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Blumstein DT, Johnson NA, Katz ND, Kharpatin S, Ortiz‐Ross X, Parra E, Reshke A. Biological lessons for strategic resistance management. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1861-1871. [PMID: 38143901 PMCID: PMC10739074 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological resistance to pesticides, vaccines, antibiotics, and chemotherapies creates huge costs to society, including extensive morbidity and mortality. We simultaneously face costly resistance to social changes, such as those required to resolve human-wildlife conflicts and conserve biodiversity and the biosphere. Viewing resistance as a force that impedes change from one state to another, we suggest that an analysis of biological resistance can provide unique and potentially testable insights into understanding resistance to social changes. We review key insights from managing biological resistance and develop a framework that identifies seven strategies to overcome resistance. We apply this framework to consider how it might be used to understand social resistance and generate potentially novel hypotheses that may be useful to both enhance the development of strategies to manage resistance and modulate change in socio-ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Norman A. Johnson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nurit D. Katz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samuel Kharpatin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xochitl Ortiz‐Ross
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eliseo Parra
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amanda Reshke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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2
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Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJA. The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291734. [PMID: 37792900 PMCID: PMC10602594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive list of all known host plant species utilised by the Meadow Spittlebug (Philaenus spumarius (L.)) is presented, compiled from published and unpublished sources. P. spumarius feeds on 1311 host plants in 631 genera and 117 families. This appears, by a large margin, to be the greatest number of host species exploited by any herbivorous insect. The Asteraceae (222 species) and Rosaceae (110) together account for 25% of all host species. The Fabaceae (76) and Poaceae (73), are nearly tied for third and fourth place and these four families, combined with the Lamiaceae (62), Apiaceae (50), Brassicaceae (43) and Caprifoliaceae (34), comprise about half of all host species. Hosts are concentrated among herbaceous dicots but range from ferns and grasses to shrubs and trees. Philaenus spumarius is an "extreme polyphage", which appears to have evolved from a monophage ancestor in the past 3.7 to 7.9 million years. It is also the primary European vector of the emerging plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Its vast host range suggests that it has the potential to spread X. fastidiosa among multiple hosts in any environment in which both the spittlebug and bacterium are present. Fully 47.9% of all known hosts were recorded in the Xylella-inspired BRIGIT citizen science P. spumarius host survey, including 358 hosts new to the documentary record, 27.3% of the 1311 total. This is a strong demonstration of the power of organized amateur observers to contribute to scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinton Thompson
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New
York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claire Harkin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East
Sussex, United Kingdom
- Ancient Tree Forum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J. A. Stewart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East
Sussex, United Kingdom
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3
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Rodriguero MS, Confalonieri VA, Mackay Smith A, Dornon MK, Zagoren E, Palmer A, Sequeira AS. Genetically Depauperate and Still Successful: Few Multilocus Genotypes of the Introduced Parthenogenetic Weevil Naupactus cervinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Prevail in the Continental United States. INSECTS 2023; 14:113. [PMID: 36835682 PMCID: PMC9958569 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Naupactus cervinus is a parthenogenetic weevil native to South America that is currently distributed worldwide. This flightless species is polyphagous and capable of modifying gene expression regimes for responding to stressful situations. Naupactus cervinus was first reported in the continental United States in 1879 and has rapidly colonized most of the world since. Previous studies suggested that an invader genotype successfully established even in areas of unsuitable environmental conditions. In the present work, we analyze mitochondrial and nuclear sequences from 71 individuals collected in 13 localities across three states in the southern US, in order to describe the genetic diversity in this area of introduction that has not yet been previously studied. Our results suggest that 97% of the samples carry the most prevalent invader genotype already reported, while the rest shows a close mitochondrial derivative. This would support the hypothesis of a general purpose genotype, with parthenogenesis and its associated lack of recombination maintaining the linkage of genetic variants capable of coping with adverse conditions and enlarging its geographical range. However, demographic advantages related to parthenogenetic reproduction as the main driver of geographic expansion (such as the foundation of a population with a single virgin female) cannot be ruled out. Given the historical introduction records and the prevalence of the invader genotype, it is possible that the continental US may act as a secondary source of introductions to other areas. We propose that both the parthenogenesis and scarce genetic variation in places of introduction may, in fact, be an asset that allows N. cervinus to thrive across a range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela S. Rodriguero
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Viviana A. Confalonieri
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Ava Mackay Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Mary Kate Dornon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Eleanor Zagoren
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Alice Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Andrea S. Sequeira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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4
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Bühlmann I, Gossner MM. Invasive Drosophila suzukii outnumbers native controphics and causes substantial damage to fruits of forest plants. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.77.87319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Impacts of biological invasions are diverse and can have far-reaching consequences for ecosystems. The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is a major invasive pest of fruits, which negatively affects fruit and wine production. However, little is known about the ecological impact of this fly species on more natural ecosystems it has invaded, such as forests. In this study, we investigated the use of potential host plants by D. suzukii at 64 sites in different forest communities in Switzerland from mid-June to mid-October 2020. We examined more than 12,000 fruits for egg deposits of D. suzukii to assess its direct impact on the plants. We recorded symptoms of fruit decay after egg deposition to determine if D. suzukii attacks trigger fruit decay. In addition, we monitored the drosophilid fauna with cup traps baited with apple cider vinegar, as we expected that D. suzukii would outnumber and potentially outcompete native controphics, especially other drosophilids. Egg deposits of D. suzukii were found on the fruits of 31 of the 39 potential host plant species studied, with 18 species showing an attack rate > 50%. Overall, fruits of Cotoneaster divaricatus (96%), Atropa bella-donna (91%), Rubus fruticosus corylifolius aggr. (91%), Frangula alnus (85%) and Sambucus nigra (83%) were attacked particularly frequently, resulting also in high predicted attack probabilities that varied among forest communities. Later and longer fruiting, black fruit colour, larger fruit size and higher pulp pH all positively affected attack rates. More than 50% of the plant species showed severe symptoms of decay after egg deposition, with higher pulp sugar content leading to more severe symptoms. The high fruit attack rate observed was reflected in a high abundance and dominance of D. suzukii in trap catches, independent of forest community and elevation. Drosophila suzukii was by far the most abundant species, accounting for 86% (81,395 individuals) of all drosophilids. The abundance of D. suzukii was negatively associated with the abundance of the native drosophilids. Our results indicate that the invasive D. suzukii competes strongly with other frugivorous species and that its presence might have far-reaching ecosystem-level consequences. The rapid decay of fruits attacked by D. suzukii leads to a loss of resources and may disrupt seed-dispersal mutualisms through the reduced consumption of fruits by dispersers such as birds.
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5
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Archetti M. Evidence from automixis with inverted meiosis for the maintenance of sex by loss of complementation. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:40-50. [PMID: 34927297 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive value of sexual reproduction is still debated. A short-term disadvantage of asexual reproduction is loss of heterozygosity, which leads to the unmasking of recessive deleterious mutations. The cost of this loss of complementation is predicted to be higher than the twofold cost of meiosis for most types of asexual reproduction. Automixis with terminal fusion of sister nuclei is especially vulnerable to the effect of loss of complementation. It is found, however, in some taxa including oribatid mites, the most prominent group of ancient asexuals. Here, I show that automixis with terminal fusion is stable if it is associated with inverted meiosis and that this appears to be the case in nature, notably in oribatid mites. The existence of automixis with terminal fusion, and its co-occurrence with inverted meiosis, therefore, is consistent with the hypothesis that loss of complementation is important in the evolution of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Archetti
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Mackay-Smith A, Dornon MK, Lucier R, Okimoto A, Mendonca de Sousa F, Rodriguero M, Confalonieri V, Lanteri AA, Sequeira AS. Host-specific gene expression as a tool for introduction success in Naupactus parthenogenetic weevils. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248202. [PMID: 34329290 PMCID: PMC8323892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food resource access can mediate establishment success in invasive species, and generalist herbivorous insects are thought to rely on mechanisms of transcriptional plasticity to respond to dietary variation. While asexually reproducing invasives typically have low genetic variation, the twofold reproductive capacity of asexual organisms is a marked advantage for colonization. We studied host-related transcriptional acclimation in parthenogenetic, invasive, and polyphagous weevils: Naupactus cervinus and N. leucoloma. We analyzed patterns of gene expression in three gene categories that can mediate weevil-host plant interactions through identification of suitable host plants, short-term acclimation to host plant defenses, and long-term adaptation to host plant defenses and their pathogens. This approach employed comparative transcriptomic methods to investigate differentially expressed host detection, detoxification, immune defense genes, and pathway-level gene set enrichment. Our results show that weevil gene expression responses can be host plant-specific, and that elements of that response can be maintained in the offspring. Some host plant groups, such as legumes, appear to be more taxing as they elicit a complex gene expression response which is both strong in intensity and specific in identity. However, the weevil response to taxing host plants shares many differentially expressed genes with other stressful situations, such as host plant cultivation conditions and transition to novel host, suggesting that there is an evolutionarily favorable shared gene expression regime for responding to different types of stressful situations. Modulating gene expression in the absence of other avenues for phenotypic adaptation may be an important mechanism of successful colonization for these introduced insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Mackay-Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary Kate Dornon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosalind Lucier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Okimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Flavia Mendonca de Sousa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcela Rodriguero
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Confalonieri
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analia A. Lanteri
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrea S. Sequeira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
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7
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Wei J, Schneider SA, Normark RD, Normark BB. Four new species of Aspidiotini (Hemiptera, Diaspididae, Aspidiotinae) from Panama, with a key to Panamanian species. Zookeys 2021; 1047:1-25. [PMID: 34248364 PMCID: PMC8249359 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new species of armored scale insect, Clavaspisselvaticasp. nov., Clavaspisvirolaesp. nov., Davidsonaspistovomitaesp. nov., and Rungaspisneotropicalissp. nov., are described and illustrated from Panama. We also transfer two previously described species of Panamanian Aspidiotini to new genera, Hemiberlesiacrescentiae (Ferris) comb. nov. and Rungaspisrigida (Ferris) comb. nov., and report the first record of Selenaspidopsisbrowni Nakahara in Panama. A key to the species of Aspidiotini occurring in Panama is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiufeng Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Scott A Schneider
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Building 005 - Room 004, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Roxanna D Normark
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Benjamin B Normark
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.,Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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8
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Peterson DA, Hardy NB, Morse GE, Itioka T, Wei J, Normark BB. Nonadaptive host-use specificity in tropical armored scale insects. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12910-12919. [PMID: 33304503 PMCID: PMC7713922 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most herbivorous insects are diet specialists in spite of the apparent advantages of being a generalist. This conundrum might be explained by fitness trade-offs on alternative host plants, yet the evidence of such trade-offs has been elusive. Another hypothesis is that specialization is nonadaptive, evolving through neutral population-genetic processes and within the bounds of historical constraints. Here, we report on a striking lack of evidence for the adaptiveness of specificity in tropical canopy communities of armored scale insects. We find evidence of pervasive diet specialization, and find that host use is phylogenetically conservative, but also find that more-specialized species occur on fewer of their potential hosts than do less-specialized species, and are no more abundant where they do occur. Of course local communities might not reflect regional diversity patterns. But based on our samples, comprising hundreds of species of hosts and armored scale insects at two widely separated sites, more-specialized species do not appear to outperform more generalist species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Peterson
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| | - Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | | | - Takao Itioka
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental StudiesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Jiufeng Wei
- College of AgricultureShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiguChina
| | - Benjamin B. Normark
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
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9
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Silva R, Clarke AR. The "sequential cues hypothesis": a conceptual model to explain host location and ranking by polyphagous herbivores. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1136-1147. [PMID: 31448531 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Successfully locating a host plant is crucial for an insect herbivore to feed and/or oviposit. However, locating a host within a complex environment that may contain an array of different plant species is a difficult task. This is particularly the case for polyphagous herbivores, which must locate a host within environments that may simultaneously contain multiple suitable and unsuitable hosts. Here we review the mechanisms of host selection used by polyphagous herbivores, as well as exploring how prior experience may modify a generalist's response to host cues. We show that recent research demonstrates that polyphagous herbivores have the capacity to detect both common cues from multiple host species, as well as specific cues from individual host species. This creates a paradox in that generalists invariably rank hosts when given a choice, a finding at odds with the "neural limitations" hypothesis that says generalist insect herbivores should not have the neural capacity to identify cues specific to every possible host. To explain this paradox we propose a model, akin to parasitoid host location, that postulates that generalist herbivores use different cues sequentially in host location. We propose that initially common host cues, associated with all potential hosts, are used to place the herbivore within the host habitat and that, in the absence of any other host cues, these cues are sufficient in themselves to lead to host location. As such they are true "generalist" cues. However, once within the host habitat, we propose that the presence of a smaller group of cues may lead to further host searching and the location of preferred hosts: these are "specialist" cues. This model explains the current conflict in the literature where generalists can respond to both common and specific host-plant cues, while also exhibiting specialist and generalist host use behavior under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Silva
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony R Clarke
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Hardy NB, Kaczvinsky C, Bird G, Normark BB. What We Don't Know About Diet-Breadth Evolution in Herbivorous Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-023322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Half a million species of herbivorous insects have been described. Most of them are diet specialists, using only a few plant species as hosts. Biologists suspect that their specificity is key to their diversity. But why do herbivorous insects tend to be diet specialists? In this review, we catalog a broad range of explanations. We review the evidence for each and suggest lines of research to obtain the evidence we lack. We then draw attention to a second major question, namely how changes in diet breadth affect the rest of a species’ biology. In particular, we know little about how changes in diet breadth feed back on genetic architecture, the population genetic environment, and other aspects of a species’ ecology. Knowing more about how generalists and specialists differ should go a long way toward sorting out potential explanations of specificity, and yield a deeper understanding of herbivorous insect diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Chloe Kaczvinsky
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Bird
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Normark
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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11
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Jose PA, Krishnamoorthy R, Gandhi PI, Senthilkumar M, Janahiraman V, Kumutha K, Choudhury AR, Samaddar S, Anandham R, Sa T. Endomicrobial Community Profiles of Two Different Mealybugs: Paracoccus marginatus and Ferrisia virgata. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1013-1017. [PMID: 32238776 PMCID: PMC9728186 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2001.01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) harbour diverse microbial symbionts that play essential roles in host physiology, ecology, and evolution. In this study we aimed to reveal microbial communities associated with two different mealybugs, papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) and two-tailed mealybug (Ferrisia virgata) collected from the same host plant. Comparative analysis of microbial communities associated with these mealybugs revealed differences that appear to stem from phylogenetic associations and different nutritional requirements. This first report on both bacterial and fungal communities associated with these mealybugs provides a preliminary insight on factors affecting the endomicrobial communities. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Polpass Arul Jose
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pandiyan Indira Gandhi
- Regional Research Station, Vridhachalam, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugaiyan Senthilkumar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veeranan Janahiraman
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karunandham Kumutha
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aritra Roy Choudhury
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandipan Samaddar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Rangasamy Anandham
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India,Corresponding authors T.S. Phone: +82-43-261-2561 Fax: +82-43-271-5921 E-mail:
| | - Tongmin Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors T.S. Phone: +82-43-261-2561 Fax: +82-43-271-5921 E-mail:
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12
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Newman TE, Derbyshire MC. The Evolutionary and Molecular Features of Broad Host-Range Necrotrophy in Plant Pathogenic Fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:591733. [PMID: 33304369 PMCID: PMC7693711 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.591733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Necrotrophic fungal pathogens cause considerable disease on numerous economically important crops. Some of these pathogens are specialized to one or a few closely related plant species, whereas others are pathogenic on many unrelated hosts. The evolutionary and molecular bases of broad host-range necrotrophy in plant pathogens are not very well-defined and form an on-going area of research. In this review, we discuss what is known about broad host-range necrotrophic pathogens and compare them with their narrow host-range counterparts. We discuss the evolutionary processes associated with host generalism, and highlight common molecular features of the broad host-range necrotrophic lifestyle, such as fine-tuning of host pH, modulation of host reactive oxygen species and metabolic degradation of diverse host antimicrobials. We conclude that broad host-range necrotrophic plant pathogens have evolved a range of diverse and sometimes convergent responses to a similar selective regime governed by interactions with a highly heterogeneous host landscape.
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13
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Abstract
In diverse parasite taxa, from scale insects to root-knot nematodes, asexual lineages have exceptionally large host ranges, larger than those of their sexual relatives. Phylogenetic comparative studies of parasite taxa indicate that increases in host range and geographic range increase the probability of establishment of asexual lineages. At first pass, this convergence of traits appears counter-intuitive: intimate, antagonistic association with an enormous range of host taxa correlates with asexual reproduction, which should limit genetic variation within populations. Why would narrow host ranges favor sexual parasites and large host ranges favor asexual parasites? To take on this problem I link theory on ecological specialization to the two predominant hypotheses for the evolution of sex. I argue that both hypotheses predict a positive association between host range and the probability of invasion of asexual parasites, mediated either by variation in population size or in the strength of antagonistic coevolution. I also review hypotheses on colonization and the evolution of niche breadth in asexual lineages. I emphasize parasite taxa, with their diversity of reproductive modes and ecological strategies, as valuable assets in the hunt for solutions to the classic problems of the evolution of sex and geographic parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gibson
- Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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14
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Gene Expression and Diet Breadth in Plant-Feeding Insects: Summarizing Trends. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 35:259-277. [PMID: 31791830 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomic studies lend insights into the role of transcriptional plasticity in adaptation and specialization. Recently, there has been growing interest in understanding the relationship between variation in herbivorous insect gene expression and the evolution of diet breadth. We review the studies that have emerged on insect gene expression and host plant use, and outline the questions and approaches in the field. Many candidate genes underlying herbivory and specialization have been identified, and a few key studies demonstrate increased transcriptional plasticity associated with generalist compared with specialist species. Addressing the roles that transcriptional variation plays in insect diet breadth will have important implications for our understanding of the evolution of specialization and the genetic and environmental factors that govern insect-plant interactions.
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Unraveling the Genetic Structure of the Coconut Scale Insect Pest ( Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne) Outbreak Populations in the Philippines. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110374. [PMID: 31717772 PMCID: PMC6920999 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that massive outbreaks of the coconut scale insect pest, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are inflicting significant economic losses to the Philippines' coconut industry, little is known about the population and dispersal history of this invasive pest in the country. Here, we examined the genetic diversity, structure and demographic history of A. rigidus sampled from localities with reported outbreaks from 2014 to 2017. We analyzed the genetic structure of the outbreak populations using mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF-1α markers. Both markers and all methods of population genetic structure analyses indicate clear differentiation among the A. rigidus populations separating the north from the southern regions of the Philippines. Very low or no genetic differentiation was observed within and amongst the populations per geographic region indicating two unrelated outbreak events of the pest originating from two genetically uniform populations isolated in each respective region. Historical data supports the resurgence of an established A. rigidus population in the south which could have been driven by sudden climatic changes or human-induced habitat imbalance. Our study provides valuable information on the genetic differentiation of the two A. rigidus groups that would be useful for developing and implementing biological control strategies against this pest in the Philippines.
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Brandt A, Bast J, Scheu S, Meusemann K, Donath A, Schütte K, Machida R, Kraaijeveld K. No signal of deleterious mutation accumulation in conserved gene sequences of extant asexual hexapods. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5338. [PMID: 30926861 PMCID: PMC6441085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of sex and recombination is generally assumed to impede the effectiveness of purifying selection and to result in the accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations. Empirical evidence for this has come from several studies investigating mutational load in a small number of individual genes. However, recent whole transcriptome based studies have yielded inconsistent results, hence questioning the validity of the assumption of mutational meltdown in asexual populations. Here, we study the effectiveness of purifying selection in eight asexual hexapod lineages and their sexual relatives, as present in the 1 K Insect Transcriptome Evolution (1KITE) project, covering eight hexapod groups. We analyse the accumulation of slightly deleterious nonsynonymous and synonymous point mutations in 99 single copy orthologue protein-coding loci shared among the investigated taxa. While accumulation rates of nonsynonymous mutations differed between genes and hexapod groups, we found no effect of reproductive mode on the effectiveness of purifying selection acting at nonsynonymous and synonymous sites. Although the setup of this study does not fully rule out nondetection of subtle effects, our data does not support the established consensus of asexual lineages undergoing ‘mutational meltdown’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Brandt
- University of Göttingen, JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jens Bast
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, UNIL Sorge, Le Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Scheu
- University of Göttingen, JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karen Meusemann
- University of Freiburg, Biology I, Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Hauptstraße 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research (ZMB), Zoological Research Museum Alexander König, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Donath
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research (ZMB), Zoological Research Museum Alexander König, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kai Schütte
- University of Hamburg, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Research Unit Animal Ecology and Conservation, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, 1278-294, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano, 386-2204, Japan
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Science Park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Anstett DN, Cheval I, D'Souza C, Salminen JP, Johnson MTJ. Ellagitannins from the Onagraceae Decrease the Performance of Generalist and Specialist Herbivores. J Chem Ecol 2018; 45:86-94. [PMID: 30511298 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenolics have a role in defenses against herbivores, but the defensive functions of specific groups of phenolics are still poorly understood. For example, ellagitannins (a type of hydrolyzable tannin) are predicted to decrease insect herbivore performance, but the effect of different types of ellagitannins on generalist and specialist herbivores has rarely been assessed. Here, we test the effects of the dominant oligomeric ellagitannins of Oenothera biennis and other Onagraceae on herbivore performance. We fed artificial diets containing between 1 and 100 mg/g of polyphenol fractions comprised of varying amounts and compositions of dimeric oenothein B, the trimeric oenothein A and larger oligomers, to one generalist (Spodoptera exigua) and one specialist (Schinia florida) insect herbivore species. We compared the effects of these ellagitannin fractions on herbivore performance to the effects of artificial diet containing total phenolic extracts from O. biennis, which contained these ellagitannins as well as many additional phenolic metabolites including flavonoid glycosides and caffeic acid derivatives. Both the ellagitannin fractions and O. biennis phenolic extracts had strong negative effects on S. exigua and S. florida performance, with stronger effects on the generalist herbivore. Differences between the effects of the various ellagitannin fractions were small and depended on insect life stage. The defensive effects of these ellagitannins were large, with lethal concentrations as low as 0.1% of the diet. These results highlight the important defensive function of ellagitannins against specialist and generalist herbivores and the need to characterize the effects of these understudied phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Anstett
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Iris Cheval
- AgroSup Dijon, 21000, Dijon, Burgundy, France
| | - Caitlyn D'Souza
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | | | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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18
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Schneider SA, Okusu A, Normark BB. Molecular phylogenetics of Aspidiotini armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) reveals rampant paraphyly, curious species radiations, and multiple origins of association with Melissotarsus ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 129:291-303. [PMID: 30195475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The armored scale insect tribe Aspidiotini comprises many pest species that are globally invasive and economically damaging. The taxonomy of scale insects is based almost solely upon morphological characters of adult females, and little prior work has been done to test the classification of aspidiotines against molecular evidence. To address these concerns, we reconstruct a molecular phylogeny for aspidiotine armored scales that expands greatly upon taxonomic and character representations from previous studies. Our dataset includes 127 species (356 terminal taxa) and four gene regions: 28S, EF-1α, COI-COII, and CAD. Nearly 50% of the species treated are identified as pests and several more may represent emerging pests. Phylogenetic data were analyzed in a Bayesian framework using MC3 iterations. The majority of sampled aspidiotine genera are not monophyletic as currently defined. Monophyly constraints for 'worst offenders' were imposed on the phylogeny and stepping-stone MCMC was performed to calculate marginal likelihood scores. Comparisons of marginal likelihoods from runs with constrained vs. informative priors support the interpretation that pest-rich genera are not monophyletic. We use character mapping to illustrate signal and convergence for selected traits that have been used to define or recognize genera and evaluate consistency and retention indices for these traits. The phylogeny illustrates a pervasive pattern in which extremely polyphagous pests - typically having large populations and wide geographical distributions - are frequently intertwined with range-limited specialists on the phylogeny. Finally, the phylogeny recovers three origins of ant association among the Aspidiotini. The history of ant/diaspidid symbioses involves periods of sustained partner fidelity, spanning multiple speciation events, which have been punctuated by opportunistic switches to novel partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Schneider
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Building 005 - Room 004, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA(1); Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, 204C French Hall, University of Massachusetts, 230 Stockbridge Road, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Akiko Okusu
- Biology Department, 221 Morrill Science Center III, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Benjamin B Normark
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, 204C French Hall, University of Massachusetts, 230 Stockbridge Road, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Biology Department, 221 Morrill Science Center III, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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19
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Polyphagy by omnivory: scavenging improves performance of a polyphagous caterpillar on marginal hosts. Oecologia 2018; 186:1007-1015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Hardy NB, Peterson DA, Ross L, Rosenheim JA. Does a plant-eating insect's diet govern the evolution of insecticide resistance? Comparative tests of the pre-adaptation hypothesis. Evol Appl 2017; 11:739-747. [PMID: 29875815 PMCID: PMC5979754 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the pre‐adaptation hypothesis, the evolution of insecticide resistance in plant‐eating insects co‐opts adaptations that initially evolved during chemical warfare with their host plants. Here, we used comparative statistics to test two predictions of this hypothesis: (i) Insects with more diverse diets should evolve resistance to more diverse insecticides. (ii) Feeding on host plants with strong or diverse qualitative chemical defenses should prime an insect lineage to evolve insecticide resistance. Both predictions are supported by our tests. What makes this especially noteworthy is that differences in the diets of plant‐eating insect species are typically ignored by the population genetic models we use to make predictions about insecticide resistance evolution. Those models surely capture some of the differences between host‐use generalists and specialists, for example, differences in population size and migration rates into treated fields, but they miss other potentially important differences, for example, differences in metabolic diversity and gene expression plasticity. Ignoring these differences could be costly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate B Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Auburn University Auburn AL USA
| | - Daniel A Peterson
- Graduate Program in Organismic & Evolutionary Biology Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Laura Ross
- School of Biological Sciences Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis CA USA
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21
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van der Kooi CJ, Matthey-Doret C, Schwander T. Evolution and comparative ecology of parthenogenesis in haplodiploid arthropods. Evol Lett 2017; 1:304-316. [PMID: 30283658 PMCID: PMC6121848 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes from sexual reproduction to female-producing parthenogenesis (thelytoky) have great evolutionary and ecological consequences, but how many times parthenogenesis evolved in different animal taxa is unknown. We present the first exhaustive database covering 765 cases of parthenogenesis in haplodiploid (arrhenotokous) arthropods, and estimate frequencies of parthenogenesis in different taxonomic groups. We show that the frequency of parthenogenetic lineages extensively varies among groups (0-38% among genera), that many species have both sexual and parthenogenetic lineages and that polyploidy is very rare. Parthenogens are characterized by broad ecological niches: parasitoid and phytophagous parthenogenetic species consistently use more host species, and have larger, polewards extended geographic distributions than their sexual relatives. These differences did not solely evolve after the transition to parthenogenesis. Extant parthenogens often derive from sexual ancestors with relatively broad ecological niches and distributions. As these ecological attributes are associated with large population sizes, our results strongly suggests that transitions to parthenogenesis are more frequent in large sexual populations and/or that the risk of extinction of parthenogens with large population sizes is reduced. The species database presented here provides insights into the maintenance of sex and parthenogenesis in natural populations that are not taxon specific and opens perspectives for future comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril Matthey-Doret
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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22
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Brandt A, Schaefer I, Glanz J, Schwander T, Maraun M, Scheu S, Bast J. Effective purifying selection in ancient asexual oribatid mites. Nat Commun 2017; 8:873. [PMID: 29026136 PMCID: PMC5638860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex is beneficial in the long term because it can prevent mutational meltdown through increased effectiveness of selection. This idea is supported by empirical evidence of deleterious mutation accumulation in species with a recent transition to asexuality. Here, we study the effectiveness of purifying selection in oribatid mites which have lost sex millions of years ago and diversified into different families and species while reproducing asexually. We compare the accumulation of deleterious nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations between three asexual and three sexual lineages using transcriptome data. Contrasting studies of young asexual lineages, we find evidence for strong purifying selection that is more effective in asexual as compared to sexual oribatid mite lineages. Our results suggest that large populations likely sustain effective purifying selection and facilitate the escape of mutational meltdown in the absence of sex. Thus, sex per se is not a prerequisite for the long-term persistence of animal lineages. Asexual reproduction is thought to be an evolutionary dead end in eukaryotes because deleterious mutations will not be purged effectively. Here, Brandt and colleagues show that anciently asexual oribatid mites in fact have reduced accumulation of deleterious mutations compared to their sexual relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Brandt
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, DE-37073, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Ina Schaefer
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, DE-37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julien Glanz
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, DE-37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, UNIL Sorge, Le Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Maraun
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, DE-37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, DE-37073, Goettingen, Germany.,Center of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, DE-37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Bast
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, UNIL Sorge, Le Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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23
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Gokhman VE, Kuznetsova VG. Parthenogenesis in Hexapoda: holometabolous insects. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina G. Kuznetsova
- Department of Karyosystematics; Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
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24
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Hölscher D, Vollrath A, Kai M, Dhakshinamoorthy S, Menezes RC, Svatoš A, Schubert US, Buerkert A, Schneider B. Local phytochemical response of Musa acuminata × balbisiana Colla cv. 'Bluggoe' (ABB) to colonization by Sternorrhyncha. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 133:26-32. [PMID: 27839785 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of two Sternorrhyncha species, the banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae, Aphidinae)), vector of the banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), and the latania scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae, Diaspidinae)) with Musa acuminata × balbisiana Colla (ABB Group) 'Bluggoe' (Musaceae) was investigated by a combination of conventional and spatially resolved analytical techniques, 1H NMR, UHPLC-MS, and matrix-free UV-laser desorption/ionization MS imaging. After infestation, the feeding sites of P. nigronervosa on the pseudostem and the exocarp of banana fruit developed a red tinge, in which tissue-specific accumulations of phenylphenalenones were discovered. Phenylphenalenones were also detected in the black mats of sooty molds growing on the banana aphid exudates and in the dorsal scales of H. lataniae. This suggests that although these secondary metabolites play a role in the reaction of banana plants towards attack by sucking insects, an aphid and an armored scale have established mechanisms to exude these metabolites before they deploy their deleterious effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hölscher
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel, Steinstr. 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany.
| | - Antje Vollrath
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Kai
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Suganthaguntalam Dhakshinamoorthy
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Riya C Menezes
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Buerkert
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel, Steinstr. 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Peterson DA, Hardy NB, Normark BB. Micro- and Macroevolutionary Trade-Offs in Plant-Feeding Insects. Am Nat 2016; 188:640-650. [PMID: 27860513 DOI: 10.1086/688764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing hypothesis asserts that plant-feeding insects specialize on particular host plants because of negative interactions (trade-offs) between adaptations to alternative hosts, yet empirical evidence for such trade-offs is scarce. Most studies have looked for microevolutionary performance trade-offs within insect species, but host use could also be constrained by macroevolutionary trade-offs caused by epistasis and historical contingency. Here we used a phylogenetic approach to estimate the micro- and macroevolutionary correlations between use of alternative host-plant taxa within two major orders of plant-feeding insects: Lepidoptera (caterpillars) and Hemiptera (true bugs). Across 1,604 caterpillar species, we found both positive and negative pairwise correlations between use of 11 host-plant orders, with overall network patterns suggesting that different host-use constraints act over micro- and macroevolutionary timescales. In contrast, host-use patterns of 955 true bug species revealed uniformly positive correlations between use of the same 11 host plant orders over both timescales. The lack of consistent patterns across timescales and insect orders indicates that host-use trade-offs are historically contingent rather than universal constraints. Moreover, we observed few negative correlations overall despite the wide taxonomic and ecological diversity of the focal host-plant orders, suggesting that positive interactions between host-use adaptations, not trade-offs, dominate the long-term evolution of host use in plant-feeding insects.
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26
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Clarke AR. Why so many polyphagous fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)? A further contribution to the ‘generalism’ debate. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Clarke
- School of Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); Brisbane Qld 4001 Australia
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre; LPO Box 5012 Bruce ACT 2617 Australia
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27
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Hardy NB, Peterson DA, Normark BB. Nonadaptive radiation: Pervasive diet specialization by drift in scale insects? Evolution 2016; 70:2421-2428. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Daniel A. Peterson
- Graduate Program in Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Benjamin B. Normark
- Graduate Program in Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003
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28
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Hardy NB, Peterson DA, Normark BB. Scale insect host ranges are broader in the tropics. Biol Lett 2015; 11:20150924. [PMID: 26701757 PMCID: PMC4707704 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity of the interactions between plants and their consumers varies considerably. The evolutionary and ecological factors underlying this variation are unclear. Several potential explanatory factors vary with latitude, for example plant species richness and the intensity of herbivory. Here, we use comparative phylogenetic methods to test the effect of latitude on host range in scale insects. We find that, on average, scale insects that occur in lower latitudes are more polyphagous. This result is at odds with the general pattern of greater host-plant specificity of insects in the tropics. We propose that this disparity reflects a high cost for host specificity in scale insects, stemming from unusual aspects of scale insect life history, for example, passive wind-driven dispersal. More broadly, the strong evidence for pervasive effects of geography on host range across insect groups stands in stark contrast to the weak evidence for constraints on host range due to genetic trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate B Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Daniel A Peterson
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Benjamin B Normark
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Hill MG, Wurms KV, Davy MW, Gould E, Allan A, Mauchline NA, Luo Z, Ah Chee A, Stannard K, Storey RD, Rikkerink EH. Transcriptome Analysis of Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) Bark in Response to Armoured Scale Insect (Hemiberlesia lataniae) Feeding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141664. [PMID: 26571404 PMCID: PMC4646472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The kiwifruit cultivar Actinidia chinensis 'Hort16A' is resistant to the polyphagous armoured scale insect pest Hemiberlesia lataniae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). A cDNA microarray consisting of 17,512 unigenes selected from over 132,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was used to measure the transcriptomic profile of the A. chinensis 'Hort16A' canes in response to a controlled infestation of H. lataniae. After 2 days, 272 transcripts were differentially expressed. After 7 days, 5,284 (30%) transcripts were differentially expressed. The transcripts were grouped into 22 major functional categories using MapMan software. After 7 days, transcripts associated with photosynthesis (photosystem II) were significantly down-regulated, while those associated with secondary metabolism were significantly up-regulated. A total of 643 transcripts associated with response to stress were differentially expressed. This included biotic stress-related transcripts orthologous with pathogenesis related proteins, the phenylpropanoid pathway, NBS-LRR (R) genes, and receptor-like kinase-leucine rich repeat signalling proteins. While transcriptional studies are not conclusive in their own right, results were suggestive of a defence response involving both ETI and PTI, with predominance of the SA signalling pathway. Exogenous application of an SA-mimic decreased H. lataniae growth on A. chinensis 'Hort16A' plants in two laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Garry Hill
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No1 Rd RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Kirstin V. Wurms
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Marcus W. Davy
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No1 Rd RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Elaine Gould
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Allan
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola A. Mauchline
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No1 Rd RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annette Ah Chee
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Kate Stannard
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No1 Rd RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Roy D. Storey
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No1 Rd RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Erik H. Rikkerink
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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Peterson DA, Hardy NB, Morse GE, Stocks IC, Okusu A, Normark BB. Phylogenetic analysis reveals positive correlations between adaptations to diverse hosts in a group of pathogen-like herbivores. Evolution 2015; 69. [PMID: 26374400 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A jack of all trades can be master of none-this intuitive idea underlies most theoretical models of host-use evolution in plant-feeding insects, yet empirical support for trade-offs in performance on distinct host plants is weak. Trade-offs may influence the long-term evolution of host use while being difficult to detect in extant populations, but host-use evolution may also be driven by adaptations for generalism. Here we used host-use data from insect collection records to parameterize a phylogenetic model of host-use evolution in armored scale insects, a large family of plant-feeding insects with a simple, pathogen-like life history. We found that a model incorporating positive correlations between evolutionary changes in host performance best fit the observed patterns of diaspidid presence and absence on nearly all focal host taxa, suggesting that adaptations to particular hosts also enhance performance on other hosts. In contrast to the widely invoked trade-off model, we advocate a "toolbox" model of host-use evolution in which armored scale insects accumulate a set of independent genetic tools, each of which is under selection for a single function but may be useful on multiple hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Peterson
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.
| | - Nate B Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Geoffrey E Morse
- Department of Biology, University of San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Ian C Stocks
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Akiko Okusu
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin B Normark
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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31
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Turcotte MM, Lochab AK, Turley NE, Johnson MTJ. Plant domestication slows pest evolution. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:907-15. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin M. Turcotte
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto at Mississauga; Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Universitätstrasse 16; Zürich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Amaneet K. Lochab
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto at Mississauga; Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Nash E. Turley
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto at Mississauga; Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824-1312 USA
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto at Mississauga; Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada
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32
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Turley NE, Johnson MTJ. Ecological effects of aphid abundance, genotypic variation, and contemporary evolution on plants. Oecologia 2015; 178:747-59. [PMID: 25740334 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation and contemporary evolution within populations can shape the strength and nature of species interactions, but the relative importance of these forces compared to other ecological factors is unclear. We conducted a field experiment testing the effects of genotypic variation, abundance, and presence/absence of green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) on the growth, leaf nitrogen, and carbon of two plant species (Brassica napus and Solanum nigrum). Aphid genotype affected B. napus but not S. nigrum biomass explaining 20 and 7% of the total variation, respectively. Averaging across both plant species, the presence/absence of aphids had a 1.6× larger effect size (Cohen's d) than aphid genotype, and aphid abundance had the strongest negative effects on plant biomass explaining 29% of the total variation. On B. napus, aphid genotypes had different effects on leaf nitrogen depending on their abundance. Aphids did not influence leaf nitrogen in S. nigrum nor leaf carbon in either species. We conducted a second experiment in the field to test whether contemporary evolution could affect plant performance. Aphid populations evolved in as little as five generations, but the rate and direction of this evolution did not consistently vary between plant species. On one host species (B. napus), faster evolving populations had greater negative effects on host plant biomass, with aphid evolutionary rate explaining 23% of the variation in host plant biomass. Together, these results show that genetic variation and evolution in an insect herbivore can play important roles in shaping host plant ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nash E Turley
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada,
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33
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Turcotte MM, Turley NE, Johnson MTJ. The impact of domestication on resistance to two generalist herbivores across 29 independent domestication events. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:671-681. [PMID: 25039644 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The domestication of crops is among the most important innovations in human history. Here, we test the hypothesis that cultivation and artificial selection for increased productivity of crops reduced plant defenses against herbivores. We compared the performance of two economically important generalist herbivores - the leaf-chewing beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and the phloem-feeding green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) - across 29 crop species and their closely related wild relatives. We also measured putative morphological and chemical defensive traits and correlated them with herbivore performance. We show that, on average, domestication significantly reduced resistance to S. exigua, but not M. persicae, and that most independent domestication events did not cause differences in resistance to either herbivore. In addition, we found that multiple plant traits predicted resistance to S. exigua and M. persicae, and that domestication frequently altered the strength and direction of correlations between these traits and herbivore performance. Our results show that domestication can alter plant defenses, but does not cause strong allocation tradeoffs as predicted by plant defense theory. These results have important implications for understanding the evolutionary ecology of species interactions and for the search for potential resistance traits to be targeted in crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Turcotte
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Nash E Turley
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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Oliveira MD, Barbosa PRR, Silva-Torres CSA, Torres JB. Performance of the Striped Mealybug Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under Variable Conditions of Temperature and Mating. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:1-8. [PMID: 27193398 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-013-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mealybugs have strong associations with their host plants due to their limitations for dispersal. Thus, environmental conditions and host quality may impact the biological traits of mealybugs. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report on the biology of a Brazilian population of the striped mealybug Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which has recently been reported to infest cotton in Brazil. We evaluated the development and reproductive performance of F. virgata reared under different temperatures (25, 27, and 28°C) and mating status. The type of reproduction was also studied with insects reared on a factitious host and on cotton plants. Shorter development was obtained at 28°C as follows: nymphs generating males and females exhibited three and four instars with a mean duration of 19.1 and 20.5 days, respectively. The nymphal viability ranged from 77 to 96%, and was highest at 25°C. Females reared at 28°C initiated reproduction earlier (16.4 days), but the reproductive period was similar in all temperatures (∼16.2 days). Females produced more nymphs at 27 and 28°C (440 and 292 neonates) than at 25°C (277 neonates), although they lived longer at 25°C (63 days). Ferrisia virgata females exhibited only sexual reproduction. Thus, only mated females produced offspring, whereas unmated females died without reproducing. Therefore, the studied population of F. virgata exhibited only sexual reproduction with high survival and offspring production when fed cotton. Furthermore, pumpkin is a feasible host for mass rearing this mealybug species in the laboratory, an opening avenue for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Oliveira
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - P R R Barbosa
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - C S A Silva-Torres
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - J B Torres
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil.
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35
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Segoli M, Rosenheim JA. The link between host density and egg production in a parasitoid insect: comparison between agricultural and natural habitats. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Segoli
- Department of Entomology; University of California; 1 Shields Avenue; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
| | - Jay A. Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology; University of California; 1 Shields Avenue; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
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36
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Carew M, Gagliardi B, Hoffmann AA. Mitochondrial DNA suggests a single maternal origin for the widespread triploid parthenogenetic pest species, Paratanytarsus grimmii, but microsatellite variation shows local endemism. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:345-357. [PMID: 23955886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Parthenogenesis is common among invasive pest species, with many parthenogenetic species also showing polyploidy. Parthenogenetic polyploid species often have multiple hybrid origins and the potential to rapidly spread over vast geographical areas. In this study, we examine patterns of mitochondrial and microsatellite variation in a widespread triploid parthenogenetic chironomid pest species, Paratanytarsus grimmii. Based on samples from five countries, including Australia, England, Germany, Japan, and Canada, we found extremely low mitochondrial diversity (<0.14%), with most individuals sharing a common and widespread haplotype. In contrast, microsatellite diversity revealed 41 clonal variants, which were regionally endemic. These findings suggest a single invasive maternal lineage of P. grimmii is likely to have recently spread over a broad geographical range. High levels of genotypic endemism suggest P. grimmii populations have remained relatively isolated after an initial spread, with little ongoing migration. This, in part, can be attributed to rapid genetic differentiation via mutations of common clonal genotypes after P. grimmii spread, but multiple polyploidization and subsequent founder events are also likely to be contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Carew
- Victorian Centre of Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, Bio21 Institute, The Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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37
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Elzinga JA, Jokela J, Shama LNS. Large variation in mitochondrial DNA of sexual and parthenogenetic Dahlica triquetrella (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) shows multiple origins of parthenogenesis. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:90. [PMID: 23622052 PMCID: PMC3655047 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obligate parthenogenesis is relatively rare in animals. Still, in some groups it is quite common and has evolved and persisted multiple times. These groups may provide important clues to help solve the 'paradox of sex'. Several species in the Psychidae (Lepidoptera) have obligate parthenogenesis. Dahlica triquetrella is one of those species where multiple transitions to parthenogenesis are postulated based on intensive cytological and behavioural studies. This has led to the hypothesis that multiple transitions from sexuals to diploid parthenogens occurred during and after the last glacial period, followed by transitions from parthenogenetic diploids to parthenogenetic tetraploids. Our study is the first to test these hypotheses using a molecular phylogeny based on mtDNA from multiple sexual and parthenogenetic populations from a wide geographic range. RESULTS Parthenogenetic (and sexual) D. triquetrella are not monophyletic, and considerable sequence variation is present suggesting multiple transitions to parthenogenesis. However, we could not establish ancestral sexual haplotypes from our dataset. Our data suggest that some parthenogenetic clades have evolved, indicating origins of parthenogenesis before the last glacial period. CONCLUSIONS Multiple transitions to parthenogenesis have taken place in Dahlica triquetrella, confirming previous hypotheses. The number of different parthenogenetic clades, haplotypes and their apparent evolutionary age, clearly show that parthenogenesis has been a very successful reproductive strategy in this species over a long period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer A Elzinga
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, and ETH-Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lisa NS Shama
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, and ETH-Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Current address: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Hafenstraße 43, D-25992, List/Sylt, Germany
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38
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Ross L, Hardy NB, Okusu A, Normark BB. LARGE POPULATION SIZE PREDICTS THE DISTRIBUTION OF ASEXUALITY IN SCALE INSECTS. Evolution 2012; 67:196-206. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Kronauer DJC, Pierce NE, Keller L. Asexual reproduction in introduced and native populations of the ant Cerapachys biroi. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5221-35. [PMID: 23013522 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asexual reproduction is particularly common among introduced species, probably because it helps to overcome the negative effects associated with low population densities during colonization. The ant Cerapachys biroi has been introduced to tropical and subtropical islands around the world since the beginning of the last century. In this species, workers can reproduce via thelytokous parthenogenesis. Here, we use genetic markers to reconstruct the history of anthropogenic introductions of C. biroi, and to address the prevalence of female parthenogenesis in introduced and native populations. We show that at least four genetically distinct lineages have been introduced from continental Asia and have led to the species' circumtropical establishment. Our analyses demonstrate that asexual reproduction dominates in the introduced range and is also common in the native range. Given that C. biroi is the only dorylomorph ant that has successfully become established outside of its native range, this unusual mode of reproduction probably facilitated the species' worldwide spread. On the other hand, the rare occurrence of haploid males and at least one clear case of sexual recombination in the introduced range show that C. biroi has not lost the potential for sex. Finally, we show that thelytoky in C. biroi probably has a genetic rather than an infectious origin, and that automixis with central fusion is the most likely underlying cytological mechanism. This is in accordance with what is known for other thelytokous eusocial Hymenoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J C Kronauer
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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40
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Barrett LG, Heil M. Unifying concepts and mechanisms in the specificity of plant-enemy interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:282-92. [PMID: 22465042 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Host ranges are commonly quantified to classify herbivores and plant pathogens as either generalists or specialists. Here, we summarize patterns and mechanisms in the interactions of plants with these enemies along different axes of specificity. We highlight the many dimensions within which plant enemies can specify and consider the underlying ecological, evolutionary and molecular mechanisms. Host resistance traits and enemy effectors emerge as central players determining host utilization and thus host range. Finally, we review approaches to studying the causes and consequences of variation in the specificity of plant-enemy interactions. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that determine host range is required to understand host shifts, and evolutionary transitions among specialist and generalist strategies, and to predict potential host ranges of pathogens and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G Barrett
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
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41
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Ollivier M, Gabaldón T, Poulain J, Gavory F, Leterme N, Gauthier JP, Legeai F, Tagu D, Simon JC, Rispe C. Comparison of gene repertoires and patterns of evolutionary rates in eight aphid species that differ by reproductive mode. Genome Biol Evol 2012; 4:155-67. [PMID: 22215803 PMCID: PMC3319000 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evr140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In theory, the loss of sexual reproduction is expected to result in the accumulation of
deleterious mutations. In aphids, two main types of life cycle, cyclic and obligate
parthenogenesis, represent respectively “sexual” and “asexual”
reproductive modes. We used the complete pea aphid genome and previously published
expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from two other aphid species. In addition, we obtained
100,000 new ESTs from five more species. The final set comprised four sexual and four
asexual aphid species and served to test the influence of the reproductive mode on the
evolutionary rates of genes. We reconstructed coding sequences from ESTs and annotated
these genes, discovering a novel peptide gene family that appears to be among the most
highly expressed transcripts from several aphid species. From 203 genes found to be 1:1
orthologs among the eight species considered, we established a species tree that partly
conflicted with taxonomy (for Myzus ascalonicus). We then used this
topology to evaluate the dynamics of evolutionary rates and mutation accumulation in the
four sexual and four asexual taxa. No significant increase of the nonsynonymous to
synonymous ratio or of nonsynonymous mutation numbers was found in any of the four
branches for asexual taxa. We however found a significant increase of the synonymous rate
in the branch leading to the asexual species Rhopalosiphum maidis, which
could be due to a change in the mutation rate or to an increased number of generations
implied by its change of life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ollivier
- INRA Rennes UMR BIO3P, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
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