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Gendron AD, Lacaze É, Taranu ZE, Gouge R, Larbi-Youcef Y, Houde M, André C, Gagné F, Triffault-Bouchet G, Giroux I. The Comet Assay, a Sensitive Biomarker of Water Quality Improvement Following Adoption of Beneficial Agricultural Practices? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:2201-2214. [PMID: 37417785 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous actions have been undertaken by farmers to attenuate the impact of agricultural activities on aquatic ecosystems. The identification of biomarkers that respond quickly to water quality improvement could facilitate the assessment of adopted alternative practices and help maintain mobilization among stakeholders. We evaluated the potential of the comet assay, a biomarker of genotoxic effects, using a freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata, as a model animal. The frequency of DNA damage was assessed in hemocytes of mussels collected from a pristine habitat and caged for 8 weeks in the Pot au Beurre River, a tributary of the fluvial Lake St.-Pierre (Quebec, Canada) impacted by agricultural activities. We found that the level of DNA damage naturally induced in mussel hemocytes was low and showed very limited variations over time. Compared with these baseline levels and to laboratory controls, we observed a doubling in DNA alterations in mussels exposed to agricultural runoff in the third branch of the Pot au Beurre River. The genotoxic response was significantly lower in mussels caged in the first branch of the Pot au Beurre River, where longer stretches of shoreline have been restored as buffer strips. Glyphosate, mesotrione, imazethapyr, and metolachlor were the main discriminant pesticides between these two branches. Metolachlor was found in sufficient concentrations to induce DNA damage, but it is more likely that the observed genotoxicity was the result of a "cocktail effect," that is, the cumulative contribution of coexisting genotoxicants including the above-mentioned herbicides and ingredients in their formulation. Our findings suggest that the comet assay is a sensitive tool for the early detection of changes in water toxicity following the adoption of agricultural beneficial practices. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2201-2214. © 2023 Crown copyright and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the King's Printer for Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée D Gendron
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Émilie Lacaze
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zofia E Taranu
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rebecca Gouge
- Compliance Promotion and Marine Programs, Environmental Protection Operations, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yasmina Larbi-Youcef
- Direction Aménagement du Territoire et Développement Régional, Fédération de l'Union des producteurs agricoles de la Montérégie, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantale André
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Gagné
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gaëlle Triffault-Bouchet
- Division Écotoxicologie et Évaluation du risque, Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, Ministère de l'Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Giroux
- Direction générale du suivi de l'état de l'environnement, Ministère de l'Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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Makaras T, Stankevičiūtė M. Swimming behaviour in two ecologically similar three-spined (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) and nine-spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius L.): a comparative approach for modelling the toxicity of metal mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14479-14496. [PMID: 34617211 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sticklebacks (Gasterosteiformes) are increasingly used in ecological and evolutionary research and have become well established as role model species for biologists. However, ecotoxicology studies concerning behavioural effects in sticklebacks regarding stress responses, mainly induced by chemical mixtures, have hardly been addressed. For this purpose, we investigated the swimming behaviour (including mortality rate based on 96-h LC50 values) of two ecologically similar three-spined (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and nine-spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius) to short-term (up to 24 h) metal mixture (MIX) exposure. We evaluated the relevance and efficacy of behavioural responses of test species in the early toxicity assessment of chemical mixtures. Fish exposed to six (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Cr) metals in the mixture were either singled out by the Water Framework Directive as priority or as relevant substances in surface water, which was prepared according to the environmental quality standards (EQSs) of these metals set for inland waters in the European Union (EU) (Directive 2013/39/EU). The performed behavioural analysis showed the main effect on the interaction between time, species, and treatment variables. Although both species exposed to MIX revealed a decreasing tendency in swimming activity, these species' responsiveness to MIX was somewhat different. Substantial changes in the activity of G. aculeatus were established after a 3-h exposure to MIX solutions, which was 1.43-fold lower, while in the case of P. pungitius, 1.96-fold higher than established 96-h LC50 values for each species. This study demonstrated species-specific differences in response sensitivity to metal-based water pollution, indicating behavioural insensitivity of P. pungitius as model species for aquatic biomonitoring and environmental risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Makaras
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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de Siqueira WN, de França EJ, Pereira DR, Lima MDV, Silva HAMF, Sá JLF, de Araújo HDA, Melo AMMDA. Toxicity and genotoxicity of domestic sewage sludge in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:69343-69353. [PMID: 34296413 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Waste produced in homes is one of the main sources of pollutants in freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, it is imperative to implement methodologies that aid in environmental monitoring procedures. The use of organisms as biomonitors has grown increasingly prevalent as they are models that provide data that can be adequately evaluated. In this work, we investigated the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects caused by domestic sewage sludge through an analysis of biomarkers in the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata. For the tests, increasing concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 500 mg L-1 of domestic sewage sludge were standardized, in addition to control groups. Assays were performed after the mollusks were exposed to the domestic sewage sludge in acute (48 h) and chronic (15 d) manner. Toxicity tests were performed with embryonic and adult snails. The cytoplasmic and nuclear changes were analyzed in the hemocyte cells. Lastly, genotoxic damage was analyzed using the comet assay. Adult snails and embryos of B. glabrata showed no significant morphological changes. Domestic sludge caused deleterious effects on mollusks as confirmed after cell genotoxicity tests. Therefore, based on the results obtained from the analysis of B. glabrata hemocytes, we can affirm that domestic sewage sludge causes genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on mollusk cells. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata can be used as a good low-cost alternative to assist in the biomonitoring of freshwater environments. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Nascimento de Siqueira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo, s/n, Recife, PE, 50780-901, Brazil.
| | - Elvis Joacir de França
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Dewson Rocha Pereira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maíra de Vasconcelos Lima
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - José Luís Ferreira Sá
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Almeida SF, Belfort MRC, Cutrim MVJ, Carvalho-Costa LF, Pereira SRF, Luvizotto-Santos R. DNA damage in an estuarine fish inhabiting the vicinity of a major Brazilian port. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190652. [PMID: 33950142 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Itaqui Port Complex (northeastern Brazil) is one of the largest Brazilian port facilities, whose effluents and waste are dumped directly into the estuarine waters. Although environmental monitoring has been a concern around this site, there has been no toxicogenetics study on organisms living in this environment. Thus, we assessed the toxicogenetics potential of the estuarine waters surrounding Itaqui, using the native catfish Sciades herzbergii as a biomonitor. We found a significantly higher frequency of genetic damage and mutations in the animals collected near to Itaqui in both seasons compared to the reference site (distant from Itaqui with no port activities). We also quantified chemical elements in the surface water and sediments near the port and found that clorine, phosphorus, zinc, and boron were above the limits set by the Brazilian legislation. We suggest that such contaminants are involved in the origin of DNA damage. Moreover, we recommend including toxicogenetics assays in the environmental monitoring of pollutants, as well as in the definition of their allowable limits, as they could be used as law enforcement tools and help to predict large-scale contamination events associated with port activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange F Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Marta R C Belfort
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Marco V J Cutrim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Luis F Carvalho-Costa
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Silma R F Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luvizotto-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil
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Siqueira WND, França EJD, Pereira DR, Lima MDV, Silva HAMF, Araújo HDAD, Sá JLF, Melo AMMDA. Study of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects after acute and chronic exposures to industrial sewage sludge on Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126218. [PMID: 32088462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Industrial development has provided numerous benefits to improve quality of life in modern times, however, it has also led to the development and use of a large number of toxic chemicals which have caused damage to various ecosystems. Consequently, knowledge of techniques and organisms that can be used to monitor, identify and quantify environmental pollutants has become increasingly relevant. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata to analyze biomarker and biomonitoring parameters of industrial sewage sludge. To perform the tests, concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 500 mg L-1 of industrial sewage sludge were standardized. All the tests were performed after the animals were exposed to the sludge in acute and chronic forms. Embryos exposure to sludge did not show a significant percentage of the animals non-viable when compared to the control group. Subsequently, hemocytes were analyzed for the presence of cytoplasmic and nuclear alterations. Finally, the comet test was performed to quantify the genotoxic damage caused by exposure to industrial sludge. Analysis hemocytes showed a significant number of cellular alterations was observed, mainly due to the high frequency of apoptosis. Moreover, during the analysis of nucleoids several degrees of nuclear damage were identified, with the groups exposed to the highest concentrations presenting the greatest genotoxic damage. Thus, we can conclude that the parameters evaluated in the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata have proven to be a good tool, along with other techniques and complementary organisms, to assist aspects related to biomonitoring of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Nascimento de Siqueira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Elvis Joacir de França
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Dewson Rocha Pereira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maíra de Vasconcelos Lima
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Luís Ferreira Sá
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Gómez-Meda BC, Zúñiga-González GM, Sánchez-Orozco LV, Zamora-Perez AL, Rojas-Ramírez JP, Rocha-Muñoz AD, Sobrevilla-Navarro AA, Arellano-Avelar MA, Guerrero-de León AA, Armendáriz-Borunda JS, Sánchez-Parada MG. Buccal micronucleus cytome assay of populations under chronic heavy metal and other metal exposure along the Santiago River, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:522. [PMID: 28948473 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Santiago River is one of the most contaminated rivers in Mexico, with heavy metal levels above the allowed limits. Scientific evidence indicates that chronic heavy metal exposure leads to cytogenotoxic effects. The aims of this study were to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of such exposure in buccal mucosa cells by micronucleus (MN) assay and to identify other nuclear abnormalities (NAs), such as nuclear buds (NBUDs), binucleated cells (BNs), pyknotic nuclei (PNs), karyorrhexis (KX), karyolysis (KL), and abnormally condensed chromatin (CC). Assays were performed on samples from four populations located alongside the Santiago River that are under chronic exposure to heavy metals and other metals (HMMs), and the results were compared with those of a population without exposure to HMMs. The exposed group showed increased frequencies of NAs (KX, CC, and KL), which are associated with cytotoxic damage, and NBUDs, which are associated with genotoxic damage. Increased frequencies of NBUDs and CC were observed in subjects from El Salto/Juanacatlán, Ocotlán, and Paso de Guadalupe, and an increase in KX frequency was observed in subjects from El Salto/Juanacatlán. Significant differences in KL frequency were observed in subjects from La Barca, El Salto/Juanacatlán, Paso de Guadalupe, and Ocotlán. Predictors for increased development of MNs and NBUDs were high concentrations of Al, Zn, and Cu. In conclusion, chronic exposure to HMMs, especially Al, Cu, and Zn, in the studied population could be related to increased frequencies of NAs, such as NBUDs, KX, CC, and KL, in the buccal mucosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Gómez-Meda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - G M Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - L V Sánchez-Orozco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - A L Zamora-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - J P Rojas-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - A D Rocha-Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo periférico No. 555 Ejido San José Tatepozco, C.P. 48525, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - A A Sobrevilla-Navarro
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo periférico No. 555 Ejido San José Tatepozco, C.P. 48525, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M A Arellano-Avelar
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo periférico No. 555 Ejido San José Tatepozco, C.P. 48525, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - A A Guerrero-de León
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo periférico No. 555 Ejido San José Tatepozco, C.P. 48525, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - J S Armendáriz-Borunda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M G Sánchez-Parada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo periférico No. 555 Ejido San José Tatepozco, C.P. 48525, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Rambo CL, Zanotelli P, Dalegrave D, De Nez D, Szczepanik J, Carazek F, Franscescon F, Rosemberg DB, Siebel AM, Magro JD. Hydropower reservoirs: cytotoxic and genotoxic assessment using the Allium cepa root model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8759-8768. [PMID: 28213707 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydropower offers a reliable source of electricity in several countries, and Brazil supplies its energy needs almost entirely through hydropower plants. Nevertheless, hydropower plants comprise large buildings and water reservoirs and dams, resulting in huge ecological disruptions. Here, we analyzed the impact of four hydropower reservoirs construction in metals and pesticides incidence and the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of sediment elutriate of rivers from southern Brazil. Our analyses have evidenced the elevated incidence of different metals (lead, iron, cadmium, and chrome) and pesticides (methyl parathion, atrazine, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). We showed that Allium cepa exposed to sediment elutriates did not change the seed germination rate and mitotic index. However, roots from Allium cepa exposed to reservoirs sediment elutriates showed increased occurrence of chromosomal aberrations and nuclear abnormalities. Therefore, the results obtained in our study indicate that sediment from reservoirs present elevated concentration of metals and pesticides and a significant genotoxic potential. Taken together, our data support that hydropower reservoirs represent an environmental scenario that could impact surrounding wildlife and population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiano Lazarotto Rambo
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Attílio Fontana, 591E, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Zanotelli
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Attílio Fontana, 591E, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela Dalegrave
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Attílio Fontana, 591E, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil
| | - Dinara De Nez
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Attílio Fontana, 591E, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil
| | - Jozimar Szczepanik
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima. Rua Engenheiro Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Carazek
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Attílio Fontana, 591E, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil
| | - Francini Franscescon
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Attílio Fontana, 591E, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil
| | - Denis Broock Rosemberg
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Siebel
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Attílio Fontana, 591E, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil.
| | - Jacir Dal Magro
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Attílio Fontana, 591E, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil
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