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Nsonwu-Anyanwu AC, Helal M, Khaked A, Eworo R, Usoro CAO, EL-Sikaily A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content of food, water and vegetables and associated cancer risk assessment in Southern Nigeria. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306418. [PMID: 39042616 PMCID: PMC11265677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of water (four surface water, six underground water (borehole water), seven sachet water), barbecued food and their fresh equivalents (barbecued beef, fish, plantain, pork, yam, chicken, chevon, potato, corn), oil (three palm oil, nine vegetable oil), and fresh vegetable samples (water leaf, bitter leaf, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, pumpkin, garlic, ginger, green leaf, Gnetum Africana, onion, pepper) were determined by GC-MS analysis. The current study also determined the estimated lifetime cancer risk from ingesting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated food. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of water, oil, vegetable, and food samples were within the United States Environmental Protection Agency/World Health Organization safe limits. The naphthalene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(k)fluoranthene levels in surface water were significantly higher than in borehole samples (P = 0.000, 0.047, 0.047). Vegetable oils had higher anthracene and chrysene compared to palm oil (P = 0.023 and 0.032). Significant variations were observed in levels of naphthalene, acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene among the barbecued and fresh food samples (P <0.05). Barbecued pork, potato, and corn had significantly higher naphthalene compared to their fresh equivalents (P = 0.002, 0.017, and <0.001). Consumption of barbecued food and surface water may be associated with higher exposure risk to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which may predispose to increased cancer health risk. The current work explores in depth the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different dietary categories that pose direct risk to humans via direct consumption. These findings add knowledge to support future considerations for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Helal
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Azza Khaked
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raymond Eworo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Immunology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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Areguamen OI, Calvin NN, Gimba CE, Okunola OJ, Abdulbasid AG, Ogbesejana AB, Oluwasesan BM, Kabo KS, Abdulkadir AO, Caleb NK. Dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-contaminated Talinum Triangulare grown along polluted river. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:331. [PMID: 39017947 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The research aims to evaluate the source, dispersion, and human health risk assessment of PAH-contaminated Talinum Triangulare grown along the polluted Ikpoba River. The freeze-dried vegetables were sonicated with dichloromethane for an hour and then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The extract was purified using a glass column with anhydrous Na2SO4 and silica gel and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The distribution of the contaminants showed that Pyrene < Benzo(a)anthracene ≤ Fluorene < Phenathrene ≤ Naphthalene ≤ Acenaphthene < Anthracene ≤ Acenaphthylene, while Pyrene < Benzo(a)anthracene < Fluorene < Phenathrene < Acenaphthalene ≤ Naphthalene < Anthracene < Acenaphthylene in wet and dry periods, respectively. The average ∑8 PAHs was 0.85 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg in wet and dry periods, respectively, and showed a decrease of 17.64% from wet to dry periods. The daily average dose revealed that the infant male and the adult female consumed the least and highest doses of T. Triangulare (TT), respectively. Furthermore, the hazard quotient and hazard index were < 1 for all the target groups, with adult females having higher values in both seasons. However, the incremental life cancer risk of the target group was between potential and high-potential cancer risk, with adolescent males and adult females more prone to low and high cancer risk, respectively. The isomer ratio and multivariate statistics revealed the sources of the PAH-contaminated TT to be more from pyrolysis.
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Iwegbue CMA, Afolabi OL, Ogwu IF, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Safety evaluation of organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in imported canned fish in Nigeria. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114676. [PMID: 38641043 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were measured in thirty popular brands of imported canned fish (mackerel, sardines, and tuna) in Nigeria to ascertain potential threats to humans arising from their consumption. The Σ20 OCP concentrations in mackerel ranged from 0.47 to 7.36 ng g-1, while those of tuna and sardines varied from 1.06 to 2.19 and 0.11 to 12.7 ng g-1, respectively. The Σ39 PBDE concentrations in mackerel varied from 0.06 to 4.21 ng g-1, while those of tuna and sardines ranged from 0.19 to 3.18 and 0.04 to 8.26 ng g-1, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of OCPs and PBDEs from ingestion of the canned fish by adults and children were in the magnitude of 0.03 to 17.6 ng kg-1 bw day-1 and 9.9 × 10-3 to 11.5 ng kg-1 bw day-1 respectively. The hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) values for OCPs and PBDEs from ingestion of the canned fish were less than 1 and 10-6, respectively. The dietary intakes of OCPs and PBDEs from these brands of canned fish by adults and children result in no adverse non-cancer and cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Obehi L Afolabi
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma F Ogwu
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Wang X, Chen Y, Chen T, Guo L, Yang Z, Chen Y, Yu Z, Liu X, Wang H. Lagging pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the rebuilt e-waste site: From the perspective of characteristics, sources, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172406. [PMID: 38642745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Little information is known regarding how the lagged pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) influenced the environment and human health after an e-waste dismantling site was rebuilt. This study investigated the characteristics, sources, and risk assessment of PAHs in a rebuilt e-waste site and its surrounding farmland by analyzing the samples of soil, dust, water, and vegetable. Concentrations of PAHs in soil, vegetable and water in the rebuilt site were relatively higher than in its surrounding farmland. The concentrations in surface soils, soil columns, dust, vegetables, and water varied from 55.4 to 3990 ng g-1, 1.65 to 5060 ng g-1, 2190 to 2420 ng g-1, 2670 to 10,300 ng g-1, and 46.8 to 110 μg L-1 in the e-waste site, respectively. On the farmland, PAH concentrations in surface soils, vegetables, and water ranged from 41.5 to 2760 ng g-1, 506 to 7640 ng g-1, and 56.6 to 89.2 μg L-1, respectively. A higher proportion of high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) appeared in all multimedia compared with low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs). Diagnostic ratio together with positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that vehicle emission was the primary source in this area, and the activity of e-waste disposal was another important source in the rebuilt e-waste site. Based on the deterministic health risks, people working in the reconstructed e-waste site were exposed to low risks, whereas the residents living near the surrounding farmland were exposed to low risk. Sensitivity analyses indicated that exposure frequency and PAH concentrations were the main factors that influenced exposure risk. This study provides valuable insight into the comprehension of the lagging pollution effects of PAH on the environment and human health after the e-waste site was rebuilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yandao Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Longxiu Guo
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- College of Environment & Resource Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources & Environment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Hubai K, Kováts N, Eck-Varanka B, Tumurbaatar S, Teke G. Accumulation of Atmospheric PAHs in White Mustard - Can the Seeds Be Affected? BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:76. [PMID: 38733550 PMCID: PMC11088551 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03895-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Traffic-related particulate matter emissions have been considerably reduced due to stringent regulations in Europe. However, emission of diesel-powered vehicles still poses a significant environmental threat, affecting rural ecosystems and agriculture. Several studies have reported that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of potentially toxic organic compounds, can accumulate in crops and vegetables. In our study, white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) plants were experimentally treated with an extract of diesel exhaust. PAH concentrations were measured in the different plant compartments (stems, leaves and seeds), bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were also calculated. Significant accumulation was measured in the leaves and seeds, stems showed lower accumulation potential. All plant matrices showed high tendency to accumulate higher molecular weight PAHs, BCF was the highest in the 6-ring group. The fact that considerable accumulation was experienced in the seeds might show the risk of cultivating crops nearby roads highly impacted by traffic-related emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Hubai
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Nora Kováts
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Bettina Eck-Varanka
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Selenge Tumurbaatar
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd., 8184, Balatonfuzfo, Hungary
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Sansom GT, Fawkes LS, Thompson CM, Losa LM, McDonald TJ, Chiu WA. Cancer risk associated with soil distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within three environmental justice neighborhoods in Houston, Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:333-342. [PMID: 35246781 PMCID: PMC10216892 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Residents and advocacy groups began voicing concerns over the environmental quality located in the neighborhoods of Kashmere Gardens, Fifth Ward, and Denver Harbor in Houston, TX, following the confirmation of a cancer cluster in 2019 and another in 2021. These neighborhoods are in close proximity to a railyard and former wood treatment plant known to have utilized coal tar creosote and contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This research took core soil samples in September and October 2020 from 46 sites to assess for the presence and concentration of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) 7 Carcinogenic PAHs. Results showed the cumulative concentration of these PAHs in each sample was variable with a range of 13,767 ng/g to 328 ng/g and a mean of 2,517.2 ng/g ± 3122. A regional soil screening evaluation revealed that 40 of the 46 soil samples were in excess of the USEPAs most conservative screening levels of 1.0 × 10-6 increased cancer risk, but none exceeding levels considered actionable for remediation. This study is a fundamental first step for quantifying the environmental pollutants in this minority-majority community. Findings revealed a low risk of cancer risk based on current PAH concentrations alone but cannot assess contributions from other contaminants or from past, possibly higher, levels of contamination. Further research is needed to identify the potential casual pathways of the observed cancer cluster and to explore possible remediation needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garett T Sansom
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Leanne S Fawkes
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Courtney M Thompson
- Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, Eller Oceanography and Meteorology Building 3147, 797 Lamar St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lyssa M Losa
- College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, Langford Architecture Building 3137, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Thomas J McDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Departments of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Abugu HO, Ezugwu AL, Ihedioha JN. Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination of Fruits, Leaves, and Soil within Automobile Repair Workshops in Nsukka Metropolis. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2149567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Onyeka Abugu
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Tesi GO, Obi-Iyeke GE, Ossai JC, Ogbuta AA, Ogbara EF, Olorunfemi DI, Agbozu IE. Human exposure to organochlorine pesticides in vegetables from major cities in south-south Nigeria. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135296. [PMID: 35690176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of vegetables with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) during cultivation could affect their nutritional value and also results in adverse health effects to consumers. Thus, this study evaluates human exposure to OCPs in vegetables from major cities in south-south Nigeria. A total of eighty vegetables consisting of Vernonia amygdalina, Telfairia occidentalis, Desmodium intortum cv and Talinum triangulare obtained from four major cities (Warri, Benin, Yenagoa and Port-Harcourt) in south-south Nigeria were analysed for OCPs using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass selective detector. The results showed that the mean concentration of ∑20 OCPs in the vegetables ranged from 11.6 to 37.7 ng g-1 fresh wt for Vernonia amygdalina, 2.48-37.0 ng g-1 fresh wt for Telfairia occidentalis, 7.63-54.2 ng g-1 fresh wt for Desmodium intortum cv and 27.3-57.3 ng g-1 fresh wt for Talinum triangulare. The concentrations of OCPs were generally lower than their respective Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). The EDI values of the ∑20 OCPs in the vegetables ranged from 141 to 464 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for children and 26.5-87.0 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for adults. The EDI of ∑Drins, ∑Chlordanes and ∑DDTs for the vegetables were below their respective acceptable EDI values set by FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residue. The hazard index values for children and adults were generally <1 suggesting that there is no potential non-carcinogenic risk for children and adults consuming the vegetables. The total cancer risk values were above 1 × 10-6 and indicated that children and adults have moderate and low carcinogenic risks respectively from ingestion of these vegetables. The isomeric ratios and principal component analysis result showed that OCPs in these vegetables originated from both historical and recent usage in vegetable cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria.
| | | | - Jude C Ossai
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Anthony A Ogbuta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
| | - Evieva F Ogbara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
| | - Daniel I Olorunfemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria
| | - Iwekumo E Agbozu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
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Yu P, Xu R, Yang Z, Ye T, Liu Y, Li S, Abramson MJ, Kimlin M, Guo Y. Cancer and Ongoing Climate Change: Who Are the Most Affected? ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 3:5-11. [PMID: 36691655 PMCID: PMC9853937 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has become the leading cause of premature death in many counties in recent decades. Previous studies showed plenty of evidence that control of modifiable risk factors would reduce the cancer burden. Since modifiable risk factors could be eliminated by changing the lifestyles of individuals, a greater uptake of modifiable risk factors is critical to reducing cancer burden and inequality in cancer survival. However, climate change will widen cancer inequities through its complex connections with modifiable risk factors. In this perspective, complex connections between climate change and cancer risks via modifiable risk factors, including abnormal temperature, UV, air pollution, natural disasters, food (diet), water, infections, and inefficient physical activities, have been summarized. The associations between climate change and modifiable risk factors have no doubt expanded the inequities. People who face overlapping modifiable risk factors, but who are unable to change or adapt, are at the highest risk in the climate change-cancer linkage. Though individual actions to avoid exposure to modifiable risk factors have been recommended, limited benefits would be achieved unless the nations strive to ensure the basic needs of the people. No choice makes avoiding exposure to risk factors an empty phrase. Thus, government actions should be taken to reduce the expanded inequities in cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- School
of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Rongbin Xu
- School
of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Zhengyu Yang
- School
of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Tingting Ye
- School
of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Yanming Liu
- School
of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- School
of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Michael J Abramson
- School
of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Michael Kimlin
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Yuming Guo
- School
of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia,
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