
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yafei Gao
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
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Xu J, Zhu Z, Zhong B, Gong W, Du S, Zhang D, Chen Y, Li X, Zheng Q, Ma J, Sun L, Lu S. Health risk assessment of perchlorate and chlorate in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156889. [PMID: 35753452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate and chlorate are both strong oxidants and thyroid toxicants that are widely distributed in soil, water and human foods. The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a common aquatic organism that is popular in Chinese culinary dishes. Dietary intake is the main route of human exposure to perchlorate and chlorate, though the health risks of crayfish consumption are unknown. Thus, this study investigated the quantities of perchlorate and chlorate in red swap crayfish from sampling sites in five provinces located near the Yangtze River in China, along with the associated health risks of consuming this species. Perchlorate was detected in 55.6-100 % of crayfish samples in each sampling location, and chlorate was found in 100 % of samples cross all sites. Concentrations of perchlorate in crayfish from upstream provinces (Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi) were higher than those from downstream provinces (Anhui and Jiangsu). Perchlorate and chlorate concentrations were positively correlated in crayfish, suggesting that chlorate may be a degradation byproduct of perchlorate. The quantities of both pollutants in hepatopancreas tissue were higher than in muscle tissues (p < 0.05), such that we do not recommend ingesting crayfish hepatopancreas. Hazard quotient (HQ) values for chlorate in crayfish were <1 across all provinces, suggesting no potential health risk of chlorate exposure through crayfish consumption. However, perchlorate concentrations in crayfish from the Jiangxi province had an associated HQ value >1, suggesting potential risks for human health. These results will be useful in informing mitigation measures aimed at reducing perchlorate exposure associated with crayfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baisen Zhong
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiran Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Sijin Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yining Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Quanzhi Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Litao Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Acevedo-Barrios R, Rubiano-Labrador C, Navarro-Narvaez D, Escobar-Galarza J, González D, Mira S, Moreno D, Contreras A, Miranda-Castro W. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria from Antarctic marine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:654. [PMID: 35934758 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10328-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a contaminant that can persist in groundwater and soil, and is frequently detected in different ecosystems at concentrations relevant to human health. This study isolated and characterised halotolerant bacteria that can potentially perform perchlorate reduction. Bacterial microorganisms were isolated from marine sediments on Deception, Horseshoe and Half Moon Islands of Antarctica. The results of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence analysis indicated that the isolates were phylogenetically related to Psychrobacter cryohalolentis, Psychrobacter urativorans, Idiomarina loihiensis, Psychrobacter nivimaris, Sporosarcina aquimarina and Pseudomonas lactis. The isolates grew at a sodium chloride concentration of up to 30% and a perchlorate concentration of up to 10,000 mg/L, which showed their ability to survive in saline conditions and high perchlorate concentrations. Between 21.6 and 40% of perchlorate was degraded by the isolated bacteria. P. cryohalolentis and P. urativorans degraded 30.3% and 32.6% of perchlorate, respectively. I. loihiensis degraded 40% of perchlorate, and P. nivimaris, S. aquimarina and P. lactis degraded 22%, 21.8% and 21.6% of perchlorate, respectively. I. loihiensis had the highest reduction in perchlorate, whereas P. lactis had the lowest reduction. This study is significant as it is the first finding of P. cryohalolentis and. P. lactis on the Antarctic continent. In conclusion, these bacteria isolated from marine sediments on Antarctica offer promising resources for the bioremediation of perchlorate contamination due to their ability to degrade perchlorate, showing their potential use as a biological system to reduce perchlorate in high-salinity ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Acevedo-Barrios
- Grupo de Estudios Químicos Y Biológicos, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, 130010, Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - Carolina Rubiano-Labrador
- Grupo de Estudios Químicos Y Biológicos, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, 130010, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Dhania Navarro-Narvaez
- Grupo de Estudios Químicos Y Biológicos, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, 130010, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Johana Escobar-Galarza
- Grupo de Estudios Químicos Y Biológicos, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, 130010, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Diana González
- Grupo de Estudios Químicos Y Biológicos, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, 130010, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Stephanie Mira
- Grupo de Estudios Químicos Y Biológicos, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, 130010, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Dayana Moreno
- Grupo de Estudios Químicos Y Biológicos, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, 130010, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Aura Contreras
- Grupo de Estudios Químicos Y Biológicos, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, 130010, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Wendy Miranda-Castro
- Grupo de Estudios Químicos Y Biológicos, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, 130010, Cartagena, Colombia
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Zhang B, An W, Shi Y, Yang M. Perchlorate occurrence, sub-basin contribution and risk hotspots for drinking water sources in China based on industrial agglomeration method. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106995. [PMID: 34991255 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a persistent inorganic contaminant which has attracted wide attention because of its harmful effects on physical health. Despite the potential adverse effects to humans via drinking water, related research at the national scale in China are scarce. In this study, the occurrence of perchlorate in major river basins in China was investigated from 2009 to 2020. Generally, except for the Yangtze River Basin, perchlorate concentrations in the surface water of other river basins were low, ranging from < 0.01 to 8.53 μg/L. The results of a specialized field sampling and tracking program in the Yangtze River Basin in 2019 showed that the Xiangjiang River basin is the greatest contributor of perchlorate in the Yangtze River Basin, accounting for 58.63% of the total perchlorate input. Furthermore, based on correlation analysis between production enterprise information and measured concentrations in sampled sites, fireworks and explosives production industries were identified as the major sources of perchlorate contamination in surface water. The risk map showed that the central-southern part of China and the central part of Xinjiang province were risk hotspots for perchlorate contamination. The results gave insights into how to conduct more precise risk assessment and policy intervention towards prevention of perchlorate contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yali Shi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Kumar M. Runoff from firework manufacturing as major perchlorate source in the surface waters around Diwali in Ahmedabad, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 273:111091. [PMID: 32741758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fireworks events during the annual Indian festival of Diwali has been heavily criticised in recent times. Perchlorate is an essential component of fireworks. The effects of the fireworks on perchlorate (ClO4-) concentrations and quality parameters of the ambient waters of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India were studied. As expected, ClO4- concentrations in the (Kankaria) lake adjoining the fireworks site were below detection prior to the Diwali event and increased to 0.97 and 1.03 μg/L at 48 and 288 h after the event, respectively. However, samples from the Sabarmati River surprisingly contained an extremely high concentration of ClO4- (65 μg/L) one day before the event, which decreased to 1.14 μg/L after 48 h and was below detection limit after 7 days of the event. This finding raises questions such as: (a) which has greater impact, fireworks manufacturing or burning; (b) can unregulated release of untreated effluents be a major critical source of pollution needing immediate attention from removal, environmental regulation and policy perspectives; c) is policy pertaining to unskilled labour in the manufacturing of fireworks and other ClO4--containing products needed in developing countries; and d) is ClO4- being a strong oxidiser, detrimental to the soil, groundwater, and aquatic environment?
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
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Wan D, Li Q, Liu Y, Xiao S, Wang H. Simultaneous reduction of perchlorate and nitrate in a combined heterotrophic-sulfur-autotrophic system: Secondary pollution control, pH balance and microbial community analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 165:115004. [PMID: 31470280 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A combined heterotrophic-sulfur-autotrophic system (CHSAS) was established to simultaneously reduce perchlorate and nitrate in water. In this system, the OH- produced by the acetate heterotrophic part (H-part) could be neutralized with the H+ produced by the sulfur autotrophic part (S-part); thus, the pH of the final effluent could keep neutral. In addition, the S-part could further reduce the pollutants and residual carbon from the H-part to achieve a high performance. For 19.62 ± 0.30 mg/L ClO4- and 21.56 ± 0.83 mg/L NO3--N in the influent, the operating parameters were optimal at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1.0 h and an acetate concentration of 70 mg/L. The removal efficiency of ClO4- and NO3- reached 95.43% and 99.23%, without secondary pollution caused by residual organic carbon. It was also revealed that sulfur (S0) disproportionation can be inhibited by shortening the HRT and reducing the acetate dosage. The dominant heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria were Thauera and Ferritrophicum, respectively, while Chlorobaculum was related to S0 disproportionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Wan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Qi Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yongde Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Shuhu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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10
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Kumar M, Snow DD, Li Y, Shea PJ. Perchlorate behavior in the context of black carbon and metal cogeneration following fireworks emission at Oak Lake, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:930-938. [PMID: 31351301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The imprints of fireworks displays on the adjacent water body were investigated from the perspective of cogeneration of black carbon, metals and perchlorate (ClO4-). In particular, the mixing and dissipation of ClO4- were studied at Oak Lake, Lincoln, Nebraska, following fireworks displays in 2015 and 2016. Following the display, ClO4- concentration in the water increased up to 4.3 μg/L and 4.0 μg/L in 2015 and 2016, respectively. A first-order model generally provided a good fit to the measured perchlorate concentrations from which the rate of dissipation was estimated as 0.07 d-1 in 2015 and 0.43 d-1 in 2016. SEM images show imprints of soot and metal particles in aerosol samples. EDS analysis of the lake sediment confirmed the presence of Si, K, Ca, Zn and Ba, most of which are components of fireworks. The δ13C range of -7.55‰ to -9.19‰ in the lake water system closely resembles fire-generated carbon. Cogeneration of black carbon and metal with perchlorate was established, indicating that ClO4- is an excellent marker of fireworks or a burning event over all other analyzed parameters. Future microcosmic, aggregation and column-based transport studies on black carbon in the presence of perchlorate and metals under different environmental conditions will help in developing transport and fate models for perchlorate and black carbon particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382-355, India.
| | - Daniel D Snow
- Water Sciences Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-6105, USA
| | - Yusong Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, USA
| | - Patrick J Shea
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0817, USA
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11
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Pace C, Vella AJ. Contamination of water resources of a small island state by fireworks-derived perchlorate: A case study from Malta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:475-481. [PMID: 31026694 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported on the ubiquitous presence of perchlorate in the deposited and airborne fine dusts of Malta and shown that the source of the chemical in the dusts of this small central Mediterranean island is fireworks. There are no local geologic or anthropogenic sources of perchlorate other than firework manufacture and display. The hypothesis was tested that ground-deposited perchlorate will be mobilized in runoff and would partly migrate to the water table and eventually also affect tap water, one third of which being derived from groundwater. Forty four percent of 36 groundwater samples contained perchlorate above detection limit with mean and median values of 1.09 and 1.1 μg L-1. Sixty-two percent of 16 runoff samples collected during storms contained perchlorate above detection limit with mean and maximum concentrations, respectively, of 50.8 and 129 μg L-1, values which are far too high to be explained by atmospheric inputs given that rainwater perchlorate levels are typically <3 μg L-1. Between 42 and 89% of the tap waters analyzed in three sampling campaigns contained perchlorate above detection limit and had mean concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 μg L-1 suggesting contamination levels similar to those reported from China but lower than levels reported from the USA. The phenomenon of contamination of the water resources of Malta by perchlorate is probably unique in that it results not from geologic or industrial inputs but from an intense and prolonged pyrotechnic activity that is deeply rooted in the popular culture of the islanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Pace
- Junior College, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
| | - Alfred J Vella
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
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Cao F, Jaunat J, Sturchio N, Cancès B, Morvan X, Devos A, Barbin V, Ollivier P. Worldwide occurrence and origin of perchlorate ion in waters: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 661:737-749. [PMID: 30684841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4-) is a persistent water soluble oxyanion of growing environmental interest. Perchlorate contamination can be a health concern due to its ability to disrupt the use of iodine by the thyroid gland and the production of metabolic hormones. Its widespread presence in surface water and groundwater makes the aquatic environment a potential source of perchlorate exposure. However, the amount of published data on perchlorate origins and water contamination worldwide remains spatially limited. Here, we present an overview of research on perchlorate origins and occurrences in water, and the methodology to distinguish the different perchlorate sources based on isotope analysis. All published ranges of isotopic content in perchlorate from different sources are presented, including naturally occurring and man-made perchlorate source types, as well as the effects of isotope fractionation that accompanies biodegradation processes. An example of a case study in France is presented to emphasize the need for further research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Cao
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - GEGENAA - EA 3795, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Jessy Jaunat
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - GEGENAA - EA 3795, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Neil Sturchio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, 255 Academy Street/103 Penny Hall, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Benjamin Cancès
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - GEGENAA - EA 3795, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Xavier Morvan
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - GEGENAA - EA 3795, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Alain Devos
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - GEGENAA - EA 3795, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Vincent Barbin
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - GEGENAA - EA 3795, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Patrick Ollivier
- BRGM, 3 av. C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Vijaya Nadaraja A, Pushpangadhan Saraswathy D, Cheruvathery Ravindran S, Mariya A, Godwin Russel J, Selvanesan P, Pereira B, Bhaskaran K. Spatio-temporal distribution of perchlorate and its toxicity in Hydrilla verticillata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:490-497. [PMID: 28668764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatio-temporal distribution of perchlorate in water sources around an ammonium perchlorate production unit and its toxicity response on a dominant aquatic plant, Hydrilla verticillata are reported in this study. Samples (n=453) from ground water (open well) and surface water sources within 5km from the production unit over a period of 12 months (2014, June - 2015, May) were screened for ClO4-. During the period, ClO4-concentration in ground water samples close to the production unit increased to >40,000μg/L, and ClO4- was detected at 1740μg/L in well water 1.6km away from the production unit. A community pond in the area also showed an increase in ClO4- level up to 29,000μg/L. In all water sources, ClO4- level was maximum during the rainy season (July, monsoon). A natural degradation of ClO4- was not observed in the area as evident from its persistent level and spreading to more areas. H. verticillata, the dominant vegetation in the pond exhibited severe toxic response like massive decay and loss of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll and carotene due to ClO4- exposure. The plant accumulated ClO4- up to 60±0.8mg/kg wet weight with a Bio-Concentration Factor 2.06±0.005. This is the first report on spatio-temporal distribution of ClO4- at higher levels in a natural environment and its toxicity response to plants under natural condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anie Mariya
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram-19, India
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14
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Xie Y, Yi Y, Qin Y, Wang L, Liu G, Wu Y, Diao Z, Zhou T, Xu M. Perchlorate degradation in aqueous solution using chitosan-stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Anupama V, Prajeesh P, Anju S, Priya P, Krishnakumar B. Diversity of bacteria, archaea and protozoa in a perchlorate treating bioreactor. Microbiol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nadaraja AV, Puthiyaveettil PG, Bhaskaran K. Surveillance of perchlorate in ground water, surface water and bottled water in Kerala, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015. [PMID: 26221536 PMCID: PMC4517559 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perchlorate is an emerging water contaminant that disrupts normal functioning of human thyroid gland and poses serious threat to health, especially for pregnant women, fetus and children. RESULTS High level of perchlorate contamination in fresh water sources at places nearby ammonium perchlorate (rocket fuel) handled in bulk is reported in this study. Of 160 ground water samples analyzed from 27 locations in the State Kerala, 58 % had perchlorate above detection limit (2 μg/L) and the highest concentration observed was 7270 μg/L at Ernakulam district, this value is ~480 times higher than USEPA drinking water equivalent level (15 μg/L). Perchlorate was detected in all surface water samples analyzed (n = 10) and the highest value observed was 355 μg/L in Periyar river (a major river in the State). The bottled drinking water (n = 5) tested were free of perchlorate. CONCLUSIONS The present study underlines the need for frequent screening of water sources for perchlorate contamination around places the chemical is handled in bulk. It will help to avoid human exposure to high levels of perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vijaya Nadaraja
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019 India
| | | | - Krishnakumar Bhaskaran
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019 India
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Li Q, Yu YJ, Wang FF, Chen SW, Yin Y, Lin HP, Che F, Sun P, Qin J, Liu J, Wang HM. Urinary perchlorate exposure and risk in women of reproductive age in a fireworks production area of China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:42-49. [PMID: 24859046 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is used widely in fireworks, and, if ingested, it has the potential to disrupt thyroid function. The concentrations of perchlorate in water and soil samples and in urine samples of women of reproductive age from Liuyang, the largest fireworks production area in China, were investigated. The results showed that the average perchlorate concentrations in groundwater, surface water, farmland soil, and urine samples of women from the fireworks production area were significantly greater than those from the control area. The health risk of perchlorate ingested through drinking water was assessed based on the mode recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The values of hazard quotient of river water and groundwater in the fireworks production area were much greater than the safe level (=1), which indicates that adverse health effects may result from perchlorate when these sources of water are used as drinking water. These results indicated that the environment of the fireworks production area has been polluted by perchlorate and that residents were and are facing greater exposure doses of perchlorate. Fireworks production enterprises may be a major source of perchlorate contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Environmental Standards Institute, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China,
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Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2813-48. [PMID: 24502364 DOI: 10.1021/ac500508t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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