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Li Y, Han J, Wu J, Li D, Yang X, Huang A, Bu G, Meng F, Kong F, Cao X, Han X, Pan X, Yang S, Zeng X, Du X. Transcriptome-based evaluation and validation of suitable housekeeping gene for quantification real-time PCR under specific experiment condition in teleost fishes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:218-223. [PMID: 31935552 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantification real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a common method in analysis of gene expression, but the stable reference genes for the normalization analysis have not been appreciated before identifying expression pattern of genes in teleost fishes. In this study, we selected eight candidate reference genes (18S, Actin, EF-1α, 40S, B2M, TUBA, UBCE and GAPDH) basing on transcriptome analysis and the traditional housekeeping genes, and analyzed the stability of the reference genes in spleen, head kidney and head kidney leukocytes (HKL) after pathogen challenge in Schizothorax prenanti (S. prenanti). Three common programs (geNorm, NormFinder and Bestkeeper) were used to evaluate the stability of the candidate reference genes. Two reference genes, Actin and EF-1α presented higher stability, while 18S and GAPDH were the lower stable genes, both in in vitro and in vivo. An important immune gene, toll-like receptor 22a (TLR22a), was selected to validate the stability of the proposed reference genes (Actin and EF-1α) across different experiment treatments. The results reveal that Actin and EF-1α are quite suitable reference genes for the normalization analysis. Otherwise, using the most stable gene Actin to validate the reliable of transcriptome data showed the high correlation between the fold change of transcriptome data and qRT-PCR data. In conclusion, our study not only acquired the suitable reference gene for the qRT-PCR assay under specific experiment condition, but also provided a comprehensive method to evaluate and validate the reference gene based on transcriptome analysis in teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkun Li
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiabei Han
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiayu Wu
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xixi Yang
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Anqi Huang
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guixian Bu
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fengyan Meng
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fanli Kong
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xingfa Han
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaofu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, PR China
| | - Shiyong Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Xiaogang Du
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China.
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Diniz GB, Bittencourt JC. The Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) System: A Tale of Two Peptides. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1280. [PMID: 31849590 PMCID: PMC6901935 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system is a robust integrator of exogenous and endogenous information, modulating arousal and energy balance in mammals. Its predominant function in teleosts, however, is to concentrate melanin in the scales, contributing to the adaptive color change observed in several teleost species. These contrasting functions resulted from a gene duplication that occurred after the teleost divergence, which resulted in the generation of two MCH-coding genes in this clade, which acquired distinctive sequences, distribution, and functions, examined in detail here. We also describe the distribution of MCH immunoreactivity and gene expression in a large number of species, in an attempt to identify its core elements. While initially originated as a periventricular peptide, with an intimate relationship with the third ventricle, multiple events of lateral migration occurred during evolution, making the ventrolateral and dorsolateral hypothalamus the predominant sites of MCH in teleosts and mammals, respectively. Substantial differences between species can be identified, likely reflecting differences in habitat and behavior. This observation aligns well with the idea that MCH is a major integrator of internal and external information, ensuring an appropriate response to ensure the organism’s homeostasis. New studies on the MCH system in species that have not yet been investigated will help us understand more precisely how these habitat changes are connected to the hypothalamic neurochemical circuits, paving the way to new intervention strategies that may be used with pharmacological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanne B Diniz
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nucleo de Neurociencias e Comportamento, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xu J, Hou F, Wang D, Li J, Yang G. Characterization and expression of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during fasting and reproductive cycle. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:805-817. [PMID: 30426273 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) was initially known as a regulator of teleost skin color and possesses multiple functions in mammals, such as the regulation of energy balance and reproduction. However, the role of MCH in fish remains unclear. In the present study, a 590 bp cDNA fragment of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) MCH gene was cloned. Amino acid sequence similarities with other teleost ranged from 23 to 93%. The mature MCH peptide (DTMRCMVGRVYRPCWEV) located in the C-terminal region of MCH precursor was 100% identical to that of goldfish, zebrafish, chum salmon, and rainbow trout. Tissue expression profiles showed that MCH mRNA was ubiquitously expressed throughout the brain and peripheral tissues and highly expressed in the brain and pituitary. Within the brain, MCH mRNA was expressed preponderantly in the hypothalamus. MCH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was increased after feeding, decreased after 3, 5, or 7 days fasting, and increased upon refeeding. These results suggested that MCH might have anorexigenic actions in common carp. Meanwhile, MCH gene expression varied based on reproductive cycle, which might be related to the long-term regulation of MCH in energy balance. In conclusion, our novel finding revealed that MCH was involved in the regulation of appetite and energy balance in common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- College of Pharmacy, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fuyuan Hou
- College of Pharmacy, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Debin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Pharmacy, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guangzhong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
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Bertucci JI, Blanco AM, Sundarrajan L, Rajeswari JJ, Velasco C, Unniappan S. Nutrient Regulation of Endocrine Factors Influencing Feeding and Growth in Fish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:83. [PMID: 30873115 PMCID: PMC6403160 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine factors regulate food intake and growth, two interlinked physiological processes critical for the proper development of organisms. Somatic growth is mainly regulated by growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) that act on target tissues, including muscle, and bones. Peptidyl hormones produced from the brain and peripheral tissues regulate feeding to meet metabolic demands. The GH-IGF system and hormones regulating appetite are regulated by both internal (indicating the metabolic status of the organism) and external (environmental) signals. Among the external signals, the most notable are diet availability and diet composition. Macronutrients and micronutrients act on several hormone-producing tissues to regulate the synthesis and secretion of appetite-regulating hormones and hormones of the GH-IGF system, eventually modulating growth and food intake. A comprehensive understanding of how nutrients regulate hormones is essential to design diet formulations that better modulate endogenous factors for the benefit of aquaculture to increase yield. This review will discuss the current knowledge on nutritional regulation of hormones modulating growth and food intake in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxìa Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Sundarrajan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jithine Jayakumar Rajeswari
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxìa Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Suraj Unniappan
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Volkoff H. The Neuroendocrine Regulation of Food Intake in Fish: A Review of Current Knowledge. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:540. [PMID: 27965528 PMCID: PMC5126056 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are the most diversified group of vertebrates and, although progress has been made in the past years, only relatively few fish species have been examined to date, with regards to the endocrine regulation of feeding in fish. In fish, as in mammals, feeding behavior is ultimately regulated by central effectors within feeding centers of the brain, which receive and process information from endocrine signals from both brain and peripheral tissues. Although basic endocrine mechanisms regulating feeding appear to be conserved among vertebrates, major physiological differences between fish and mammals and the diversity of fish, in particular in regard to feeding habits, digestive tract anatomy and physiology, suggest the existence of fish- and species-specific regulating mechanisms. This review provides an overview of hormones known to regulate food intake in fish, emphasizing on major hormones and the main fish groups studied to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
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