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Carroll GT, Turro NJ, Mammana A, Koberstein JT. Photochemical Immobilization of Polymers on a Surface: Controlling Film Thickness and Wettability. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1165-1169. [PMID: 28295380 DOI: 10.1111/php.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we demonstrate the control of film thickness and surface wettability in the photochemical immobilization of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) containing a phthalimide chromophore. Surface attachment is characterized by ellipsometry and contact angle measurements. The wettability of the resulting films is shown to depend on the chemical composition of the polymer. The film thickness is shown to depend on the irradiation time and molecular weight of the polymer. Using a photomask, micropatterns of polymers can be grafted to the SAM. The photopatterned surface can be "developed" by coating with a thin layer of a mixture containing poly (styrene) (PS) and triphenylsulfonium triflate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas J Turro
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Angela Mammana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH
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Carroll GT, Lancaster JR, Turro NJ, Koberstein JT, Mammana A. Electroless Deposition of Nickel on Photografted Polymeric Microscale Patterns. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 38. [PMID: 27873447 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report demonstrates the electroless deposition of Ni onto micropatterns of poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) photografted to phthalimide-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). PAA is spin-coated onto phthalimide SAMs and covered with a photomask. UV irradiation selectively binds PAA to exposed regions of the surface, allowing PAA on unexposed regions to be rinsed off. A Pd catalyst is then selectively adsorbed to regions of the surface where PAA is bound. The adsorbed catalyst selectively initiates Ni plating upon immersion of the substrate into a Ni(SO4 ) bath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Turro
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Koberstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Angela Mammana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA
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Deng L, Chen X, Varki A. Exploration of sialic acid diversity and biology using sialoglycan microarrays. Biopolymers 2013; 99:650-65. [PMID: 23765393 PMCID: PMC7161822 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are a group of α-keto acids with a nine-carbon backbone, which display many types of modifications in nature. The diversity of natural Sia presentations is magnified by a variety of glycosidic linkages to underlying glycans, the sequences and classes of such glycans, as well as the spatial organization of Sias with their surroundings. This diversity is closely linked to the numerous and varied biological functions of Sias. Relatively large libraries of natural and unnatural Sias have recently been chemically/chemoenzymatically synthesized and/or isolated from natural sources. The resulting sialoglycan microarrays have proved to be valuable tools for the exploration of diversity and biology of Sias. Here we provide an overview of Sia diversity in nature, the approaches used to generate sialoglycan microarrays, and the achievements and challenges arising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingquan Deng
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular MedicineGlycobiology Research and Training Center, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaCA92093‐0687
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular MedicineGlycobiology Research and Training Center, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaCA92093‐0687
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Glassner M, Oehlenschlaeger KK, Welle A, Bruns M, Barner-Kowollik C. Polymer surface patterningvia Diels–Alder trapping of photo-generated thioaldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:633-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37651b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Arumugam S, Popik VV. Attach, remove, or replace: reversible surface functionalization using thiol-quinone methide photoclick chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8408-11. [PMID: 22568774 DOI: 10.1021/ja302970x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A very facile reaction between photochemically generated o-naphthoquinone methides (oNQMs) and thiols is employed for reversible light-directed surface derivatization and patterning. A thiol-functionalized glass slide is covered with an aqueous solution of a substrate conjugated to 3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-naphthol (NQMP). Subsequent irradiation via shadow mask results in the efficient conversion of NQMP into reactive oNQM species in the exposed areas. The latter react with thiol groups on the surface, producing thioether links between the substrate and the surface. Unreacted oNQM groups are rapidly hydrated to regenerate NQMP. The short lifetime of oNQM in aqueous solution prevents its migration from the site of irradiation, thus allowing for the spatial control of the surface derivatization. A two-step procedure was employed for protein patterning: photobiotinylation of the surface with an NQMP-biotin conjugate followed by staining with FITC-avidin. The orthogonality of oNQM-thiol and azide click chemistry allowed for the development of a sequential click strategy, which might be useful for the immobilization of light-sensitive compounds. The thioether linkage produced by the reaction of oNQM and a thiol is stable under ambient conditions but can be cleaved by UV irradiation, regenerating the free thiol. This feature allows for the removal or replacement of immobilized substrates.
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Liang K, Chen Y. Elegant Chemistry to Directly Anchor Intact Saccharides on Solid Surfaces Used for the Fabrication of Bioactivity-Conserved Saccharide Microarrays. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1300-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300142s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liang
- Key Laboratory of
Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of
Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Beijing 100190, China
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7
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Abstract
Interest in understanding the biological information content of carbohydrates has led to the development of a variety of methodologies for preparing carbohydrate microarrays. A key challenge is to find a general method to make carbohydrate molecules adhere to a solid chip in a stable manner while preserving the biorecognition properties present when in their native biological environment. The complexity of carbohydrates makes chemical modification prior to surface deposition rigorous when large libraries of surface-immobilized sugars are desired. In this report, we review a versatile photochemical method to carbohydrate immobilization that does not require premodification of the carbohydrate. The method utilizes surfaces modified with photoactive carbonyls that can insert into C-H bonds upon photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Carroll
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Arumugam S, Orski SV, Locklin J, Popik VV. Photoreactive polymer brushes for high-density patterned surface derivatization using a Diels-Alder photoclick reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:179-82. [PMID: 22191601 DOI: 10.1021/ja210350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reactive polymer brushes grown on silicon oxide surfaces were derivatized with photoreactive 3-(hydroxymethyl)naphthalene-2-ol (NQMP) moieties. Upon 300 or 350 nm irradiation, NQMP efficiently produces o-naphthoquinone methide (oNQM), which in turn undergoes very rapid Diels-Alder addition to vinyl ether groups attached to a substrate, resulting in the covalent immobilization of the latter. Any unreacted oNQM groups rapidly add water to regenerate NQMP. High-resolution surface patterning is achieved by irradiating NQMP-derivatized surfaces using photolithographic methods. The Diels-Alder photoclick reaction is orthogonal to azide-alkyne click chemistry, enabling sequential photoclick/azide-click derivatizations to generate complex surface functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvanathan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Deng L, Norberg O, Uppalapati S, Yan M, Ramström O. Stereoselective synthesis of light-activatable perfluorophenylazide-conjugated carbohydrates for glycoarray fabrication and evaluation of structural effects on protein binding by SPR imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3188-98. [PMID: 21423935 PMCID: PMC4030401 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of light-activatable perfluorophenylazide (PFPA)-conjugated carbohydrate structures have been synthesized and applied to glycoarray fabrication. The glycoconjugates were structurally varied with respect to anomeric attachment, S-, and O-linked carbohydrates, respectively, as well as linker structure and length. Efficient stereoselective synthetic routes were developed, leading to the formation of the PFPA-conjugated structures in good yields over few steps. The use of glycosyl thiols as donors proved especially efficient and provided the final compounds in up to 70% total yield with high anomeric purities. PFPA-based photochemistry was subsequently used to generate carbohydrate arrays on a polymeric surface, and surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) was applied for evaluation of carbohydrate-protein interactions using the plant lectin Concanavalin A (Con A) as a probe. The results indicate better performance and equal efficiency of S- and O-linked structures with intermediate linker length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingquan Deng
- Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Norberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suji Uppalapati
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
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Carroll GT, London G, Landaluce TF, Rudolf P, Feringa BL. Adhesion of photon-driven molecular motors to surfaces via 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions: effect of interfacial interactions on molecular motion. ACS NANO 2011; 5:622-30. [PMID: 21207983 DOI: 10.1021/nn102876j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the attachment of altitudinal light-driven molecular motors to surfaces using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. Molecular motors were designed containing azide or alkyne groups for attachment to alkyne- or azide-modified surfaces. Surface attachment was characterized by UV-vis, IR, XPS, and ellipsometry measurements. Surface-bound motors were found to undergo photochemical and thermal isomerizations consistent with unidirectional rotation in solution. Confinement at a surface was found to reduce the rate of the thermal isomerization process. The rate of thermal isomerization was also dependent on the surface coverage of the motors. In solution, changes in the UV-vis signal that accompany thermal isomerization can be fit with a single monoexponential decay. In contrast, thermal isomerization of the surface-bound motors does not follow a single monoexponential decay and was found to fit a biexponential decay. Both one- and two-legged motors were attached to surfaces. The kinetics of thermal isomerization was not affected by the valency of attachment, indicating that the changes in kinetics from solution to surface systems are related to interactions between the surface-bound motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Carroll
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Chen Y, Yan M. A universal protocol for photochemical covalent immobilization of intact carbohydrates for the preparation of carbohydrate microarrays. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 22:26-32. [PMID: 21138274 DOI: 10.1021/bc100251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A universal photochemical method has been established for the immobilization of intact carbohydrates and their analogues, and for the fabrication of carbohydrate microarrays. The method features the use of perfluorophenyl azide (PFPA)-modified substrates and the photochemical reaction of surface azido groups with printed carbohydrates. Various aldoses, ketoses, nonreducing sugars such as alditols, and their derivatives can be directly arrayed on the PFPA-modified chips. The lectin-recognition ability of arrayed mannose, glucose, and their oligo- and polysaccharides were confirmed using surface plasmon resonance imaging and laser-induced fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Dilly SJ, Clark AJ, Mitchell DA, Marsh A, Taylor PC. Using the Man(9)(GlcNAc)(2)-DC-SIGN pairing to probe specificity in photochemical immobilization. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 7:116-8. [PMID: 21060950 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00118j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the expected preference of an immobilised oligosaccharide Man(9)(GlcNAc)(2) upon a 96-well photochemical array, for its known receptor, the cell-surface lectin Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM3 Grabbing Nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) when compared to immobilised competing monosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Dilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Adak AK, Leonov AP, Ding N, Thundimadathil J, Kularatne S, Low PS, Wei A. Bishydrazide glycoconjugates for lectin recognition and capture of bacterial pathogens. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2065-75. [PMID: 20925370 DOI: 10.1021/bc100288c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bishydrazides are versatile linkers for attaching glycans to substrates for lectin binding and pathogen detection schemes. The α,ω-bishydrazides of carboxymethylated hexa(ethylene glycol) (4) can be conjugated at one end to unprotected oligosaccharides, then attached onto carrier proteins, tethered onto activated carboxyl-terminated surfaces, or functionalized with a photoactive cross-linking agent for lithographic patterning. Glycoconjugates of bishydrazide 4 can also be converted into dithiocarbamates (DTCs) by treatment with CS(2) under mild conditions, for attachment onto gold substrates. The immobilized glycans serve as recognition elements for cell-surface lectins and enable the detection and capture of bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa by their adsorption onto micropatterned substrates. A detection limit of 10³ cfu/mL is demonstrated, using a recently introduced method based on optical pattern recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Kumar Adak
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
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Wang X, Ramström O, Yan M. Glyconanomaterials: synthesis, characterization, and ligand presentation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:1946-53. [PMID: 20301131 PMCID: PMC2940833 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glyconanomaterials, nanomaterials carrying surface-tethered carbohydrate ligands, have emerged and demonstrated increasing potential in biomedical imaging, therapeutics, and diagnostics. These materials combine the unique properties of nanometer-scale objects with the ability to present multiple copies of carbohydrate ligands, greatly enhancing the weak affinity of individual ligands to their binding partners. Critical to the performance of glyconanomaterials is the proper display of carbohydrate ligands, taking into consideration of the coupling chemistry, the type and length of the spacer linkage, and the ligand density. This article provides an overview of the coupling chemistry for attaching carbohydrate ligands to nanomaterials, and discusses the need for thorough characterization of glyconanomaterials, especially quantitative analyses of the ligand density and binding affinities. Using glyconanoparticles synthesized by a versatile photocoupling chemistry, methods for determining the ligand density by colorimetry and the binding affinity with lectins by a fluorescence competition assay are determined. The results show that the multivalent presentation of carbohydrate ligands significantly enhances the binding affinity by several orders of magnitude in comparison to the free ligands in solution. The effect is sizeable even at low surface ligand density. The type and length of the spacer linkage also affect the binding affinity, with the longer linkage promoting the association of bound ligands with the corresponding lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751 (USA)
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, Stockholm, S-10044 (Sweden)
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751 (USA)
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Carroll GT, Jongejan MGM, Pijper D, Feringa BL. Spontaneous generation and patterning of chiral polymeric surface toroids. Chem Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Liu LH, Dietsch H, Schurtenberger P, Yan M. Photoinitiated coupling of unmodified monosaccharides to iron oxide nanoparticles for sensing proteins and bacteria. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1349-55. [PMID: 19534519 PMCID: PMC2733941 DOI: 10.1021/bc900110x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a versatile approach for the immobilization of unmodified monosaccharides onto iron oxide nanoparticles. Covalent coupling of the carbohydrate onto iron oxide nanoparticle surfaces was accomplished by the CH insertion reaction of photochemically activated phosphate-functionalized perfluorophenylazides (PFPAs), and the resulting glyconanoparticles were characterized by IR, TGA, and TEM. The surface-bound d-mannose showed the recognition ability toward Concanavalin A and Escherichia coli strain ORN178 that possesses mannose-specific receptor sites. Owing to the simplicity and versatility of the technique, together with the magnetic property of iron oxide nanoparticles, the methodology developed in this study serves as a general approach for the preparation of magnetic glyconanoparticles to be used in clinical diagnosis, sensing, and decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751
| | - Hervé Dietsch
- Adolphe Merkle Institute and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Route de l'ancienne Papeterie CP 209, CH-1723 Marly 1 (Switzerland)
| | - Peter Schurtenberger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Route de l'ancienne Papeterie CP 209, CH-1723 Marly 1 (Switzerland)
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751
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Laurent N, Voglmeir J, Flitsch SL. Glycoarrays--tools for determining protein-carbohydrate interactions and glycoenzyme specificity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4400-12. [PMID: 18802573 DOI: 10.1039/b806983m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate arrays (glycoarrays) have recently emerged as a high-throughput tool for studying carbohydrate-binding proteins and carbohydrate-processing enzymes. A number of sophisticated array platforms that allow for qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbohydrate binding and modification on the array surface have been developed, including analysis by fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. These platforms, together with examples of biologically-relevant applications are reviewed in this Feature Article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Laurent
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, UK M1 7DN
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