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Boithias L, Jardé E, Latsachack K, Thammahacksa C, Silvera N, Soulileuth B, Xayyalart M, Viguier M, Pierret A, Rochelle-Newall E, Ribolzi O. Village Settlements in Mountainous Tropical Areas, Hotspots of Fecal Contamination as Evidenced by Escherichia coli and Stanol Concentrations in Stormwater Pulses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6335-6348. [PMID: 38530925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fecal bacteria in surface water may indicate threats to human health. Our hypothesis is that village settlements in tropical rural areas are major hotspots of fecal contamination because of the number of domestic animals usually roaming in the alleys and the lack of fecal matter treatment before entering the river network. By jointly monitoring the dynamics of Escherichia coli and of seven stanol compounds during four flood events (July-August 2016) at the outlet of a ditch draining sewage and surface runoff out of a village of Northern Lao PDR, our objectives were (1) to assess the range of E. coli concentration in the surface runoff washing off from a village settlement and (2) to identify the major contributory sources of fecal contamination using stanol compounds during flood events. E. coli pulses ranged from 4.7 × 104 to 3.2 × 106 most probable number (MPN) 100 mL-1, with particle-attached E. coli ranging from 83 to 100%. Major contributory feces sources were chickens and humans (about 66 and 29%, respectively), with the highest percentage switching from the human pole to the chicken pole during flood events. Concentrations indicate a severe fecal contamination of surface water during flood events and suggest that villages may be considered as major hotspots of fecal contamination pulses into the river network and thus as point sources in hydrological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Boithias
- GET, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Jardé
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Keooudone Latsachack
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Chanthanousone Thammahacksa
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Norbert Silvera
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Bounsamay Soulileuth
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Mose Xayyalart
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Marion Viguier
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Alain Pierret
- GET, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Emma Rochelle-Newall
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Est Créteil, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Ribolzi
- GET, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Devane M, Dupont PY, Robson B, Lin S, Scholes P, Wood D, Weaver L, Webster-Brown J, Gilpin B. Mobilization of Escherichia coli and fecal source markers from decomposing cowpats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158509. [PMID: 36063947 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In rural environments, the sources of fecal contamination in freshwater environments are often diffuse and a mix of fresh and aged fecal sources. It is important for water monitoring purposes, therefore, to understand the impacts of weathering on detection of the fecal source markers available for mobilization from livestock sources. This study targets the impacts of rainfall events on the mobilization of fecal source tracking (FST) markers from simulated cowpats decomposing in situ for five-and-a-half-months. The FST markers analysed were Escherichia coli, microbial source tracking (MST) markers, fecal steroids and a fecal ageing ratio based on the ratio between counts of river microflora and total coliforms. There was a substantial concentration of E. coli (104/100 mL) released from the ageing cowpats suggesting a long-term reservoir of E. coli in the cowpat. Mobilization of fecal markers from rainfall-impacted cowpats, however, was markedly reduced compared with fecal markers in the cowpat. Overall, the Bacteroidales bovine-associated MST markers were less persistent than E. coli in the cowpat and rainfall runoff. The ten fecal steroids, including the major herbivore steroid, 24-ethylcoprostanol, are shown to be stable markers of bovine pollution due to statistically similar degradation rates among all steroids. The mobilizable fraction for each FST marker in the rainfall runoff allowed generation of mobilization decline curves and the derived decline rate constants can be incorporated into source attribution models for agricultural contaminants. Findings from this study of aged bovine pollution sources will enable water managers to improve attribution of elevated E. coli to the appropriate fecal source in rural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Devane
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., (ESR) 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Pierre-Yves Dupont
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., (ESR) 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Beth Robson
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., (ESR) 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Susan Lin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., (ESR) 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula Scholes
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., (ESR) 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Wood
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., (ESR) 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., (ESR) 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Webster-Brown
- Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Brent Gilpin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., (ESR) 27 Creyke Rd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Jauković Z, Grujić S, Bujagić IM, Petković A, Laušević M. Steroid-based tracing of sewage-sourced pollution of river water and wastewater treatment efficiency: Dissolved and suspended water phase distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157510. [PMID: 35870600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the environmental distribution of steroid compounds and the level of sewage-derived contamination were assessed using sterol ratios in the confluence area of two major rivers in the Serbian capital, where raw sewage is discharged without any treatment. Special attention was paid to steroids partitioning between the dissolved and suspended phases of river and wastewater samples, since steroids tend to easily bind to particulate matter. The efficiency of sterol removal in two wastewater treatment plants in Serbia was also evaluated. Human/animal sterols coprostanol and cholesterol, and phytosterol β-sitosterol were the dominant compounds in all water samples. The sterol abundance pattern in river water was different from that in raw sewage, indicating a more pronounced biogenic input, as well as greater impact of wastewater discharges on the composition of the suspended phase. Severe contamination of the investigated area was determined, with the Danube being more contaminated than the Sava River due to different hydrodynamic conditions leading to significantly higher sterol levels in the suspended particulate matter. It was also shown that the greater part of human/animal sterols and phytosterols present in river water samples (83.0 ± 11.9 % and 87.1 ± 15.2 %) and wastewater samples (92.1 ± 6.8 % and 95.0 ± 5.7 %) was bound to suspended material compared to the dissolved phase, emphasizing the need to consider and analyze both water phases in the tracing of steroid-based environmental pollution in order to obtain a realistic picture of steroid contamination and their fate in the aquatic environment. A high removal rate (>98 %) of coprostanol and cholesterol during wastewater treatment was determined and only the coprostanol/(coprostanol + cholestanol) ratio was found to be sensitive enough to be affected by an improvement in the quality of treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Jauković
- Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Grujić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Matić Bujagić
- Academy of Applied Technical Studies Belgrade, Belgrade Polytechnic College, Katarine Ambrozić 3, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anđelka Petković
- Jaroslav Černi Water Institute, Jaroslava Černog 80, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mila Laušević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Larson EA, Afolabi A, Zheng J, Ojeda AS. Sterols and sterol ratios to trace fecal contamination: pitfalls and potential solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:53395-53402. [PMID: 35287190 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution in surface waters is a major threat to recreational and drinking water resources, with Escherichia coli being a primary concern. The best way to mitigate fecal pollutant loading is to identify the sources and tailor remediation strategies to reduce loading. Tracking E. coli back to its source is notoriously difficult in a mixed-use watershed where input from humans, wildlife, and livestock all contribute to E. coli loading. One proposed tracking method for E. coli contamination is the use of fecal sterols and sterol ratios. This study uses fecal sterol data published globally to assess how well sterol compositions for different species clusters along with the effectiveness of sterol ratios as tracking tools. Hierarchical cluster analysis produces stronger clusters based on sterol ratios than raw sterol concentration, but the global dataset results in clustering of the same species in different levels. The accuracy of the sterol ratios was also compared to understand the rate of false negatives and false positive assignments. Overall, these ratios did not have a high success rate for determining the correct source, which was also reflected in the poor clustering trends observed. Establishing local end-member sterol profiles is essential when using sterol signatures to unravel fecal loading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayomide Afolabi
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jingyi Zheng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Phiri BJ, Hayman DTS, Biggs PJ, French NP, Garcia-R JC. Microbial diversity in water and animal faeces: a metagenomic analysis to assess public health risk. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1831556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J. Phiri
- Biosecurity Surveillance and Incursion Investigation Team, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J. Biggs
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P. French
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Juan C. Garcia-R
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Mashjoor S, Mohamadjafari Dehkordi S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Cappello T. Steroid Fingerprint Analysis of Endangered Caspian Seal ( Pusa caspica) through the Gorgan Bay (Caspian Sea). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7339-7353. [PMID: 32459473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The profile of steroid congeners was evaluated in Caspian seals Pusa caspica by age, sex, and tissue-specific bioaccumulation, and compared with that of abiotic matrices (seawater, surface sediment, and suspended particulate materials, SPMs) from Miankaleh Wildlife/Gorgan Bay, (Caspian Sea, Iran). To identify the level of human fecal contamination, ∑25 sterol congeners were measured in all abiotic/biotic samples, revealing coprostanol, a proxy for human feces, as the most abundant sterol (seawater: 45.1-20.3 ng L-1; surface sediment: 90.2-70.3 ng g-1 dw; SPMs: 187.7-157.6 ng g-1 dw). The quantification of ∑25 sterols in seals followed the order of brain > liver > kidney > heart > blood > spleen > muscle > intestine > blubber > fur, and in both sexes coprostanol level (8.95-21.01% of ∑25s) was higher in blubber and fur, followed by cholesterol in brain, liver, kidney, heart, and blood, cholestanone in intestine and muscle, and β-sitosterol in spleen. Though no age/sex differentiation was observed, the mean concentration of ∑25s was higher in male than females and pup. Different diagnostic ratios revealed sterols originating from human and nonhuman sewage sources. Findings pinpoint the urgent necessity to investigate the ecotoxicity of fecal sterols in mammals, and consequent implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Sakineh Mashjoor
- Department of Marine biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Marine Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shirin Mohamadjafari Dehkordi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy
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7
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Multicentury perspective assessing the sustainability of the historical harvest of seaducks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8425-8430. [PMID: 30936301 PMCID: PMC6486763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814057116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Where available, census data on seabirds often do not extend beyond a few years or decades, challenging our ability to identify drivers of population change and to develop conservation policies. Here, we reconstruct long-term population dynamics of northern common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis). We analyzed sterols together with stable nitrogen isotopes in dated pond sediment cores to show that eiders underwent broadscale population declines over the 20th century at Canadian subarctic breeding sites. Likely, a rapidly growing Greenland population, combined with relocation of Inuit to larger Arctic communities and associated increases in the availability of firearms and motors during the early to mid-20th century, generated more efficient hunting practices, which in turn reduced the number of adult eiders breeding at Canadian nesting islands. Our paleolimnological approach highlights that current and local monitoring windows for many sensitive seabird species may be inadequate for making key conservation decisions.
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Hargan KE, Stewart EM, Michelutti N, Grooms C, Kimpe LE, Mallory ML, Smol JP, Blais JM. Sterols and stanols as novel tracers of waterbird population dynamics in freshwater ponds. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0631. [PMID: 29695442 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the expansion of urban centres in the mid-twentieth century and the post-1970 decrease in pesticides, populations of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) around Lake Ontario (Canada and USA) have rapidly rebounded, possibly to unprecedented numbers. Along with the use of traditional palaeolimnological methods (e.g. stable isotopes, biological proxies), we now have the capacity to develop specific markers for directly tracking the presence of waterbirds on nesting islands. Here, we apply the use of lipophilic sterols and stanols from both plant and animal-faecal origins as a reliable technique, independent of traditional isotopic methods, for pinpointing waterbird arrival and population growth over decadal timescales. Sterol and stanol concentrations measured in the guano samples of waterbird species were highly variable within a species and between the three species of waterbirds examined. However, cholesterol was the dominant sterol in guano, and phytosterols were also high in ring-billed gull guano. This variability highlights a specialist piscivorous diet for cormorants compared to a generalist, omnivorous diet for gulls, which may now often include grain and invertebrates from agricultural fields. A ratio that includes cholesterol and sitosterol plus their aerobically reduced products (cholestanol, stigmastanol) best explained the present range of bird abundance across the islands and was significantly correlated to sedimentary δ15N. Overall, we demonstrate the use of sterols and stanols as a direct means for tracking the spatial and temporal presence of waterbirds on islands across Lake Ontario, and probably elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Hargan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Emily M Stewart
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Neal Michelutti
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Christopher Grooms
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Linda E Kimpe
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Mark L Mallory
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4P 2R6
| | - John P Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Jules M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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Devane ML, Moriarty EM, Robson B, Lin S, Wood D, Webster-Brown J, Gilpin BJ. Relationships between chemical and microbial faecal source tracking markers in urban river water and sediments during and post-discharge of human sewage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1588-1604. [PMID: 30360285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the relationships between faecal source tracking (FST) markers (quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) markers and steroids), microbial indicators, the faecal ageing ratio of atypical colonies/total coliforms (AC/TC) and potential human pathogens (Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Campylobacter). Faecal source PCR markers tested were GenBac3, HumM3, HumBac (HF183-Bac708R); Bifidobacterium adolescentis, wildfowl and canine-associated markers. Sediment and water samples from the Avon River were collected during and post-discharge of untreated human sewage inputs, following a series of earthquakes, which severely damaged the Christchurch sewerage system. Significant, positive Spearman Ranks (rs) correlations were observed between human-associated qPCR markers and steroid FST markers and Escherichia coli and F-specific RNA bacteriophage (rs 0.57 to 0.84, p < 0.001) in water samples. These human source indicative FST markers demonstrated that they were also effective predictors of potentially pathogenic protozoa in water (rs 0.43-0.74, p ≤ 0.002), but correlated less well with Campylobacter. Human-associated qPCR and steroid markers showed significant, substantial agreement between the two FST methods (Cohen's kappa, 0.78, p = 0.023), suggesting that water managers could be confident in the results using either method under these contamination conditions. Low levels of fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) (mean 0.06 μg/L, range 0.01-0.40 μg/L) were observed in water throughout the study, but steroids and FWA appeared to be retained in river sediments, months after continuous sewage discharges had ceased. No relationship was observed between chemical FST markers in sediments and the overlying water, and few correlations in sediment between chemical FST markers and target microorganisms. The low values observed for the faecal ageing ratio, AC/TC in water, were significantly, negatively correlated with increasing pathogen detection. This study provides support for the use of the AC/TC ratio, and qPCR and steroid FST markers as indicators of health risks associated with the discharge of raw human sewage into a freshwater system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Devane
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Elaine M Moriarty
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Beth Robson
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Susan Lin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Wood
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Webster-Brown
- Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Brent J Gilpin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Harrault L, Milek K, Jardé E, Jeanneau L, Derrien M, Anderson DG. Faecal biomarkers can distinguish specific mammalian species in modern and past environments. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211119. [PMID: 30730906 PMCID: PMC6366745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the presence of animals based on faecal deposits in modern and ancient environments is of primary importance to archaeologists, ecologists, forensic scientists, and watershed managers, but it has proven difficult to distinguish faecal material to the species level. Until now, four 5β-stanols have been deployed as faecal biomarkers to distinguish between omnivores and herbivores, but they cannot distinguish between species. Here we present a database of faecal signatures from ten omnivore and herbivore species based on eleven 5β-stanol compounds, which enables us to distinguish for the first time the faecal signatures of a wide range of animals. We validated this fingerprinting method by testing it on modern and ancient soil samples containing known faecal inputs and successfully distinguished the signatures of different omnivores and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Harrault
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Karen Milek
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Jardé
- Université Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Jeanneau
- Université Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Rennes, France
| | - Morgane Derrien
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - David G. Anderson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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11
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González-Acevedo ZI, García-Zarate MA, Flores-Lugo IP. Emerging contaminants and nutrients in a saline aquifer of a complex environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:885-897. [PMID: 30469283 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The quality and availability of water has become a pressing issue worldwide, being particularly important in semi-arid regions, where climate change has aggravated the problem. The use of anthropogenic chemicals, classified as emerging pollutants, adds to the problem representing a treat, since they are not regulated and have a potential impact on human and environmental health. This pressing problem has not been studied widely in complex environments like the one we present here. Distribution and seasonal variability of fecal sterols, alkylphenols, pesticides (emerging pollutants) and nutrients were determined in 35 wells used for agriculture and human consumption in the Valley of Maneadero, located in the semi-arid region of Baja California, Mexico. The presence of the tested pollutants in the saline aquifer was heterogeneous, showing important differences in concentration and distribution. Wells destined for household use showed the highest variability. In these wells, anthropogenic fecal sterols were detected and, alkylphenols, such as octyphenol and nonylphenol had maximum concentrations (2.7 ng/mL). In agriculture and urban wells, we identified DDT and organochlorine pesticides, as well as myclobutanil, which is considered a modern pesticide. Nitrates were identified in concentrations above international standards, mainly during the dry season, in both the agricultural and urban areas. As emerging pollutants represent a negative effect on environmental and human health, this is the first paper showing the importance of measuring this type of pollutant in agricultural/semi-urban areas, especially in aquifers that have been overexploited and communities that have relied on the use of septic tanks for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayre I González-Acevedo
- Geology Department, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, C. P, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Marco A García-Zarate
- Applied Physics Department, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, C. P, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - I Pamela Flores-Lugo
- Postgraduate Program on Environmental Geosciences, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, C. P, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Devane ML, Weaver L, Singh SK, Gilpin BJ. Fecal source tracking methods to elucidate critical sources of pathogens and contaminant microbial transport through New Zealand agricultural watersheds - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 222:293-303. [PMID: 29860123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In New Zealand, there is substantial potential for microbial contaminants from agricultural fecal sources to be transported into waterways. The flow and transport pathways for fecal contaminants vary at a range of scales and is dependent on chemical, physical and biological attributes of pathways, soils, microorganisms and landscape characteristics. Understanding contaminant transport pathways from catchment to stream can aid water management strategies. It is not practical, however to conduct direct field measurement for all catchments on the fate and transport of fecal pathogens due to constraints on time, personnel, and material resources. To overcome this problem, fecal source tracking can be utilised to link catchment characteristics to fecal signatures identifying critical sources. In this article, we have reviewed approaches to identifying critical sources and pathways for fecal microorganisms from agricultural sources, and make recommendations for the appropriate use of these fecal source tracking (FST) tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Devane
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Shailesh K Singh
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 10 Kyle St, Riccarton Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Brent J Gilpin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Bódi I, Minkó K, Fölker O, Benyeda Z, Felföldi B, Magyar A, Kiss A, Palya V, Oláh I. Expression of caveolin-1 in the interfollicular but not the follicle-associated epithelial cells in the bursa of fabricius of chickens. J Morphol 2017; 279:17-26. [PMID: 28914464 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The surface epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius consists of interfollicular (IFE) and follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). The IFE comprises (i) cylindrical-shaped secretory cells (SC) and (ii) cuboidal basal cells (BCs). The FAE provides histological and two-way functional connections between the bursal lumen and medulla of the follicle. We used a carbon solution and anti-caveolin-1 (Cav-1) to study the endocytic activity of FAE. Carbon particles entered the intercellular space of FAE, but the carbon particles were not internalized by the FAE cells. Cav-1 was not detectable in the FAE cells or the medulla of the bursal follicle. The absence of Cav-1 indicates that no caveolin-mediated endocytosis occurs in the FAE cells, B cells, bursal secretory dendritic cells (BSDC), or reticular epithelial cells. Surprisingly, a significant number of Cav-1 positive cells can be found among the SC, which are designated SC II. Cav-1 negative cell are called SC I, and they produce mucin for lubricating the bursal lumen and duct. Occasionally, BCs also express Cav-1, which suggests that BC is a precursor of a SC. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the existence of type I and II SC. The SC II are highly polarized and have an extensive trans-Golgi network that is rich in different granules and vesicles. Western blot analysis of bursa lysates revealed a 21-23 kDa compound (caveolin) and Filipin fluorescence histochemistry provided evidence for intracellular cholesterol. High amount of cholesterol in the feces shows the cholesterol efflux from SC II. The presence of Cav-1 and cholesterol in SC II indicates, that the bursa is a complex organ in addition to possessing immunological function contributes to the cholesterol homeostasis in the chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Bódi
- Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Minkó
- Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Fölker
- Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | | | - Balázs Felföldi
- A Ceva Animal Health (Ceva-Phylaxia), Szállás utca 5, 1107 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Magyar
- Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Anna Kiss
- Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Vilmos Palya
- A Ceva Animal Health (Ceva-Phylaxia), Szállás utca 5, 1107 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Oláh
- Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
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Derrien M, Yang L, Hur J. Lipid biomarkers and spectroscopic indices for identifying organic matter sources in aquatic environments: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 112:58-71. [PMID: 28131099 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of organic matter (OM) and the roles in global and local carbon cycles is challenging to the fields of environmental sciences and biogeochemistry. The accurate identification of OM is an essential element to achieve this goal. Lipids, due to their ubiquitous presence and diagenetic and chemical stability, have long and successfully been used as molecular makers in assessing the sources and the fate of OM in natural environments. In parallel, optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) have been suggested as efficient tools in tracing OM sources. In this review, three representative lipid biomarkers and several common spectroscopic indices were compared for their capabilities to identify OM sources in various aquatic environments. Spectroscopic indices present various benefits in term of the high sensitivity, easy and rapid analysis, and a low cost, providing reliable information on major sources (i.e., autochthonous, allochthonous and anthropogenic) of DOM in given systems investigated. However, for further understanding the associated biogeochemistry (e.g., diagenetic changes in sources), using biomarkers is preferable due to their abilities to identify a wide spectrum of different sources simultaneously as well as their high resolution for mixed OM sources. Thus, a complementary use of both tools is highly recommended for accurately tracking OM sources and the dynamics in aquatic systems, particularly in a watershed affected by multiple sources. Nevertheless, future studies need to be carried out (1) to refine the accuracy of the source assignments in a wide range of settings along with the development of an extensive database encompassing various sources, environmental factors, and geographical locations and (2) to understand how biogeochemical processes reflect the biomarkers and the spectroscopic indices used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Derrien
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Liyang Yang
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea.
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