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Chianese E, Riccio A. Long-term variation in exposure to NO 2 concentrations in the city of Naples, Italy: Results of a citizen science project. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172799. [PMID: 38705307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate long-term changes in the level of exposure to NO2 among the population living in the urban area of Naples (south Italy). This has been achieved by integrating data from the regional reference monitoring network with information collected during the citizen science initiative called 'NO2, NO grazie!' conducted in February 2020 and coordinated by the Non-Governmental Organisation 'Cittadini per l'aria'. This citizen science campaign was based on low-cost passive samplers (Palmes tubes), providing the ability to obtain unprecedented high-resolution NO2 levels. Using a Land Use Random Forest (LURF), we extrapolated the experimental data obtained from the citizen science campaign and evaluated the changes in population exposure from 2013 to 2022 and the uncertainty associated with this assessment was quantified. The results indicate that a large proportion of the inhabitants of Naples are still exposed to high NO2 concentrations, even if strict emission containment measures are enforced. The average levels remain higher than the new interim and air quality targets suggested by the World Health Organisation. The implementation of co-created citizen science projects, where NGO and citizens actively participate alongside scientists, can significantly improve the estimation and the interpretation of official reference data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chianese
- Pathenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, Naples 80143, Italy.
| | - Angelo Riccio
- Pathenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, Naples 80143, Italy.
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Gallego-Cartagena E, Morillas H, Morgado-Gamero W, Fuentes-Gandara F, Vacca-Jimeno V, Salcedo I, Madariaga JM, Maguregui M. Elemental imaging approach to assess the ability of subaerial biofilms growing on constructions located in tropical climates as potential biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metals pollution. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136743. [PMID: 36209867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the concern about air pollution has increased significantly, especially in urban areas. Active sampling of air pollutants requires specific instrumentation not always available in all the laboratories. Passive sampling has a lower cost than active alternatives but still requires efforts to cover extensive areas. The use of biological systems as passive samplers might be a solution that provides information about air pollution to assist decision-makers in environmental health and urban planning. This study aims to employ subaerial biofilms (SABs) growing naturally on façades of historical and recent constructions as natural passive biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metals pollution. Concretely, SABs spontaneously growing on constructions located in a tropical climate, like the one of the city of Barranquilla (Colombia), have been used to develop the methodological approach here presented as an alternative to SABS grown under laboratory conditions. After a proper identification of the biocolonizers in the SAB through taxonomic and morphological observations, the study of the particulate matter accumulated on the SABs of five constructions was conducted under a multi-analytical approach based mainly on elemental imaging studies by micro Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-EDXRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) techniques, trying to reduce the time needed and associated costs. This methodology allowed to discriminate metals that are part of the original structure of the SABs, from those coming from the anthropogenic emissions. The whole methodology applied assisted the identification of the main metallic particles that could be associated with nearby anthropogenic sources of emission such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti by SEM-EDS and by μ-EDXRF Ba, Sb, Sn, Cl and Br apart others; revealing that it could be used as a good alternative for a rapid screening of the atmospheric heavy metals pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euler Gallego-Cartagena
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Héctor Morillas
- Department of Didactic of Mathematics, Experimental and Social Sciences, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Wendy Morgado-Gamero
- Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Fabio Fuentes-Gandara
- Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Víctor Vacca-Jimeno
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad Del Atlántico, Km5 Vía Puerto Colombia, 081007, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Isabel Salcedo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 450, 01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
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Liu G, Moore K, Su WC, Delclos GL, Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D, Yu B, Tian H, Luo B, Lin S, Lewis GT, Craft E, Zhang K. Chemical explosion, COVID-19, and environmental justice: Insights from low-cost air quality sensors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157881. [PMID: 35944636 PMCID: PMC9356636 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the impact of the Intercontinental Terminals Company (ITC) fire and COVID-19 on airborne particulate matter (PM) concentrations and the PM disproportionally affecting communities in Houston using low-cost sensors. METHODS We compared measurements from a network of low-cost sensors with a separate network of monitors from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Houston metropolitan area from Mar 18, 2019, to Dec 31, 2020. Further, we examined the associations between neighborhood-level sociodemographic status and air pollution patterns by linking the low-cost sensor data to EPA environmental justice screening and mapping systems. FINDINGS We found increased PM levels during ITC fire and pre-COVID-19, and lower PM levels after the COVID-19 lockdown, comparable to observations from the regulatory monitors, with higher variations and a greater number of locations with high PM levels detected. In addition, the environmental justice analysis showed positive associations between higher PM levels and the percentage of minority, low-income population, and demographic index. IMPLICATION Our study indicates that low-cost sensors provide pollutant measures with higher spatial variations and a better ability to identify hot spots and high peak concentrations. These advantages provide critical information for disaster response and environmental justice studies. SYNOPSIS We used measurements from a low-cost sensor network for air pollution monitoring and environmental justice analysis to examine the impact of anthropogenic and natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guning Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Katie Moore
- Clarity Movement Co., Durham, NC, USA; Environmental Defense Fund, 301 Congress Avenue, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Su
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George L Delclos
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Shao Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Grace Tee Lewis
- Environmental Defense Fund, 301 Congress Avenue, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Elena Craft
- Environmental Defense Fund, 301 Congress Avenue, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
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Bernat-Ponce E, Gil-Delgado JA, López-Iborra GM. Recreational noise pollution of traditional festivals reduces the juvenile productivity of an avian urban bioindicator. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117247. [PMID: 33984779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Noise is a pollutant of emergent concern for ecologists and conservation biologists. Recreational noise pollution, especially unpredictable and intermittent sounds, and its effects on wildlife and biodiversity have been poorly studied. Researchers have paid very little attention to the effect of noisy traditional festivals (fireworks and powder-guns). This study aimed to explore the effect of these recreational activities on the juvenile productivity of an urban avian bioindicator: the house sparrow. We studied five pairs of localities in the Valencia Region (E Spain) with noisy traditional festivals. Each pair was composed of one locality with festivals during the breeding season and the closest similar locality, but with festivals outside the reproductive period (controls). Both locality types were sampled twice each spring (May-June of 2019 and 2020). Sampling dates were selected as 15 and 30 days after noisy festivals ended, while the control localities were sampled 1 day after the census of their correspondent town pair with noisy breeding season festivals. The ratio of the juveniles/adults detected during surveys in the influence area of festivals (100-m buffer around the parades route) was used as a house sparrow breeding success proxy. Data were analysed using GLMM: year (2019/2020), festivals season (breeding/non-breeding), survey (15/30 days), and their interactions were included as fixed factors. Pair of localities and locality nested within the pair were random factors. In 2019, juvenile productivity was lower in the towns with noisy traditional festivals during the breeding season than in the control towns. The 2020 festivals were cancelled due to COVID-19. In spring 2020, house sparrow juvenile productivity was the same in both town groups. Lockdown did not increase this species' juvenile productivity in the control localities in 2020 versus 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Bernat-Ponce
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology / Terrestrial Vertebrates Ecology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
| | - José A Gil-Delgado
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology / Terrestrial Vertebrates Ecology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Germán M López-Iborra
- Departamento de Ecología/IMEM Ramon Margalef, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. Correos 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain.
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Fernandes G, Bastos MC, Mondamert L, Labanowski J, Burrow RA, Rheinheimer DDS. Organic composition of epilithic biofilms from agricultural and urban watershed in South Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28808-28824. [PMID: 33550548 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active functional groups in biofilms determine the adsorption and desorption of contaminants and nutrients. Epilithic biofilms were characterized in order to understand the association between the chemistry alteration patterns and the surrounding anthropic activities of the Guaporé River watershed. The instrumental analyses included pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the IR region with attenuated total reflectance, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. Spectrometric techniques demonstrated that epilithic biofilms are mainly composed of polysaccharides, nitrogen-containing compounds, lipids, and aromatic and phenolic structures, which have functional groups characteristic of alcohols, esters, ethers, and amides. The polysaccharide levels reflect well the environmental pressures. The chemical composition of epilithic biofilms can be an effective tool for environmental assessment in watercourses, since the different anthropic actions developed in watersheds, mainly agriculture and urban areas, can modify the organic fraction of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracieli Fernandes
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Prédio 42, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, Avenida Roraima n° 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP: 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Marilia Camotti Bastos
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Prédio 42, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, Avenida Roraima n° 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP: 97105-900, Brazil
- UMR IC2MP 7285, CNRS/ Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, TSA41105, 1 rue Marcel Doré, 86073 Poitiers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Leslie Mondamert
- UMR IC2MP 7285, CNRS/ Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, TSA41105, 1 rue Marcel Doré, 86073 Poitiers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Jérôme Labanowski
- UMR IC2MP 7285, CNRS/ Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, TSA41105, 1 rue Marcel Doré, 86073 Poitiers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Robert Alan Burrow
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, Avenida Roraima n° 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP: 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Danilo Dos Santos Rheinheimer
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Prédio 42, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, Avenida Roraima n° 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP: 97105-900, Brazil
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Lammers A, Neerincx AH, Vijverberg SJH, Longo C, Janssen NAH, Boere AJF, Brinkman P, Cassee FR, van der Zee AHM. The Impact of Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution on the Exhaled Breath of Healthy Adults. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072518. [PMID: 33916542 PMCID: PMC8038449 DOI: 10.3390/s21072518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors, such as air pollution, can affect the composition of exhaled breath, and should be well understood before biomarkers in exhaled breath can be used in clinical practice. Our objective was to investigate whether short-term exposures to air pollution can be detected in the exhaled breath profile of healthy adults. In this study, 20 healthy young adults were exposed 2–4 times to the ambient air near a major airport and two highways. Before and after each 5 h exposure, exhaled breath was analyzed using an electronic nose (eNose) consisting of seven different cross-reactive metal-oxide sensors. The discrimination between pre and post-exposure was investigated with multilevel partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA), followed by linear discriminant and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, for all data (71 visits), and for a training (51 visits) and validation set (20 visits). Using all eNose measurements and the training set, discrimination between pre and post-exposure resulted in an area under the ROC curve of 0.83 (95% CI = 0.76–0.89) and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.75–0.92), whereas it decreased to 0.66 (95% CI = 0.48–0.84) in the validation set. Short-term exposure to high levels of air pollution potentially influences the exhaled breath profiles of healthy adults, however, the effects may be minimal for regular daily exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Lammers
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.L.); (A.H.N.); (S.J.H.V.); (C.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Anne H. Neerincx
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.L.); (A.H.N.); (S.J.H.V.); (C.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Susanne J. H. Vijverberg
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.L.); (A.H.N.); (S.J.H.V.); (C.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Cristina Longo
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.L.); (A.H.N.); (S.J.H.V.); (C.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Nicole A. H. Janssen
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (N.A.H.J.); (A.J.F.B.); (F.R.C.)
| | - A. John F. Boere
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (N.A.H.J.); (A.J.F.B.); (F.R.C.)
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.L.); (A.H.N.); (S.J.H.V.); (C.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Flemming R. Cassee
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (N.A.H.J.); (A.J.F.B.); (F.R.C.)
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anke H. Maitland van der Zee
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.L.); (A.H.N.); (S.J.H.V.); (C.L.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-20-56-68137
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A Combined Citizen Science—Modelling Approach for NO2 Assessment in Torino Urban Agglomeration. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The #CHEARIATIRA citizen science campaign was developed in February 2019 in Torino (western part of the Po Valley megacity region). The aim of the campaign was public engagement with measuring NO2 concentrations in an urban area that often exceeds air quality standards. NO2 diffusion tubes were employed by citizens under our supervision. In this paper, we present the main outcomes of a combined approach between the #CHEARIATIRA campaign and the urban dispersion model SIRANE. The results were validated against the available public Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AQMS). The citizens’ passive samplers and the modelled data show a good response in central districts both during the campaign interval and by annual projection. Traffic hotspots and sensitive receptors (schools, hospital) have high concentrations of NO2. Most of the study area (83% of the tubes) is subject to an increased risk of premature death according to epidemiological literature.
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An Han H, Han I, McCurdy S, Whitworth K, Delclos G, Rammah A, Symanski E. The Intercontinental Terminals Chemical Fire Study: A Rapid Response to an Industrial Disaster to Address Resident Concerns in Deer Park, Texas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030986. [PMID: 32033278 PMCID: PMC7037667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
On Sunday, 17 March 2019, a fire erupted at the Intercontinental Terminals Company (ITC, Deer Park, La Porte, TX, USA), resulting in a large fire that blazed for several days. In response, we rapidly launched disaster response activities to monitor air pollutants (total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and ultra-fine particles (UFPs) during the fire in two affected communities. To assess immediate health effects and residential air quality, we also rapidly launched a pilot study, the Deer Park Chemical Fire (DeeP Fire) Study, in which we administered health surveys and installed samplers to monitor air quality outdoors of resident homes for up to six weeks. In both communities, mean ambient concentrations of PM2.5, BC and TVOCs were higher during the first week of the fire than a week after it was extinguished. Thirteen residents participated in the DeeP Fire Study. Most residents reported experiencing respiratory symptoms and some reported being bothered by at least one post-traumatic stress disorder symptom during the fire and two weeks afterwards. In the months following the fire, the 7-day mean ambient concentration of benzene from 12 homes was 0.13 ± 0.10 parts per billion (ppb) and the 6-week mean ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and TVOCs were 13 ± 6 µg/m3 and 108 ± 98 ppb, respectively. All residents requested and received individualized air monitoring reports. Surveillance systems that enable real-time monitoring of the environmental health impact during a major industrial incident are needed to provide timely information to adequately respond to a disaster in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyreoun An Han
- Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.A.H.); (I.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Inkyu Han
- Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.A.H.); (I.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Sheryl McCurdy
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Promotion, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030 USA;
| | - Kristina Whitworth
- Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.A.H.); (I.H.); (A.R.)
- UTHealth School of Public Health in San Antonio, 7411 John Smith, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - George Delclos
- Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.A.H.); (I.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Amal Rammah
- Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.A.H.); (I.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Elaine Symanski
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-6547
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