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Morin A, Culbert BM, Mehdi H, Balshine S, Turko AJ. Status-dependent metabolic effects of social interactions in a group-living fish. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20240056. [PMID: 39045657 PMCID: PMC11267398 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Social interactions can sometimes be a source of stress, but social companions can also ameliorate and buffer against stress. Stress and metabolism are closely linked, but the degree to which social companions modulate metabolic responses during stressful situations-and whether such effects differ depending on social rank-is poorly understood. To investigate this question, we studied Neolamprologus pulcher, a group-living cichlid fish endemic to Lake Tanganyika and measured the metabolic responses of dominant and subordinate individuals when they were either visible or concealed from one another. When individuals could see each other, subordinates had lower maximum metabolic rates and tended to take longer to recover following an exhaustive chase compared with dominants. In contrast, metabolic responses of dominants and subordinates did not differ when individuals could not see one another. These findings suggest that the presence of a dominant individual has negative metabolic consequences for subordinates, even in stable social groups with strong prosocial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Morin
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett M. Culbert
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hossein Mehdi
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sigal Balshine
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy J. Turko
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Young SJ, Rossi GS, Bernier NJ, Wright PA. Cortisol enhances aerobic metabolism and locomotor performance during the transition to land in an amphibious fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111558. [PMID: 38043639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Amphibious fishes on land encounter higher oxygen (O2) availability and novel energetic demands, which impacts metabolism. Previous work on the amphibious mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) has shown that cortisol becomes elevated in response to air exposure, suggesting a possible role in regulating metabolism as fish move into terrestrial environments. We tested the hypothesis that cortisol is the mechanism by which oxidative processes are upregulated during the transition to land in amphibious fishes. We used two groups of fish, treated fish (+metyrapone, a cortisol synthesis inhibitor) and control (-metyrapone), to determine the impact of cortisol during air exposure (0 and 1 h, 7 days) on O2 consumption, terrestrial locomotion, the phenotype of red skeletal muscle, and muscle lipid concentration. Metyrapone-treated fish had an attenuated elevation in O2 consumption rate during the water to air transition and an immediate reduction in terrestrial exercise performance relative to control fish. In contrast, we found no short- (0 h) or long-term (7 days) differences between treatments in the oxidative phenotype of red muscles, nor in muscle lipid concentrations. Our results suggest that cortisol stimulates the necessary increase in aerobic metabolism needed to fuel the physiological changes that amphibious fishes undergo during the acclimation to air, although further studies are required to determine specific mechanisms of cortisol regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Young
- University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Saint Mary's University, Department of Biology, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada.
| | - Giulia S Rossi
- University of Toronto-Scarborough, Department of Biological Science, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; McMaster University, Biology Department, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Patricia A Wright
- University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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3
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Carbajal A, Lawrence MJ, Gilmour KM, Lopez-Bejar M, Cooke SJ. Evaluation of the effects of exogenous cortisol manipulation and the glucocorticoid antagonist, RU486, on the exploratory tendency of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1187-1198. [PMID: 37819483 PMCID: PMC10757703 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In teleost fishes, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis leads to an elevation of circulating cortisol levels as a primary stress response. While acute elevation of cortisol is generally beneficial, long-term elevation, a common characteristic of chronic stress, may lead to detrimental effects on health and physiological performance in fishes. Some stress-mediated behavioural shifts, such as variation along the shy-boldness axis in fish, may influence individual fitness. The present study evaluated the role of cortisol and its mechanisms of action in the exploratory behaviour of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Fish were implanted with cocoa butter alone (sham treatment), or cocoa butter containing cortisol, or cortisol and the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU486. A control (untreated) group was also used. Animals were held for 48 h following treatment and then were subjected to a Z-maze trial to characterize the exploratory behaviour. Cortisol treatment had no measurable effect on the exploratory behaviour of bluegill sunfish. Despite presenting a higher probability of refuge emergence, fish treated with cortisol combined with RU486 behaved similarly to cortisol-treated and control groups. While these results suggest that cortisol may not be involved in the mechanisms controlling boldness, the influence of cortisol elevation across longer time periods plus validation in different contexts will be necessary to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaïs Carbajal
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Manel Lopez-Bejar
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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4
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Cheyadmi S, Chadli H, El Yamlahi B, El Maadoudi M, Cacciola F, Kounnoun A, Nhhala H, Chairi H. Physiological stress responses of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax related to changing operations of floating net cages in intensive farming conditions at the Moroccan M'diq Bay. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:1190-1198. [PMID: 37553857 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to quantify and compare in situ the primary and secondary physiological stress responses, related to the changing operations of floating net cages, in both subadult (523 days post hatching [dph]) and adult (916 dph) European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax under intensive farming conditions in the Moroccan M'diq Bay. The blood levels of cortisol, glucose, total cholesterol, total protein, and lactate, as well as the percentage of haematocrit, were measured before and after this operation. The results showed significantly elevated levels of cortisol and blood glucose in both age groups, whereas total cholesterol and protein levels were unaffected. In fact, blood lactate significantly decreased in subadults, whereas in adults this parameter was not affected by the operation. However, the haematocrit percentages measured after the operation were significantly higher than those found before the operation in both groups of fish, which is attributed to the increased rate of oxygen renewal in the new net cages and the lower water temperature inside the cages. With regard to the age-specific response during this essential operation plasma cortisol, blood glucose, and lactate concentrations, as well as plasma total protein levels, were significantly higher in subadults than in adults, in both pre- and post- stress measurement, with the presence of individual-specific response. It is concluded that aquaculture practices such as changing the aquaculture net cage could have repercussions in terms of the classic physiological responses to stress in D. labrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Cheyadmi
- Research Team in Agricultural and Aquacultural Engineering, Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | | | - Bouchra El Yamlahi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Maadoudi
- Regional Laboratory for Analysis and Research, National Office for Food Safety, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ayoub Kounnoun
- Regional Laboratory for Analysis and Research, National Office for Food Safety, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Hassan Nhhala
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Hicham Chairi
- Research Team in Agricultural and Aquacultural Engineering, Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
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5
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Ikari T, Furusawa Y, Tabuchi Y, Maruyama Y, Hattori A, Kitani Y, Toyota K, Nagami A, Hirayama J, Watanabe K, Shigematsu A, Rafiuddin MA, Ogiso S, Fukushi K, Kuroda K, Hatano K, Sekiguchi T, Kawashima R, Srivastav AK, Nishiuchi T, Sakatoku A, Yoshida MA, Matsubara H, Suzuki N. Kynurenine promotes Calcitonin secretion and reduces cortisol in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8700. [PMID: 37248272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep ocean water (DOW) exerts positive effects on the growth of marine organisms, suggesting the presence of unknown component(s) that facilitate their aquaculture. We observed that DOW suppressed plasma cortisol (i.e., a stress marker) concentration in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) reared under high-density condition. RNA-sequencing analysis of flounder brains showed that when compared to surface seawater (SSW)-reared fish, DOW-reared fish had lower expression of hypothalamic (i.e., corticotropin-releasing hormone) and pituitary (i.e., proopiomelanocortin, including adrenocorticotropic hormone) hormone-encoding genes. Moreover, DOW-mediated regulation of gene expression was linked to decreased blood cortisol concentration in DOW-reared fish. Our results indicate that DOW activated osteoblasts in fish scales and facilitated the production of Calcitonin, a hypocalcemic hormone that acts as an analgesic. We then provide evidence that the Calcitonin produced is involved in the regulatory network of genes controlling cortisol secretion. In addition, the indole component kynurenine was identified as the component responsible for osteoblast activation in DOW. Furthermore, kynurenine increased plasma Calcitonin concentrations in flounders reared under high-density condition, while it decreased plasma cortisol concentration. Taken together, we propose that kynurenine in DOW exerts a cortisol-reducing effect in flounders by facilitating Calcitonin production by osteoblasts in the scales.
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Grants
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 20K06718, 21K05725, 22J01508 JSPS
- 20K06718, 21K05725, 22J01508 JSPS
- 20K06718, 21K05725, 22J01508 JSPS
- 2209 The Salt Science Research Foundation
- JPMJTM19AP JST
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ikari
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Kenji Toyota
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Arata Nagami
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, 923-0961, Japan
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, 923-0961, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shigematsu
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Muhammad Ahya Rafiuddin
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Shouzo Ogiso
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukushi
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Kuroda
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Kaito Hatano
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, 923-0961, Japan
| | - Ajai K Srivastav
- Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273-009, India
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Bioscience Core Facility, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sakatoku
- School of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Yoshida
- Marine Biological Science Section, Education and Research Center for Biological Resources, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Oki, Shimane, 685-0024, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan.
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Lawrence MJ, Prystay TS, Dick M, Eliason EJ, Elvidge CK, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Lotto AG, Cooke SJ. Metabolic constraints and individual variation shape the trade-off between physiological recovery and anti-predator responses in adult sockeye salmon. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37102404 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic scope represents the aerobic energy budget available to an organism to perform non-maintenance activities (e.g., escape a predator, recover from a fisheries interaction, compete for a mate). Conflicting energetic requirements can give rise to ecologically relevant metabolic trade-offs when energy budgeting is constrained. The objective of this study was to investigate how aerobic energy is utilized when individual sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are exposed to multiple acute stressors. To indirectly assess metabolic changes in free-swimming individuals, salmon were implanted with heart rate biologgers. The animals were then exercised to exhaustion or briefly handled as a control, and allowed to recover from this stressor for 48 h. During the first 2 h of the recovery period, individual salmon were exposed to 90 ml of conspecific alarm cues or water as a control. Heart rate was recorded throughout the recovery period. Recovery effort and time was higher in exercised fish, relative to control fish, whereas exposure to an alarm cue had no effect on either of these metrics. Individual routine heart rate was negatively correlated with recovery time and effort. Together, these findings suggest that metabolic energy allocation towards exercise recovery (i.e., an acute stressor; handling, chase, etc.) trumps anti-predator responses in salmon, although individual variation may mediate this effect at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya S Prystay
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Dick
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Chris K Elvidge
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew G Lotto
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Borba JV, Gonçalves FL, Canzian J, Resmim CM, Luchiari AC, Rosemberg DB. Expanding the use of homebase-related parameters to investigate how distinct stressful conditions affect zebrafish behaviors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 125:110748. [PMID: 36921663 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a physiological reaction that allows the organisms to cope with challenging situations daily. Thus, elucidating the behavioral outcomes following different stressors is of great importance in translational research. Here, we aimed to characterize the main factors which explain similarities and differences of two stress protocols on zebrafish exploratory activity. To answer this point, we performed behavioral analyses aiming to simplify the data structure associated with homebase-related measurements in an integrated manner. Adult zebrafish were exposed to conspecific alarm substance for 5 min (acute stress protocol - AS) or submitted to 7 days of unpredictable chronic stress (UCS). Immediately after AS or in the subsequent day following UCS (8th day), fish were individually tested in the open field and the behaviors were recorded for 30 min to posterior identification of homebase locations. For both protocols, behavioral clustering revealed two major clusters, grouping homebase- and locomotor-related parameters, respectively. While AS increased both positive and negative correlations between exploratory and locomotor endpoints, a significant increase in negative correlations was found in UCS-challenged fish. Comparison of the principal component analyses data set revealed a reduced exploratory activity using the homebase in AS group, while decreased locomotion in the periphery and anxiety-like behaviors were evidenced in UCS fish. In conclusion, our findings revealed a different structure of behavior in zebrafish following AS and UCS protocols, supporting the existence of distinct behavioral strategies to cope with acute and chronic stress. Furthermore, we expand the use of homebase-related measurements as a valuable tool to investigate complex behavioral modulations in future translational neuropsychiatry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V Borba
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Falco L Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cássio M Resmim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ana C Luchiari
- Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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8
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Kennedy EKC, Janz DM. Can scale cortisol concentration be quantified non-lethally in wild fish species? CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coac081. [PMID: 36694596 PMCID: PMC9868526 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol, the primary glucocorticoid in fishes, is secreted into the bloodstream in response to stress. Circulating cortisol accumulates in scales, a durable calcified structure that can be easily sampled from many fish species. As such, the use of scale cortisol concentration (SCC) is currently being explored as a means of chronic stress biomonitoring in wild fishes. Scales serve an important role in fish physiology and thus the number of scales required for reliable cortisol analysis is a limiting factor in the non-lethal collection of such samples. To date, scale cortisol quantification has also only been performed non-lethally in captive fishes and due to differences in stress responsiveness SCCs likely differ in wild species. As such, this study aimed to (1) apply our fish scale processing and analysis protocol to wild fish species and (2) apply it to five north temperate fish species to provide information useful to future non-lethal scale sampling regimes. Cortisol was successfully measured in scales collected from wild northern pike (Esox lucius), walleye (Sander vitreus), whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) and captive rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). SCCs were significantly different between species and thus the sample mass required for reliable cortisol analysis differed as well. In addition to the size of the fish and the mass of their scales this is an important consideration for future scale cortisol analyses as these factors could make SCC an attainable non-lethal sample matrix in some species of fish but impractical in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K C Kennedy
- Toxicology Undergraduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 5B3, Canada
| | - David M Janz
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine and Toxicology Centre, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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9
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Primary and Secondary Physiological Stress Responses of European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) Due to Rearing Practices under Aquaculture Farming Conditions in M'diq Bay, Moroccan Mediterranean: The Case of Sampling Operation for Size and Weight Measurement. Life (Basel) 2022; 13:life13010110. [PMID: 36676059 PMCID: PMC9862771 DOI: 10.3390/life13010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, aquaculture contributes to sustainable food and nutritional stability. However, stress conditions constitute a major threat affecting farmed-fish welfare and fish farms’ performances. In this regard, the present study was aimed at measuring and comparing in-situ (offshore) the physiological stress responses caused by recurrent sampling operations for length−weight measurement. Studied fish were European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax sub-adults and adults reared in intensive farming conditions in M’diq Bay, on the Moroccan Mediterranean coast. The physiological stress response was evaluated by measuring blood biomarkers, including cortisol, glucose, lactate, total cholesterol and total proteins levels, and hematocrit percentage. The hypercortisolemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlactatemia and hypoproteinemia detected in the post-sampling state in both age groups of D. labrax indicated stress tendencies and a high sensitivity to aquaculture practice-related stress factors, with major and minor responses detected in the same age and same stress conditions. It is also interesting to note that the fish age and the time-course of the sampling operation had a statistically significant effect in terms of the physiological response (with p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the present study showed that sea bass subjected to various stressful situations in intensive farming conditions displayed a physiological stress response specific to its age, to the individual status, as well as to the duration of stressor.
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10
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Oyarzún-Salazar R, Martínez D, Nualart D, Muñoz JLP, Vargas-Chacoff L. The fasted and post-prandial physiological responses of the Patagonian blennie Eleginops maclovinus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 267:111158. [PMID: 35123064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eleginops maclovinus is a native species with potential for Chilean aquaculture. Understanding the variations between the post-prandial and fasted metabolic responses can contribute to improving the aquaculture of this species. This study aimed to characterize variations in intermediate metabolism during the course of the day in the liver, serum, and gills of fed and unfed fish. For this, 72 fish were assigned to two experimental groups, "fed" and "fasted". The first group was fed "ad libitum" at 8.30, while the fasted group was not fed for 24 h. Samples were taken from both groups at 9:00, and every 2 h: 11:00, 13:00, 15:00, 17:00, and 19:00. In the fed group, food spent a long time in the gastrointestinal tract, with a large increase in stomach size and without evidence of complete emptying of the stomach at 19:00 (10.5 h post-feeding). In serum, the levels of amino acids, glucose, and triglycerides presented significant differences with peak levels at different times of day in the fed group. The cortisol in the fasted group presented a diurnal pattern with high levels during the morning and very low levels after 13:00, while in the fed group, the high cortisol variability did not allow a clear pattern to be established. In the liver, the effect of time on the enzymatic activity of the intermediary metabolism was greater compared to the effect of feeding. In the liver, enzyme activity decreased at later hours of the day, while glycogen levels increased at later hours of the day in both groups: but its levels were higher in the fed group. In gills, as well as in the liver, time had a greater effect than feeding on intermediate metabolism, since feeding only had a significant effect on the levels of hexokinase, lactate, and amino acids, suggesting an effect on carbohydrate metabolism. Meanwhile, time significantly affected the levels of Na+, K+-ATPase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, amino acids, and proteins, suggesting an effect on amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, the intermediate metabolism of E. maclovinus presents variations according to the time of day, with an increased metabolism during the morning and decreased metabolism as the day progresses, especially at the hepatic level. The gill tissue, despite not being a metabolic organ, presents feeding-dependent variations in its metabolism. Additional studies will be required to corroborate if coordinating a feeding strategy during the first hours of the day when metabolism is greater would improve the growth of E. maclovinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oyarzún-Salazar
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - D Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de organismos acuáticos, Instituto de Patología animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Chile
| | - D Nualart
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J L P Muñoz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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11
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Thompson WA, Shvartsburd Z, Vijayan MM. Sex-Specific and Long-Term Impacts of Early-Life Venlafaxine Exposure in Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020250. [PMID: 35205116 PMCID: PMC8869491 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Excessive use of antidepressants, combined with our inability to completely clear them from municipal wastewater effluents, has led to their increased presence in aquatic habitats. Venlafaxine, one of the more commonly prescribed antidepressants, has been shown to be detrimental to the early life stages of non-target animals such as fish. Exposure to venlafaxine at the embryonic stage appears to lead to behavioural disruptions when zebrafish become free swimming and reduces growth in juveniles. Here we tested whether early-life exposure also led to behavioural and metabolic perturbations in adults using zebrafish, a widely utilized model in developmental toxicology. Zygotic exposure to venlafaxine compromised activity and anxiety responses and reduced the active metabolic rate as well as the aerobic scope in a sex-specific manner. This study raises the possibility that early developmental exposure to venlafaxine may have long-term consequences on fish performance, and that this may be sex dependent. Abstract Venlafaxine, a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is a widely prescribed antidepressant that is detected in municipal wastewater effluents at µg/L concentrations. It has been shown to impact the early life stages of fish, including neurodevelopment and behaviour in larvae, but whether such early exposures have longer-term consequences are far from clear. Here, we sought to determine whether zygotic deposition of venlafaxine, mimicking a maternal transfer scenario, disturbs the metabolic rate and behavioural performance using zebrafish (Danio rerio). This was tested using freshly fertilized embryos (1–4 cell stage) microinjected with either 0, 1 or 10 ng of venlafaxine and raised to either juvenile (60 days post-fertilization) or adult (10–12 months post-fertilization). Zygotic venlafaxine exposure led to a reduction in the active metabolic rate and aerobic scope, but this was only observed in female fish. On the other hand, the total distance travelled in an open field assessment was greater at the highest concentration of venlafaxine only in the adult males. At the juvenile stage, behavioural assessments demonstrated that venlafaxine exposure may increase boldness—including hyperactivity, lower thigmotaxis, and a reduction in the distance to a novel object. Taken together, these results demonstrate that zygotic venlafaxine exposure may impact developmental programming in a sex-specific manner in fish.
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Aedo J, Aravena-Canales D, Ruiz-Jarabo I, Oyarzún R, Molina A, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Valdés JA, Mancera JM. Differential Metabolic and Transcriptional Responses of Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Administered with Cortisol or Cortisol-BSA. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113310. [PMID: 34828041 PMCID: PMC8614361 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cortisol is a key stress hormone in teleosts. Cortisol exerts its effects through genomic—and membrane-initiated mechanisms, however, the role of the latter in long-term stress responses is unknown. Here, we treated Sparus aurata with cortisol or cortisol-BSA (exclusive inductor to membrane-initiated effects) to emulate a long-term stress situation. We found that cortisol, but not cortisol-BSA, promotes energy substrate mobilization in the liver, together with the regulation of metabolism-related genes. We suggest that genomic cortisol actions exclusively participate in metabolic responses during prolonged treatment using cortisol in S. aurata. This study contributes to the current knowledge on cortisol’s involvement in stress responses in fish. Abstract Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid hormone promoting compensatory metabolic responses of stress in teleosts. This hormone acts through genomic and membrane-initiated actions to exert its functions inside the cell. Experimental approaches, using exogenous cortisol administration, confirm the role of this hormone during short (minutes to hours)- and long-term (days to weeks) responses to stress. The role of membrane-initiated cortisol signaling during long-term responses has been recently explored. In this study, Sparus aurata were intraperitoneally injected with coconut oil alone or coconut oil containing cortisol, cortisol-BSA, or BSA. After 3 days of treatment, plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle were extracted. Plasma cortisol, as well as metabolic indicators in the plasma and tissues collected, and metabolism-related gene expression, were measured. Our results showed that artificially increased plasma cortisol levels in S. aurata enhanced plasma glucose and triacylglycerols values as well as hepatic substrate energy mobilization. Additionally, cortisol stimulated hepatic carbohydrates metabolism, as seen by the increased expression of metabolism-related genes. All of these responses, observed in cortisol-administered fish, were not detected by replicating the same protocol and instead using cortisol-BSA, which exclusively induces membrane-initiated effects. Therefore, we suggest that after three days of cortisol administration, only genomic actions are involved in the metabolic responses in S. aurata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Aedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Andres Bello University, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (J.A.); (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Daniela Aravena-Canales
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Andres Bello University, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (J.A.); (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Ignacio Ruiz-Jarabo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (I.R.-J.); (J.M.M.)
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún
- Institute of Marine and Limnological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia 5110652, Chile;
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Andres Bello University, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (J.A.); (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), 11519 Puerto Real, Spain;
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Andres Bello University, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (J.A.); (D.A.-C.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2661-8363; Fax: +56-2661-8415
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (I.R.-J.); (J.M.M.)
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13
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Prolonged cortisol elevation alters whole body and tissue metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 263:111098. [PMID: 34678496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic elevation of circulating cortisol is known to have deleterious effects on fish, but information about the consequences of prolonged cortisol elevation on the metabolism of fish is scarce. To test the effects of chronic cortisol elevation on the aerobic performance of rainbow trout, we examined how two severities of chronically elevated plasma cortisol levels affected the oxygen uptake during rest and after exhaustive exercise using a high (HC) and a medium cortisol (MC) treatment. High cortisol doses significantly affected standard (SMR) and maximum metabolic rates (MMR) compared to control fish. In comparison, the medium cortisol treatment elevated maximum metabolic rates (MMR) but did not significantly influence SMR compared to a sham group (S) and control group (C). The medium cortisol treatment resulted in a significantly increased metabolic scope due to an elevation of MMR, an effect that was abolished in the HC group due to co-occuring elevations in SMR. The elevated SMR of the HC-treated fish could be explained by increased in vitro oxygen uptake rates (MO2) of specific tissues, indicating that the raised basal metabolism was caused, in part, by an increase in oxygen demand of specific tissues. Haematological results indicated an increased reliance on anaerobic metabolic pathways in cortisol-treated fish under resting conditions.
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14
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Lawrence MJ, Mitrovic D, Foubister D, Bragg LM, Sutherby J, Docker MF, Servos MR, Wilkie MP, Jeffries KM. Contrasting physiological responses between invasive sea lamprey and non-target bluegill in response to acute lampricide exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105848. [PMID: 34274866 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Control of invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America uses lampricides, which consist of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide. Lampricides are thought to inhibit aerobic energy synthesis, with TFM having a relatively greater selective action against lampreys. While the toxicity and physiological effects of TFM are known, the impacts associated with exposure to niclosamide and TFM:niclosamide mixtures are poorly characterized in fishes. Therefore, focusing on energy metabolism, we quantified the physiological responses of larval sea lamprey and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), a non-target, native species. Exposures consisted of each lampricide alone (TFM at the species-specific 24 h LC10; niclosamide at 1.5% of the mixture's TFM concentration) or a mixture of the two (larval sea lamprey at TFM 24 h LC10 + 1.5% niclosamide; bluegill at sea lamprey's TFM 24 h LC99.9 + 1.5% niclosamide) for 24 h. Tissues (brain, skeletal muscle, and liver) were sampled at 6, 12, and 24 h of exposure and assayed for concentrations of ATP, phosphocreatine, glycogen, lactate, and glucose and tissue lampricide levels. In larval sea lamprey, TFM had little effect on brain and skeletal muscle, but niclosamide resulted in a depletion of high energy substrates in both tissues. Mixture-exposed lamprey showed depletion of high energy substrates, accumulation of lactate, and high mortality rates. Bluegill were largely unaffected by toxicant exposures. However, bluegill liver showed lower glycogen and lactate under all three toxicant exposures suggesting increased metabolic turnover. Bluegill also had lower concentrations of TFM and niclosamide in their tissues when compared to lamprey. Our results indicate that lampricide toxicity in sea lamprey larvae is mediated through a depletion of high energy substrates because of impaired aerobic ATP synthesis. We also confirmed that non-target bluegill showed high tolerance to lampricide exposure, an effect potentially mediated through a high detoxification capacity relative to lampreys.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lawrence
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - D Mitrovic
- Department of Biology and Laurier Institute for Water Science (LIWS), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - D Foubister
- Department of Biology and Laurier Institute for Water Science (LIWS), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - L M Bragg
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - J Sutherby
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - M F Docker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - M R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - M P Wilkie
- Department of Biology and Laurier Institute for Water Science (LIWS), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - K M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Jia Y, Gao Y, Wan J, Gao Y, Li J, Guan C. Altered physiological response and gill histology in black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, during progressive hypoxia and reoxygenation. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1133-1147. [PMID: 34059979 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia has gradually become common in aquatic ecosystems and imposes a significant challenge for fish farming. The loss of equilibrium (LOE), 50% lethal time (LT50), plasma cortisol, glucose, red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), gill histological alteration, and related parameters (lamellar length [SLL] and width [SLW], interlamellar distance [ID], basal epithelial thickness [BET], lamellar surface area [LA], and gill surface area [GSA]); respiratory rate; the proportion of the secondary lamellae available for gas exchange (PAGE); and hypoxia-inducible factor (hif-1α, hif-2α) mRNA expression were determined during progressive hypoxia and reoxygenation (R-0, R-12, R-24 h) to illustrate the underlying physiological response mechanisms in black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. Results showed that the DO concentration significantly decreased during progressive hypoxia, while DO at LOE and LT50 were 2.42 ± 0.10 mg L-1 and 1.67 ± 0.38 mg L-1, respectively. Cortisol and glucose were significantly increased at LOE and LT50, with the highest levels observed at LT50, and then gradually recovered to normal within reoxygenation 24 h. RBC number and Hb results were like those of glucose. Hypoxia stress resulted in lamellar clubbing, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia. Respiratory frequency significantly increased at LOE and decreased at LT50. Lamellar perimeters, SLL, ID, LA, GSA, and PAGE, significantly increased at LOE and LT50, with the highest values observed at LT50. However, SLW and BET significantly decreased at LOE, LT50, and R-0. These parameters recovered to nearly normal levels at R-24 h. hif-1α mRNAs in gill and liver were significantly upregulated at LOE and LT50, and recovery to normal after reoxygenation 24 h. hif-2α mRNAs in gill was similar to that of hif-1α, whereas hepatic hif-2α mRNAs remained unchanged during hypoxia-reoxygenation. These results indicated that progressive hypoxia stress elevated RBC number, Hb, cortisol, and glucose levels, induced the alteration of gill morphology, increased LA and GSA, stimulated respiratory frequency and PAGE, and upregulated the transcription of hif-1α and hif-2α in gill and liver. Reoxygenation treatment for 24 h alleviated the stress mentioned above effects. These findings expand current knowledge on hypoxia tolerance in black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Jia
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yuntao Gao
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jinming Wan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhong Gao
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Changtao Guan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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