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Parmar J, Qureshi A. Accounting of the Use and Emissions of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compounds (PCBs) in India, 1951-2100. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4763-4774. [PMID: 36926860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs) are highly toxic organic chemicals still prevalent in the environment. While global inventories of the use and emissions of PCBs have been developed, estimates for individual countries determined using bottom-up approaches are few and often show different trends from the global inventory. Here, we determine the past, present, and future consumption and emissions of PCBs in India. A mass balance model was used to estimate middle (low-high) emissions in the period 1950-2100. Up to 7296 tonnes of PCBs have been used in transformers. PCBs imported as wastes are estimated to be approximately 5000 (2400-9100) tonnes. Total emissions from the use and disposal of transformers, industrial processes, and imported waste disposal are estimated to become 13 (0.1-537) tonnes, 89.26 (0.5-178) tonnes, 63 (3-910) tonnes, respectively, in the period 1950-2100. Congener-specific emissions are relatively high for low-chlorinated PCBs (-8, 18, 28, 31, 52, 101, 110, 118, 153, range: 0.1-118 tonnes). We find that industrial emissions are becoming important sources of PCBs and may become predominant, depending on emission scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Parmar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, TS 502285, India
| | - Asif Qureshi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, TS 502285, India
- Department of Climate Change, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, TS 502285, India
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2
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Afolabi OL, Iwegbue CMA, Obi G, Tesi GO, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in imported canned fish in Nigeria and risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:32-41. [PMID: 36268849 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2120543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in imported canned fish such as mackerel, sardine and tuna to evaluate the risk relating to human consumption of these products. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to evaluate the concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the samples. The ∑28 PCB concentrations in the canned mackerel, tuna and sardine ranged from 0.33 to 9.48 ng g -1, <LOQ to 8.8 ng g-1 and <LOQ to 15.1 ng g-1, respectively, while the ∑14 PCDD/Fs concentrations varied from 0.06 to 4.70 ng g-1 for mackerel, 0.72 to 9.43 ng g-1 for tuna and not detected to 22.0 ng g -1 for sardines. Health risk analysis suggests that ingestion of these samples could lead to adverse non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks over a lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obehi L Afolabi
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | | | - Grace Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Popli S, Badgujar PC, Agarwal T, Bhushan B, Mishra V. Persistent organic pollutants in foods, their interplay with gut microbiota and resultant toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155084. [PMID: 35395291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have become immensely prevalent in the environment as a result of their unique chemical properties (persistent, semi-volatile and bioaccumulative nature). Their occurrence in the soil, water and subsequently in food has become a matter of concern. With food being one of the major sources of exposure, the detrimental impact of these chemicals on the gut microbiome is inevitable. The gut microbiome is considered as an important integrant for human health. It participates in various physiological, biochemical and immunological activities; thus, affects the metabolism and physiology of the host. A myriad of studies have corroborated an association between POP-induced gut microbial dysbiosis and prevalence of disorders. For instance, ingestion of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers or organochlorine pesticides influenced bile acid metabolism via alteration of bile salt hydrolase activity of Lactobacillus, Clostridium or Bacteroides genus. At the same time, some chemicals such as DDE have the potential to elevate Proteobacteria and Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio influencing their metabolic activity leading to enhanced short-chain fatty acid synthesis, ensuing obesity or a pre-diabetic state. This review highlights the impact of POPs exposure on the gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity, along with an account of its corresponding consequences on the host physiology. The critical role of gut microbiota in impeding the POPs excretion out of the body resulting in their prolonged exposure and consequently, enhanced degree of toxicity is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Popli
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028, India
| | - Prarabdh C Badgujar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028, India.
| | - Tripti Agarwal
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028, India
| | - Vijendra Mishra
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028, India.
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Sharma BM, Bharat GK, Chakraborty P, Martiník J, Audy O, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Kukreti PK, Sharma A, Kalina J, Steindal EH, Nizzetto L. A comprehensive assessment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in an Indian food basket: Levels, dietary intakes, and comparison with European data. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117750. [PMID: 34265562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in diet are a health concern and their monitoring in food has been introduced in the European Union. In developing countries, EDC dietary exposure data are scarce, especially from areas perceived as pollution hotspots, including industrialized countries like India. Several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) act as EDCs and pose a pressure to human health mainly through dietary exposure. In the present study, a range of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dioxins and furans were measured in several food items collected from Indian urban (Delhi) and peri-urban (Dehradun) areas. Food basket contamination data were used to estimate EDC dietary exposure and compare it with that of the average European population estimated from available monitoring data. All the target contaminants were found in most food items, especially in dairies and meat products. OCPs were the main contributers to the measured EDC contamination. Food supplied to Delhi's markets had higher EDC contamination than that supplied to the peri-urban market in Dehradun. Despite lax compliance and control measures, Indian dietary exposure of OCPs and PBDEs were comparable with that of Europe and were lower for PCBs and dioxins. Higher meat consumption in Europe only partly explained this pattern which was driven also by the higher EDC residues in some European food items. A substantial part of endocrine disrupting potential in the diet derives from food and animal feeds internationally traded between developed and developing countries. With increasingly globalized food systems, internationally harmonized policies on EDC content in food can lead to better protection of health in both these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girija K Bharat
- Mu Gamma Consultants Pvt. Ltd., 122018, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, 603203, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jakub Martiník
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Audy
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Anežka Sharma
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eirik Hovland Steindal
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Universitetstunet 3, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
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Witczak A, Harada D, Aftyka A, Cybulski J. Endocrine-disrupting organochlorine xenobiotics in fish products imported from Asia-an assessment of human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:132. [PMID: 33590385 PMCID: PMC7884584 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The sources of endocrine-disrupting persistent organochlorine compounds (OC) are environmental pollutants. Contaminated food is a direct result of environmental pollution, and fish are considered as the main source of OC in the human diet. This study aimed to analyze the contamination of imported fish fillets with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in the context of potential health risks of consumers in Poland in the light of the new tolerable weekly intake (TWI) values. The tested compounds in fish products were determined by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GS-MS) method. Despite the detection of almost all pesticides analyzed in the fish fillets tested, the risk factor (hazard quotient) was significantly lower than 1.0, ranging from 0.003 to 0.013. Considering the previous recommended TWI value (14 pg-TEQ/kg bw/week), the estimated weekly intake was lower at 43-53% of TWI. However, according to the new TWI values set by the EFSA in 2018, the estimated weekly intake was about three times higher than the TWI. This raises concerns regarding threats to consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Witczak
- Department of Toxicology, Dairy Technology and Food Storage, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Daiki Harada
- Laboratory of Regulation of Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Aleksandra Aftyka
- Department of Toxicology, Dairy Technology and Food Storage, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Cybulski
- Department of Toxicology, Dairy Technology and Food Storage, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
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Malina N, Mazlova EA, Kulikova O. Markers of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) degradation in highly contaminated soil of Central Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36587-36595. [PMID: 32564313 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The highly polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated historical soil is located in the Serpukhov region (Central Russia). This study evaluates the processes of PCB degradation in the soil under natural conditions. Compositions of industrial mixtures (Sovol, Sovtol, and trichlorodiphenyl) were compared with PCB-contaminated soil from different depths. An increased number of dichlorobiphenyls (6 congeners) were determined in the deeper soil horizons (40-60 cm) in comparison with the surface layer (1 congener). Non-associated with industrial mixture congener, PCB 11 was determined in some soil layers with concentrations reaching 3.6 mg/kg. PCB 11 can be considered as a potential marker of activated degradation processes in highly contaminated soils with industrial mixtures. Aegopodium podagraria reduced total PCB concentrations in the contaminated soil to 25% during pot experiments. Prospective precursors of PCB 11 were significantly depleted (62-88%) after phytoremediation, but this did not increase PCB 11 concentration in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malina
- Department of Industrial Ecology, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Leninskiy pr-t 65k1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991.
| | - Elena A Mazlova
- Department of Industrial Ecology, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Leninskiy pr-t 65k1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - Olga Kulikova
- Department of Industrial Ecology, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Leninskiy pr-t 65k1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
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Tesi GO, Iniaghe PO. Polychlorinated biphenyls in canned sardines in Nigeria and health risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2020; 13:200-206. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1762758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Godswill O. Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
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Yang J, Gu W, Li Y. Biological enrichment prediction of polychlorinated biphenyls and novel molecular design based on 3D-QSAR/HQSAR associated with molecule docking. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180409. [PMID: 31101726 PMCID: PMC6522710 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the experimental data of octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow, represents bioaccumulation) for 13 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were used to establish 3D-QSAR models, combined with the hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR), the substitution sites (mono-substituted and bis-substituted) and substituent groups (electron-withdrawing hydrophobic groups) that significantly affect the octanol-water partition coefficients values of PCBs were identified, a total of 63 monosubstituted and bis-substituted were identified. Compared with using 3D-QSAR model alone, the coupling of 3D-QSAR and HQSAR models greatly increased the number of newly designed bis-substituted molecules, and the logKow reduction in newly designed bis-substituted molecules was larger than that of monosubstituted molecules. This was established to predict the Kow values of 196 additional PCBs and carry out a modification of target molecular PCB-207 to lower its Kow (biological enrichment) significantly, simultaneously maintaining the flame retardancy and insulativity after calculation by using Gaussian09. Simultaneously, molecular docking could further screen out three more environmental friendly low biological enrichment newly designed PCB-207 molecules (5-methyl-PCB-207, 5-amino-PCB-207, and 4-amino-5-ethyl-PCB-207).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
- Moe Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
- Moe Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
- Moe Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
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Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Ahmed MK, Islam MS, Hossain A, Tokumura M, Masunaga S. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in commonly consumed seafood from the coastal area of Bangladesh: occurrence, distribution, and human health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1355-1369. [PMID: 30426367 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake is the most important route of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure and seafood is the major dietary component for the coastal populations. It is, therefore, an urgent need to assess the levels of PCBs in seafood. A comprehensive congener-specific evaluation of PCBs was carried out for the first time in Bangladesh. All 209 congeners of PCBs in 48 seafood samples (5 finfish and 2 shellfish species) collected in winter and summer of 2015 were measured by GC-MS/MS. Regardless of season and site, the ∑PCBs (ng/g wet weight) in finfish and shellfish were in the range of 6.4-86.2 and 3.8-37.7, respectively. The results were comparable to or higher than those observed in other studies worldwide, particularly from Spain, China, Korea, Thailand, and Hong Kong. No significant seasonal variation was observed in the levels of ∑PCBs in the examined seafood (p > 0.05); however, interspecies differences were significant (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, spatial distribution revealed seafood collected from the areas with recent urbanization and industrialization (Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, and Sundarbans) were more contaminated with PCBs than the area unaffected by industries (Meghna Estuary). Moderately chlorinated (4-6 Cl) homologs dominated the PCB profiles. The congener profile and homolog composition revealed that the source origin of PCBs in the Bangladeshi seafood was related to mixtures of technical PCBs formulations. The dietary exposure assessment revealed that the coastal residents are sufficiently exposed to the dietary PCBs through seafood consumption which may cause severe health risk including dioxin-like toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Habibullah-Al-Mamun
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, Earth & Environmental Science Faculty, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Anwar Hossain
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9, Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9, Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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de Lima e Silva MR, Correa RC, Sakamoto IK, Varesche MBA. Microbial Characterization of Methanogenic and Iron-reducing Consortium in Reactors with Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75:666-676. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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