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Flores-Ramírez R, Mendoza-Rivera SP, García-Grajales J, Buenrostro-Silva A, Sanjuan-Meza EU, Berumen-Rodríguez AA, Espinosa-Reyes G. Persistent organic pollutants in the olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) during the nesting stage in the "La Escobilla" Sanctuary, Oaxaca, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:10911-10919. [PMID: 38214861 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances widely distributed in the environment by the runoff from anthropic activities and can be distributed and bioaccumulated or biomagnified in the environment, affecting the health of organisms. The sea turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea, is a long-lived organism, with migratory habits and feeding behaviors that allow exposure to various pollutants. This work aimed to determine long-term exposure to POPs in adult olive ridley turtles (L. olivacea), sampled during the nesting season, in "La Escobilla" Sanctuary. Blood samples were collected and processed to obtain plasma. The quantification of POPs in blood was carried out with an extraction technique with a focused ultrasound probe. Twenty-seven POP analytes were determined. The concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane, endosulfan isomers, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, total polychlorinated biphenyls, and the total sum of POPs found in plasma are higher than those reported in other studies, which reported effects such as hematological and biochemical changes in blood, changes in immune system cells and enzymatic activity related to oxidative stress. These results are important to demonstrate the chronic exposure to POPs in olive ridley turtles in marine ecosystems and to highlight the importance of assessing the associated health risks, considering that these contaminants could be transferred to the offspring and affect future generations of this reptile. It is important to carry out studies that develop conservation strategies for the olive ridley turtle. Also, it is necessary to control the emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, as well as reduce urban, agricultural, and industrial waste in the environment and marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina - Coordinación para la Inoovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT). Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Sagrario Paola Mendoza-Rivera
- Facultad de Medicina - Coordinación para la Inoovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT). Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Jesus García-Grajales
- Universidad del Mar Campus Puerto Escondido, Km. 2.5 Carretera Federal Puerto Escondido-Sola de Vega, 71980, San Pedro Mixtepec, Oaxaca, México
| | - Alejandra Buenrostro-Silva
- Universidad del Mar Campus Puerto Escondido, Km. 2.5 Carretera Federal Puerto Escondido-Sola de Vega, 71980, San Pedro Mixtepec, Oaxaca, México
| | - Eleno Uriel Sanjuan-Meza
- Facultad de Medicina - Coordinación para la Inoovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT). Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Alejandra Abigail Berumen-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina - Coordinación para la Inoovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT). Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Guillermo Espinosa-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina - Coordinación para la Inoovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT). Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México.
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Vasseghian Y, Hosseinzadeh S, Khataee A, Dragoi EN. The concentration of persistent organic pollutants in water resources: A global systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:149000. [PMID: 34273825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are environmentally stable and highly toxic chemicals that accumulate in living adipose tissue and have a very destructive effect on aquatic ecosystems. To analyze the evolution of the concentration and prevalence of POPs such as α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, ∑-HCH, Heptachlor, Aldrin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, ∑-DDT, and ∑-OCP in water resources, a search between January 01, 1970, to February 10, 2020, was followed using a systematic review and meta-analysis prevalence. Among the 2306 explored articles in the reconnaissance step, 311 articles with 5315 exemplars, 56 countries, and 4 types of water were included in the meta-analysis study. Among all studied POPs, the concentration of p,p'-DDT in water resources was the highest, especially in drinking water resources. The overall rank order based on the concentration and prevalence of POPs were surface water > drinking water > seawater > groundwater. To identify POPs-contaminated areas, the distance from the mean relative to their distribution was considered. The most to the least polluted areas included: South Africa, India, Turkey, Pakistan, Canada, Hong Kong, and China. The highest carcinogenic risk was observed for β-HCH (Turkey and China), followed by α-HCH (Mexico). The highest non-carcinogenic risk was identified for Aldrin (all analyzed countries), followed by Dieldrin (Turkey) and γ-HCH (Mexico). The Monte Carlo analysis (under the assumption that γ-HCH has a normal distribution), the mean obtained was 8.22E-07 for children and 3.83E-07 for adults. This is in accordance with the standard risk assessment approach. In terms of percentiles, the Monte-Carlo approach indicates that 75% of child population is under the 1.07E-06 risk and 95% of adults under 7.35E-06.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Sevda Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia.
| | - Elena-Niculina Dragoi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection "Cristofor Simionescu", "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University, Iasi, Bld Mangeron no 73, 700050, Romania.
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Olisah C, Adeniji AO, Okoh OO, Okoh AI. Occurrence and risk evaluation of organochlorine contaminants in surface water along the course of Swartkops and Sundays River Estuaries, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2777-2801. [PMID: 31177475 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine contaminants were analysed in surface water from Sundays (SDE) and Swartkops Estuaries (SWE), Eastern Cape Province, which is among the largest estuaries in South Africa. The concentration of Σ18OCPs ranged from 16.7 to 249.2 ng/L in autumn, 19.9-81.4 ng/L in winter, 43.6-126.8 ng/L in spring and 68.3-199.9 ng/L in summer for SDE, whereas in SWE, the values varied from 20.9 to 259.7 ng/L in autumn, 58.9-263.9 ng/L in winter, 3.2-183.6 ng/L in spring and 118.0-188.9 ng/L in summer. Among all OCPs, α-HCH, β-HCH, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, endrin, dieldrin and endrin aldehyde were predominant in surface water samples from SDE and SWE. Furthermore, the mean concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ranged from 126.7 ng/L in winter to 151.0 ng/L in spring for SDE and 249.0 ng/L in spring to 727.6 ng/L in winter for SWE. Tri- and tetra-PCBs dominated the PCB homologue profile. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the study sites into three regions from least polluted to most polluted, indicated that SWE is more polluted compared to SDE, probably due to the influx of agricultural and industrial effluents. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that the water from both estuaries is not safe for drinking, although suitable for bathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Abiodun O Adeniji
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Omobola O Okoh
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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Cárdenas-Soracá DM, Tucca FI, Mardones-Peña CA, Barra-Ríos RO. Development of an analytical methodology for the determination of organochlorine pesticides by ethylene-vinyl acetate passive samplers in marine surface waters based on ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction followed with headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Development of a single format membrane assisted solvent extraction-molecularly imprinted polymer technique for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry determination. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mali N, Cerar S, Koroša A, Auersperger P. Passive sampling as a tool for identifying micro-organic compounds in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:722-734. [PMID: 28364607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the use of a simple and cost efficient passive sampling device with integrated active carbon with which to test the possibility of determining the presence of micro-organic compounds (MOs) in groundwater and identifying the potential source of pollution as well as the seasonal variability of contamination. Advantage of the passive sampler is to cover a long sampling period by integrating the pollutant concentration over time, and the consequently analytical costs over the monitoring period can be reduced substantially. Passive samplers were installed in 15 boreholes in the Maribor City area in Slovenia, with two sampling campaigns covered a period about one year. At all sampling sites in the first series a total of 103 compounds were detected, and 144 in the second series. Of all detected compounds the 53 most frequently detected were selected for further analysis. These were classified into eight groups based on the type of their source: Pesticides, Halogenated solvents, Non-halogenated solvents, Domestic and personal, Plasticizers and additives, Other industrial, Sterols and Natural compounds. The most frequently detected MO compounds in groundwater were tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene from the Halogenated solvents group. The most frequently detected among the compound's groups were pesticides. Analysis of frequency also showed significant differences between the two sampling series, with less frequent detections in the summer series. For the analysis to determine the origin of contamination three groups of compounds were determined according to type of use: agriculture, urban and industry. Frequency of detection indicates mixed land use in the recharge areas of sampling sites, which makes it difficult to specify the dominant origin of the compound. Passive sampling has proved to be useful tool with which to identify MOs in groundwater and for assessing groundwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mali
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Cerar
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - A Koroša
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Auersperger
- Public Water Supply Company Vodovod-Kanalizacija, Vodovodna cesta 90, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Yao Y, Huang CL, Wang JZ, Ni HG, Yang ZY, Huang ZY, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Significance of Anthropogenic Factors to Freely Dissolved Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Freshwater of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8304-8312. [PMID: 28653836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of surface water pollution by organic pollutants is a top priority in many parts of the world, as it provides critical information for implementing effective measures to ensure drinking water safety. This is particularly important in China, where insufficient data of national scale have been acquired on the occurrence of any organic pollutants in the country's water bodies. To fill the knowledge gap, we employed passive samplers to survey polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 42 freshwaters throughout the country. The dissolved Σ24PAH concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 538 ng L-1, with the highest and lowest values obtained in Southern Lake in Wuhan and in the Nam Co Lake in Tibet, respectively. Average Σ24PAH concentrations in West, Central, and East China correlated well with the population densities in these regions. The composition profiles of PAHs showed a mixed PAH source of coal combustion, fossil fuel combustion, and oil spills. In addition, all dissolved PAH concentrations were below the water guidelines developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the European Union, and the Canadian government, except for anthracene in Southern Lake. Our results also demonstrated the feasibility of establishing a global network of monitoring organic pollutants in the aquatic environment with passive sampling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chun-Li Huang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ji-Zhong Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hong-Gang Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ze-Yu Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa, K1A0H3, Canada
| | - Zhi-Yong Huang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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Wu X, Zhu L. Evaluating bioavailability of organic pollutants in soils by sequential ultrasonic extraction procedure. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 156:21-29. [PMID: 27156212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Under current retrospective risk assessment framework, the total concentrations of organic pollutants in soils have been employed as the standard for over 30 years. The total concentrations reflect the overall accumulation in soils but tend to be overly conservative for assessing the ecological risks, where the bioavailability plays an important role. In this study, the bioavailability of organic pollutants in soils was evaluated using a stepwise and tiered classification method, namely the sequential ultrasonic extraction procedure (SEUP). The water-soluble and acid-soluble fractions extracted by the SEUP were the bioavailable fractions. The reliability and environmental relevance of the speciation method were examined with representative organic pollutants using the root uptake methods and the semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The plant uptake amounts corrected with weight were highly correlated with the bioavailable fractions (R(2) > 0.75). The amounts of the bioavailable fractions were negatively correlated with the logKow values (R(2) ranging from 0.71 to 0.77) of the organic pollutants and the contents of soil organic matter (R(2) ranging from 0.68 to 0.96). As a refinement of the current risk assessment framework, the SUEP that has proved to be a reliable and convenient is thus highly recommended for evaluating the bioavailability of organic pollutants in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Uher E, Mirande-Bret C, Gourlay-Francé C. Assessing the relation between anthropogenic pressure and PAH concentrations in surface water in the Seine River basin using multivariate analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:551-561. [PMID: 27037876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relation between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in freshwater and anthropogenic pressure is fundamental to finding a solution to reduce the presence of PAHs in water, and thus their potential impact on aquatic life. In this paper we propose to gain greater insight into the variability, sources and partitioning of PAHs in labile (or freely dissolved=not associated to the organic matter), dissolved and particulate phases in freshwater. This study was conducted using land use data as a marker of anthropogenic pressure and coupling it with chemical measurements. This study was conducted on 30 sites in the Seine River basin, which is subjected to a strong human impact and exhibits a wide range of land uses. Half of the sites were studied twice. Labile PAHs were measured by semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs), and dissolved and particulate phases by grab samples. Partial least squares regressions were performed between chemical measurements and data of anthropogenic pressure. The results indicate different sources for the dissolved phase and particles. Dissolved and labile phases were more related to the population density of the watershed, while particles were more related to a local pressure. Season and land use data are necessary information to correctly interpret and compare PAH concentrations from different sites. Furthermore, the whole data set of the 45 field deployments comprising labile, dissolved, total and particulate PAH concentrations as well as the physico-chemical parameters is available in the supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Uher
- Irstea, UR HBAN Hydrosystèmes et bioprocédés, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS 10030, 92761 Antony cedex, France; FIRE, FR-30204 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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Comparison of Spot and Time Weighted Averaging (TWA) Sampling with SPME-GC/MS Methods for Trihalomethane (THM) Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls Water Pollution along the River Nile, Egypt. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:389213. [PMID: 26798844 PMCID: PMC4699067 DOI: 10.1155/2015/389213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were determined in water samples collected along the River Nile using gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). PCB concentrations ranged from 14 to 20 μg/L, which were higher than those reported in previous studies, indicating serious PCB pollution in the River Nile. PCB congener profiles varied depending on the sampling sties. PCB-138 was the predominant congener accounting for more than 18% of total PCBs. The composition of PCB congeners in the water revealed that highly chlorinated PCB technical mixtures such as Aroclor 1254 was the main PCB production historically used in Egypt. An increasing trend in PCB levels from the upper stream to the Nile estuaries was observed. The calculated flux of PCBs indicated that 6.8 tons of PCBs is dumped into the Mediterranean Sea each year from the River Nile. The hazard quotients and carcinogenic risk caused by PCB pollution in the River Nile were above the acceptable level indicating that PCBs in the River Nile water pose adverse health effects for all age groups. Our findings revealed that PCBs possess a serious risk to the Egyptian population that depends mainly on the River Nile as a source of water. Thus, stricter legislation and regulatory controls should be applied to reduce the risk of PCBs in Egypt.
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Chimuka L, Sibiya P, Amdany R, Cukrowska E, Forbes PBC. Status of PAHs in Environmental Compartments of South Africa: A Country Report. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.988276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P. Sibiya
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R. Amdany
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - E. Cukrowska
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P. B. C. Forbes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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