1
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Gharib E, Robichaud GA. From Crypts to Cancer: A Holistic Perspective on Colorectal Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9463. [PMID: 39273409 PMCID: PMC11395697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Recent progress in research highlights the distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of colon versus rectal cancers, underscoring tumor location's importance in treatment approaches. This article provides a comprehensive review of our current understanding of CRC epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, and management strategies. We also present the intricate cellular architecture of colonic crypts and their roles in intestinal homeostasis. Colorectal carcinogenesis multistep processes are also described, covering the conventional adenoma-carcinoma sequence, alternative serrated pathways, and the influential Vogelstein model, which proposes sequential APC, KRAS, and TP53 alterations as drivers. The consensus molecular CRC subtypes (CMS1-CMS4) are examined, shedding light on disease heterogeneity and personalized therapy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Gharib
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
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2
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Wang JZ, Patil V, Liu J, Dogan H, Tabatabai G, Yefet LS, Behling F, Hoffman E, Bunda S, Yakubov R, Kaloti R, Brandner S, Gao A, Cohen-Gadol A, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Skardelly M, Tatagiba M, Raleigh DR, Sahm F, Boutros PC, Aldape K, Nassiri F, Zadeh G. Increased mRNA expression of CDKN2A is a transcriptomic marker of clinically aggressive meningiomas. Acta Neuropathol 2023:10.1007/s00401-023-02571-3. [PMID: 37093270 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Homozygous deletion of CDKN2A/B was recently incorporated into the World Health Organization classification for grade 3 meningiomas. While this marker is overall rare in meningiomas, its relationship to other CDKN2A alterations on a transcriptomic, epigenomic, and copy number level has not yet been determined. We therefore utilized multidimensional molecular data of 1577 meningioma samples from 6 independent cohorts enriched for clinically aggressive meningiomas to comprehensively interrogate the spectrum of CDKN2A alterations through DNA methylation, copy number variation, transcriptomics, and proteomics using an integrated molecular approach. Homozygous CDKN2A/B deletions were identified in only 7.1% of cases but were associated with significantly poorer outcomes compared to tumors without these deletions. Heterozygous CDKN2A/B deletions were identified in 2.6% of cases and had similarly poor outcomes as those with homozygous deletions. Among tumors with intact CDKN2A/B (without a homozygous or heterozygous deletion), we found a distinct difference in outcome based on mRNA expression of CDKN2A, with meningiomas that had elevated mRNA expression (CDKN2Ahigh) having a significantly shorter time to recurrence. The expression of CDKN2A was independently prognostic after accounting for copy number loss and consistently increased with WHO grade and more aggressive molecular and methylation groups irrespective of cohort. Despite the discordant and mutually exclusive status of the CDKN2A gene in these groups, both CDKN2Ahigh meningiomas and meningiomas with CDKN2A deletions were enriched for similar cell cycle pathways but at different checkpoints. High mRNA expression of CDKN2A was also associated with gene hypermethylation, Rb-deficiency, and lack of response to CDK inhibition. p16 immunohistochemistry could not reliably differentiate between meningiomas with and without CDKN2A deletions but appeared to correlate better with mRNA expression. These findings support the role of CDKN2A mRNA expression as a biomarker of clinically aggressive meningiomas with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Z Wang
- MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vikas Patil
- MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Liu
- MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Helin Dogan
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leeor S Yefet
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Felix Behling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elgin Hoffman
- Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Severa Bunda
- MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Yakubov
- MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ramneet Kaloti
- MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andrew Gao
- Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Cohen-Gadol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Bloomington, IND, USA
| | - Jill Barnholtz-Sloan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Marco Skardelly
- Department of Neurology and Interdisciplinary Neuro-Oncology, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcos Tatagiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Neurological Surgery, and Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Farshad Nassiri
- MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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3
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Sakthivel D, Brown-Suedel A, Bouchier-Hayes L. The role of the nucleolus in regulating the cell cycle and the DNA damage response. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:203-241. [PMID: 37061332 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The nucleolus has long been perceived as the site for ribosome biogenesis, but numerous studies suggest that the nucleolus carefully sequesters crucial proteins involved in multiple cellular functions. Among these, the role of nucleolus in cell cycle regulation is the most evident. The nucleolus is the first responder of growth-related signals to mediate normal cell cycle progression. The nucleolus also senses different cellular stress insults by activating diverse pathways that arrest the cell cycle, promote DNA repair, or initiate apoptosis. Here, we review the emerging concepts on how the ribosomal and nonribosomal nucleolar proteins mediate such cellular effects.
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4
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Holoubek A, Strachotová D, Otevřelová P, Röselová P, Heřman P, Brodská B. AML-Related NPM Mutations Drive p53 Delocalization into the Cytoplasm with Possible Impact on p53-Dependent Stress Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133266. [PMID: 34209894 PMCID: PMC8269334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nucleophosmin (NPM) is one of the most abundant nucleolar proteins and its mutations frequently occur in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The mutations cause aberrant cytoplasmic localization of mutated protein (NPMmut) and often mediate dislocation of NPM interaction partners. Tumor suppressor p53 is known to interact with NPM in response to genotoxic stress and its cytoplasmic localization is an unfavorable prognostic factor in cancers. This study aims to characterize the NPM-p53 interaction and to elucidate the effect of the NPM mutations on p53 localization and expression in live cells. In addition, the cellular dynamics of NPMmut and p53 after treatment with nuclear export inhibitor Selinexor is described and the mechanism of the Selinexor action proposed. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the oncogenic potential of NPM mutations. Abstract Nucleophosmin (NPM) interaction with tumor suppressor p53 is a part of a complex interaction network and considerably affects cellular stress response. The impact of NPM1 mutations on its interaction with p53 has not been investigated yet, although consequences of NPMmut-induced p53 export to the cytoplasm are important for understanding the oncogenic potential of these mutations. We investigated p53-NPM interaction in live HEK-293T cells by FLIM-FRET and in cell lysates by immunoprecipitation. eGFP lifetime-photoconversion was used to follow redistribution dynamics of NPMmut and p53 in Selinexor-treated cells. We confirmed the p53-NPMwt interaction in intact cells and newly documented that this interaction is not compromised by the NPM mutation causing displacement of p53 to the cytoplasm. Moreover, the interaction was not abolished for non-oligomerizing NPM variants with truncated oligomerization domain, suggesting that oligomerization is not essential for interaction of NPM forms with p53. Inhibition of the nuclear exporter XPO1 by Selinexor caused expected nuclear relocalization of both NPMmut and p53. However, significantly different return rates of these proteins indicate nontrivial mechanism of p53 and NPMmut cellular trafficking. The altered p53 regulation in cells expressing NPMmut offers improved understanding to help investigational strategies targeting these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Holoubek
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.H.); (P.O.); (P.R.)
| | - Dita Strachotová
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Otevřelová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.H.); (P.O.); (P.R.)
| | - Pavla Röselová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.H.); (P.O.); (P.R.)
| | - Petr Heřman
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (P.H.); (B.B.); Tel.: +420-951-551-461 (P.H.); +420-221-977-354 (B.B.)
| | - Barbora Brodská
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.H.); (P.O.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.H.); (B.B.); Tel.: +420-951-551-461 (P.H.); +420-221-977-354 (B.B.)
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5
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Karimi Dermani F, Gholamzadeh Khoei S, Afshar S, Amini R. The potential role of nucleophosmin (NPM1) in the development of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7832-7852. [PMID: 33959979 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a well-known nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that performs several cellular functions such as ribosome biogenesis, chromatin remodeling, genomic stability, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. NPM1 has been identified to be necessary for normal cellular functions, and its altered regulation by overexpression, mutation, translocation, loss of function, or sporadic deletion can lead to cancer and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the gene and protein structure of NPM1 and its physiological roles. Finally, we discuss the association of NPM1 with various types of cancer including solid tumors and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Karimi Dermani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Gholamzadeh Khoei
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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6
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Sok V, Jacinto AZ, Peng N, Eldemerdash M, Le L, Tran PD, Feng LF, Patel JR, Gi M, Ammon JC, So CH. G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 modifies the nucleolar stress response activated by actinomycin D. Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 99:508-518. [PMID: 33507833 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) is localized within the nucleus and moderates functions such as DNA transcription, in addition to its localization at the plasma membrane. In this report, we show that GRK5 modifies the nucleolar stress response activated by the DNA polymerase inhibitor, actinomycin D (ActD). We show an increased sensitivity to the apoptotic effects of ActD on cervical HeLa cells and the breast cancer cell line MDA MB 231 with reduced protein expression of GRK5. We also tested two types of breast cancer cells (MDA MB 231 and MCF7 cells) and found that the rate of response to ActD varied between them because they have innate differences in the protein expression of GRK5. We also found that GRK5 phosphorylates nucleophosmin (NPM1) at T199 before and during the early stages of ActD treatment. Phosphorylation at T199 increases the ability of NPM1 to interact with p14ARF in vitro, which may affect the protein expression levels of p14ARF. We found that the expression levels of p14ARF were lower in the cells transfected with the control shRNA, but higher in cells transfected with GRK5 shRNA. Collectively, this suggests that GRK5 modifies the nucleolar stress response associated with ActD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sok
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Alec Z Jacinto
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Natalie Peng
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Mohamed Eldemerdash
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Lysa Le
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Philip D Tran
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Li Feng Feng
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Jigisha R Patel
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Michael Gi
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Jane C Ammon
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Christopher H So
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
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7
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Vashi R, Patel BM. Roles of ARF tumour suppressor protein in lung cancer: time to hit the nail on the head! Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1365-1375. [PMID: 33392921 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its poor prognosis, the World Health Organization (WHO) lists lung cancer on top of the list when it comes to growing mortality rates and incidence. Usually, there are two types of lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which also includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinomas. ARF, also known in humans as p14ARF and in the mouse as p19ARF, is a nucleolar protein and a member of INK4, a family of cyclin-independent kinase inhibitors (CKI). These genes are clustered on chromosome number 9p21 within the locus of CDKN2A. NSCLC has reported the role of p14ARF as a potential target. p14ARF has a basic mechanism to inhibit mouse double minute 2 protein that exhibits inhibitory action on p53, a phosphoprotein tumour suppressor, thus playing a role in various tumour-related activities such as growth inhibition, DNA damage, autophagy, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and others. Extensive cancer research is ongoing and updated reports regarding the role of ARF in lung cancer are available. This article summarizes the available lung cancer ARF data, its molecular mechanisms and its associated signalling pathways. Attempts have been made to show how p14ARF functions in different types of lung cancer providing a thought to look upon ARF as a new target for treating the debilitating condition of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruju Vashi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India.
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8
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Li F, Ng WL, Luster TA, Hu H, Sviderskiy VO, Dowling CM, Hollinshead KER, Zouitine P, Zhang H, Huang Q, Ranieri M, Wang W, Fang Z, Chen T, Deng J, Zhao K, So HC, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Xu M, Karatza A, Pyon V, Li S, Pan Y, Labbe K, Almonte C, Poirier JT, Miller G, Possemato R, Qi J, Wong KK. Epigenetic CRISPR Screens Identify Npm1 as a Therapeutic Vulnerability in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3556-3567. [PMID: 32646968 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in treatment options, the overall cure and survival rates for non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) remain low. While small-molecule inhibitors of epigenetic regulators have recently emerged as promising cancer therapeutics, their application in patients with NSCLC is limited. To exploit epigenetic regulators as novel therapeutic targets in NSCLC, we performed pooled epigenome-wide CRISPR knockout screens in vitro and in vivo and identified the histone chaperone nucleophosmin 1 (Npm1) as a potential therapeutic target. Genetic ablation of Npm1 significantly attenuated tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, KRAS-mutant cancer cells were more addicted to NPM1 expression. Genetic ablation of Npm1 rewired the balance of metabolism in cancer cells from predominant aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation and reduced the population of tumor-propagating cells. Overall, our results support NPM1 as a therapeutic vulnerability in NSCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: Epigenome-wide CRISPR knockout screens identify NPM1 as a novel metabolic vulnerability and demonstrate that targeting NPM1 is a new therapeutic opportunity for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Wai-Lung Ng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Troy A Luster
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hai Hu
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | | | - Catríona M Dowling
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kate E R Hollinshead
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Paula Zouitine
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hua Zhang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Michela Ranieri
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Wei Wang
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Zhaoyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kai Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories and Genome Technology Center, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Mousheng Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angeliki Karatza
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Val Pyon
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Shuai Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Yuanwang Pan
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kristen Labbe
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Christina Almonte
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - John T Poirier
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - George Miller
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Richard Possemato
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.
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9
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Sluzalska KD, Slawski J, Sochacka M, Lampart A, Otlewski J, Zakrzewska M. Intracellular partners of fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 - implications for functions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 57:93-111. [PMID: 32475760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 (FGF1 and FGF2) are mainly considered as ligands of surface receptors through which they regulate a broad spectrum of biological processes. They are secreted in non-canonical way and, unlike other growth factors, they are able to translocate from the endosome to the cell interior. These unique features, as well as the role of the intracellular pool of FGF1 and FGF2, are far from being fully understood. An increasing number of reports address this problem, focusing on the intracellular interactions of FGF1 and 2. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the FGF1 and FGF2 binding partners inside the cell and the possible role of these interactions. The partner proteins are grouped according to their function, including proteins involved in secretion, cell signaling, nucleocytoplasmic transport, binding and processing of nucleic acids, ATP binding, and cytoskeleton assembly. An in-depth analysis of the network of these binding partners could indicate novel, non-classical functions of FGF1 and FGF2 and uncover an additional level of a fine control of the well-known FGF-regulated cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dominika Sluzalska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Slawski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Sochacka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Lampart
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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10
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Panuzzo C, Signorino E, Calabrese C, Ali MS, Petiti J, Bracco E, Cilloni D. Landscape of Tumor Suppressor Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030802. [PMID: 32188030 PMCID: PMC7141302 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is mainly characterized by a complex and dynamic genomic instability. Next-generation sequencing has significantly improved the ability of diagnostic research to molecularly characterize and stratify patients. This detailed outcome allowed the discovery of new therapeutic targets and predictive biomarkers, which led to develop novel compounds (e.g., IDH 1 and 2 inhibitors), nowadays commonly used for the treatment of adult relapsed or refractory AML. In this review we summarize the most relevant mutations affecting tumor suppressor genes that contribute to the onset and progression of AML pathology. Epigenetic modifications (TET2, IDH1 and IDH2, DNMT3A, ASXL1, WT1, EZH2), DNA repair dysregulation (TP53, NPM1), cell cycle inhibition and deficiency in differentiation (NPM1, CEBPA, TP53 and GATA2) as a consequence of somatic mutations come out as key elements in acute myeloid leukemia and may contribute to relapse and resistance to therapies. Moreover, spliceosomal machinery mutations identified in the last years, even if in a small cohort of acute myeloid leukemia patients, suggested a new opportunity to exploit therapeutically. Targeting these cellular markers will be the main challenge in the near future in an attempt to eradicate leukemia stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Panuzzo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Signorino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Chiara Calabrese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Ali
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Jessica Petiti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Enrico Bracco
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Daniela Cilloni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (E.S.); (C.C.); (M.S.A.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-9026610; Fax: +39-011-9038636
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11
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Ponkratova DA, Lushnikova AA. Features of the Structure and Expression of NPM and NCL Genes in Cutaneous Melanoma. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Nyhus C, Pihl M, Hyttel P, Hall VJ. Evidence for nucleolar dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:685-700. [PMID: 30849050 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is a dynamically changing organelle that is central to a number of important cellular functions. Not only is it important for ribosome biogenesis, but it also reacts to stress by instigating a nucleolar stress response and is further involved in regulating the cell cycle. Several studies report nucleolar dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have reported a decrease in both total nucleolar volume and transcriptional activity of the nucleolar organizing regions. Ribosomes appear to be targeted by oxidation and reduced protein translation has been reported. In addition, several nucleolar proteins are dysregulated and some of these appear to be implicated in classical AD pathology. Some studies also suggest that the nucleolar stress response may be activated in AD, albeit this latter research is rather limited and requires further investigation. The purpose of this review is to draw the connections of all these studies together and signify that there are clear changes in the nucleolus and the ribosomes in AD. The nucleolus is therefore an organelle that requires more attention than previously given in relation to understanding the biological mechanisms underlying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Nyhus
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, Frederiksberg C DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Maria Pihl
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, Frederiksberg C DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, Frederiksberg C DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Jane Hall
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, Frederiksberg C DK-1870, Denmark
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13
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Abstract
Arf levels are tightly regulated in cells and correlate with the level of ribosome biogenesis and proliferative status of cells. Through multivalent interactions with NPM1 - a regulator of ribosome biogenesis, and Mdm2 - a regulator of cellular fate, Arf integrates within the nucleolar matrix, altering its structure, dynamics and function and therefore modulates the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mitrea
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard W Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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14
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Sakashita G, Kiyoi H, Naoe T, Urano T. Analysis of the oligomeric states of nucleophosmin using size exclusion chromatography. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4008. [PMID: 29507312 PMCID: PMC5838202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22359-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a multifunctional phosphoprotein which plays important roles in diverse biological processes. NPM1 can form homo- or hetero-oligomers through its N-terminal region, and bind DNA and RNA through its C-terminal region. However, the monomer-oligomer distribution of NPM1, and the extent of NPM1 binding and unbinding to RNA in living cells, are not fully understood. In this work, we analysed molecular complexes of NPM1 using size exclusion chromatography. We found that a substantial fraction of NPM1 behaves as an oligomer in HeLa cells. Furthermore, we identified three distinct oligomeric states of NPM1 using molecular characterization techniques such as subcellular localization and RNA binding. Finally, we found that heterozygous expression of a leukemia-associated NPM1 mutant significantly decreases the RNA binding level. Our data demonstrate that size exclusion chromatography provides a powerful tool for analysing NPM1 oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyosuke Sakashita
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Kiyoi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naoe
- National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Centre, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan
| | - Takeshi Urano
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
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15
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Luchinat E, Chiarella S, Franceschini M, Di Matteo A, Brunori M, Banci L, Federici L. Identification of a novel nucleophosmin-interaction motif in the tumor suppressor p14arf. FEBS J 2018; 285:832-847. [PMID: 29283500 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p14arf interacts, in response to oncogenic signals, with the p53 E3-ubiquitin ligase HDM2, thereby resulting in p53 stabilization and activation. In addition, it also exerts tumor-suppressive functions in p53-independent contexts. The activities of p14arf are regulated by the nucleolar chaperone nucleophosmin (NPM1), which controls its levels and cellular localization. In acute myeloid leukemia with mutations in the NPM1 gene, mutated NPM1 aberrantly translocates in the cytosol carrying with itself p14arf that is subsequently degraded, thus impairing the p14arf-HDM2-p53 axis. In this work we investigated the complex between these two proteins by means of NMR and other techniques. We identified a novel NPM1-interacting motif in the C-terminal region of p14arf, which corresponds to its predicted nucleolar localization signal. This motif recognizes a specific region of the NPM1 N-terminal domain and, upon binding, the two proteins form soluble high molecular weight complexes. By NMR, we identified critical residues on both proteins involved in the interaction. Collectively, our data provide a structural framework to rationalize the overall assembly of the p14arf-NPM1 supramolecular complexes. A number of p14arf cancer-associated mutations cluster in this motif and their effect on the interaction with NPM1 was also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Luchinat
- CERM, Centro Risonanze Magnetiche, Università di Firenze, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche - Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - Sara Chiarella
- Ce.S.I.-MeT Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale, Università "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti, Italy
| | - Mimma Franceschini
- Ce.S.I.-MeT Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale, Università "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti, Italy
| | - Adele Di Matteo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Brunori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, "A. Rossi Fanelli" - Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- CERM, Centro Risonanze Magnetiche, Università di Firenze, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Ce.S.I.-MeT Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale, Università "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti, Italy
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16
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Lee S, Cho YE, Kim SH, Kim YJ, Park JH. GLTSCR2 promotes the nucleoplasmic translocation and subsequent degradation of nucleolar ARF. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16293-16302. [PMID: 27323397 PMCID: PMC5369963 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternative reading frame protein (p14ARF/ARF) is a key determinant of cell fate, acting as a potent tumor suppressor through a p53/MDM2-dependent pathway or promoting apoptosis in a p53-independent manner. The ARF protein is mainly expressed in the nucleolus and sequestered by nucleophosmin (NPM), whereas ARF-binding proteins, including p53 and MDM2, predominantly reside in the nucleoplasm. This raises the question of how nucleolar ARF binds nucleoplasmic signaling proteins to suppress tumor growth or inhibit cell cycle progression. GLTSCR2 (also known as PICT-1) is a nucleolar protein involved in both tumor suppression and oncogenesis in concert with p53, NPM, and/or MYC. Here, we show that GLTSCR2 increases nucleoplasmic ARF translocation and its degradation. Specifically, GLTSCR2 bound to ARF, and GLTSCR2-ARF complexes were released to the nucleoplasm, where GLTSCR2 increased the binding affinity of ARF for ULF/TRIP12 (a nucleoplasmic E3-ubiquitin ligase of ARF) and enhanced ARF degradation through the polyubiquitination pathway. Our results demonstrate that nucleolar/nucleoplasmic GLTSCR2 is a strong candidate for promoting the subcellular localization and protein stability of ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Yong-Jun Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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17
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Li D, Lin B, Yusuf N, Burns EM, Yu X, Luo D, Min W. Proteomic Analysis and Functional Studies of Baicalin on Proteins Associated with Skin Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:599-614. [PMID: 28385077 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abundant evidence supports the key role of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in skin cancer development. The human skin, especially the epidermal layer, is the main defense against UV radiation. Baicalin is a major bioactive component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a plant which has been found to exhibit antitumor activity. The anticarcinogenic mechanism of baicalin is not completely understood. We have reported that baicalin inhibited UVB-induced photo-damage and apoptosis in HaCaT cells (human skin keratinocytes). The aim of the present study is to investigate the cellular gene targets responsible for baicalin’s antitumor activity by performing two-dimensional electrophoresis liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (2-DE LC-MS/MS) with HaCaT cells following UVB and baicalin exposure. Two-DE for protein separation was performed, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and database searches. Nucleophosmin (NPM)-specific siRNA was designed and synthesized, and the small interfering RNA was transfected into skin squamous cancer A431 cells to knockdown the NPM expression. Proliferation and cell cycle status were assessed by CCK8 and flow cytometric analyses, respectively. We have identified 38 protein spots that are differentially expressed in HaCaT cells exposed to baicalin and/or UVB irradiation These proteins are involved in detoxification, proliferation, metabolism, cytoskeleton and motility. In particular, we found several proteins that have been linked to tumor progression and resistance, such as NPM. Baicalin treatment reduced the cellular proliferation rate and induced arrest during the S-phase of the cell cycle in A431 cells. NPM1 silencing significantly enhanced the effect of baicalin. Our data indicated that baicalin results in the significant inhibition of tumor growth in the A431 cell line, which may be associated with the regulation of the NPM gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Bingjiang Lin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Erin M. Burns
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiuqin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
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18
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Scott DD, Oeffinger M. Nucleolin and nucleophosmin: nucleolar proteins with multiple functions in DNA repair. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:419-432. [PMID: 27673355 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus represents a highly multifunctional intranuclear organelle in which, in addition to the canonical ribosome assembly, numerous processes such as transcription, DNA repair and replication, the cell cycle, and apoptosis are coordinated. The nucleolus is further a key hub in the sensing of cellular stress and undergoes major structural and compositional changes in response to cellular perturbations. Numerous nucleolar proteins have been identified that, upon sensing nucleolar stress, deploy additional, non-ribosomal roles in the regulation of varied cell processes including cell cycle arrest, arrest of DNA replication, induction of DNA repair, and apoptosis, among others. The highly abundant proteins nucleophosmin (NPM1) and nucleolin (NCL) are two such factors that transit to the nucleoplasm in response to stress, and participate directly in the repair of numerous different DNA damages. This review discusses the contributions made by NCL and (or) NPM1 to the different DNA repair pathways employed by mammalian cells to repair DNA insults, and examines the implications of such activities for the regulation, pathogenesis, and therapeutic targeting of NPM1 and NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Scott
- a Laboratory of RNP Biochemistry, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- b Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A3, Canada
| | - Marlene Oeffinger
- a Laboratory of RNP Biochemistry, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- b Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A3, Canada
- c Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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19
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Brodská B, Holoubek A, Otevřelová P, Kuželová K. Low-Dose Actinomycin-D Induces Redistribution of Wild-Type and Mutated Nucleophosmin Followed by Cell Death in Leukemic Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1319-29. [PMID: 26505272 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Specific mutations involving C-terminal part of the nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM) are associated with better outcome of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy, possibly due to aberrant cytoplasmic NPM localization facilitating induction of anti-NPM immune response. Actinomycin D (actD) is known to induce nucleolar stress leading to redistribution of many nucleolar proteins, including NPM. We analyzed the distribution of both wild-type and mutated NPM (NPMmut) in human cell lines, before and after low-dose actD treatment, in living cells expressing exogenous fluorescently labeled proteins as well as using immunofluorescence staining of endogenous proteins in fixed cells. The wild-type NPM form is prevalently nucleolar in intact cells and relocalizes mainly to the nucleoplasm following actD addition. The mutated NPM form is found both in the nucleoli and in the cytoplasm of untreated cells. ActD treatment leads to a marked increase in NPMmut amount in the nucleoplasm while a mild decrease is observed in the cytoplasm. Cell death was induced by low-dose actD in all the studied leukemic cell lines with different p53 and NPM status. In cells expressing the tumor suppresor p53 (CML-T1, OCI-AML3), cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase was followed by p53-dependent apoptosis while in p53-null HL60 cells, transient G2/M-phase arrest was followed by cell necrosis. We conclude that although actD does not increase NPM concentration in the cytoplasm, it could improve the effect of standard chemotherapy in leukemias through more general mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Brodská
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Holoubek
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Otevřelová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kuželová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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20
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Chen J, Sun J, Yang L, Yan Y, Shi W, Shi J, Huang Q, Chen J, Lan Q. Upregulation of B23 promotes tumor cell proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in glioma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:124-30. [PMID: 26343305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B23 (also known as Nucleophosmin, NPM, numatrin or NO38) is a ubiquitously expressed phosphoprotein belonging to the nucleoplasmin family of chaperones. In this study we intended to investigate the clinical significance of B23 expression in human glioma and its biological function in glioma cells. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that B23 was overexpressed in glioma tissues and glioma cell lines. In addition, the expression level of B23 was positively correlated with glioma pathological grade and Ki-67 expression. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that a higher B23 expression in patients with glioma was associated with a poorer prognosis. In vitro, after the release of glioma cell lines from serum starvation, the expression of B23 was upregulated, as well as PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) and cyclin A. In addition, knockdown of B23 by small interfering RNA transfection diminished the expression of PCNA, cyclin D1 and arrested cell growth at G1 phase. Taken together, our results implied that B23 could be a candidate prognostic biomarker as well as a potential therapeutical target of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaohua Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinlong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingfeng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu Province, China.
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21
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Kim JY, Cho YE, An YM, Kim SH, Lee YG, Park JH, Lee S. GLTSCR2 is an upstream negative regulator of nucleophosmin in cervical cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1245-52. [PMID: 25818168 PMCID: PMC4459840 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM)/B23, a multifunctional nucleolar phosphoprotein, plays an important role in ribosome biogenesis, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and cancer pathogenesis. The role of NPM in cells is determined by several factors, including total expression level, oligomerization or phosphorylation status, and subcellular localization. In the nucleolus, NPM participates in rRNA maturation to enhance ribosomal biogenesis. Consistent with this finding, NPM expression is increased in rapidly proliferating cells and many types of human cancers. In response to ribosomal stress, NPM is redistributed to the nucleoplasm, where it inactivates mouse double minute 2 homologue to stabilize p53 and inhibit cell cycle progression. These observations indicate that nucleolus-nucleoplasmic mobilization of NPM is one of the key molecular mechanisms that determine the role of NPM within the cell. However, the regulatory molecule(s) that control(s) NPM stability and subcellular localization, crucial to the pluripotency of intercellular NPM, remain(s) unidentified. In this study, we showed that nucleolar protein GLTSCR2/Pict-1 induced nucleoplasmic translocation and enhanced the degradation of NPM via the proteasomal polyubiquitination pathway. In addition, we showed that GLTSCR2 expression decreased the transforming activity of cells mediated by NPM and that the expression of NPM is reciprocally related to that of GLTSCR2 in cervical cancer tissue. In this study, we demonstrated that GLTSCR2 is an upstream negative regulator of NPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Youn Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Min An
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Gwan Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Abstract
Mutations activating the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt signalling pathway and inactivating the TP53 tumour-suppressor gene are common mechanisms that cancer cells require to proliferate and escape pre-programmed cell death. In a well-described mechanism, Akt mediates negative control of p53 levels through enhancing MDM2 (murine double minute 2)-mediated targeting of p53 for degradation. Accumulating evidence is beginning to suggest that, in certain circumstances, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10)/PI3K/Akt also promotes p53 translation and protein stability, suggesting that additional mechanisms may be involved in the Akt-mediated regulation of p53 in tumours. In the present article, we discuss these aspects in the light of clinical PI3K/Akt inhibitors, where information regarding the effect on p53 activity will be a crucial factor that will undoubtedly influence therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin G Abraham
- *Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute, Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Eric O'Neill
- *Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute, Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
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Jiang Z, Zhang H, Qin R, Zou J, Wang J, Shi Q, Jiang W, Liu D. Effects of lead on the morphology and structure of the nucleolus in the root tip meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13406-23. [PMID: 25089875 PMCID: PMC4159802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150813406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the toxic mechanisms of lead (Pb) in plants, the effects of Pb on the morphology and structure of the nucleolus in root tip meristematic cells of Allium cepa var. agrogarum L. were investigated. Fluorescence labeling, silver-stained indirect immunofluorescent microscopy and western blotting were used. Fluorescence labeling showed that Pb ions were localized in the meristematic cells and the uptake and accumulation of Pb increased with treatment time. At low concentrations of Pb (1-10 μM) there were persistent nucleoli in some cells during mitosis, and at high concentration (100 μM) many of the nucleolar organizing regions were localized on sticky chromosomes in metaphase and anaphase cells. Pb induced the release of particles containing argyrophilic proteins to be released from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. These proteins contained nucleophosmin and nucleolin. Pb also caused the extrusion of fibrillarin from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Western blotting demonstrated the increased expression of these three major nucleolar proteins under Pb stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Huaning Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Rong Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Jinhua Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Junran Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Qiuyue Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Wusheng Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Donghua Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Hann SR. MYC cofactors: molecular switches controlling diverse biological outcomes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a014399. [PMID: 24939054 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor MYC has fundamental roles in proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and stem cell pluripotency. Over the last 30 years extensive information has been gathered on the numerous cofactors that interact with MYC and the target genes that are regulated by MYC as a means of understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling its diverse roles. Despite significant advances and perhaps because the amount of information learned about MYC is overwhelming, there has been little consensus on the molecular functions of MYC that mediate its critical biological roles. In this perspective, the major MYC cofactors that regulate the various transcriptional activities of MYC, including canonical and noncanonical transactivation and transcriptional repression, will be reviewed and a model of how these transcriptional mechanisms control MYC-mediated proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis will be presented. The basis of the model is that a variety of cofactors form dynamic MYC transcriptional complexes that can switch the molecular and biological functions of MYC to yield a diverse range of outcomes in a cell-type- and context-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2175
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25
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Xu DH, Liu F, Li X, Chen XF, Jing GJ, Wu FY, Shi SL, Li QF. Regulatory role of nucleophosmin during the differentiation of human liver cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:264-72. [PMID: 24787960 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM, also known as B23), mainly localized in the nucleolus, has been reported to be overexpressed in many types of human cancer, including colon, ovarian, prostate and gastric cancer. NPM was identified while screening the differential nuclear matrix proteins during HMBA-induced differentiation of human liver cancer cells. We investigated the aberrant expression and subcellular localization of NPM in clinical liver cancer tissues and a cell line with the aim of providing more evidence for revealing the roles of NPM on regulating liver cancer cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition, we studied the potential interaction between NPM and several important proteins. Our results revealed that NPM protein was overexpressed in cancer cells, which was in accordance with the overexpressed mRNA in cancer tissues compared to the corresponding non-cancer tissues. We also found a decrease of NPM in protein and mRNA levels upon treatment with the differentiation reagent HMBA. We focused on the aberrant localization of NPM. Immunochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed aberrant cytoplasmic and nucleoplasm localization of NPM in liver cancer tissues and its colocalization with c-Myc, c-Fos, P53 and Rb in the SMMC-7721 cell line. The interactions between NPM and the above proteins were confirmed by GST pull-down assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay. These findings indicate that NPM plays a regulatory role in liver cancer, which deserves in-depth investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hui Xu
- Department of Hepatic Biliary Pancreatic Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Fan Liu
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Feng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Jun Jing
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Yun Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Song-Lin Shi
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Fu Li
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
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26
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Dai L, Ren P, Liu M, Imai H, Tan EM, Zhang JY. Using immunomic approach to enhance tumor-associated autoantibody detection in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Immunol 2014; 152:127-39. [PMID: 24667685 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
To explore the possibility of using a mini-array of multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as an approach to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 14 TAAs were selected to examine autoantibodies in sera from patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and HCC by immunoassays. Antibody frequency to any individual TAA in HCC varied from 6.6% to 21.1%. With the successive addition of TAAs to the panel of TAAs, there was a stepwise increase of positive antibody reactions. The sensitivity and specificity of 14 TAAs for immunodiagnosis of HCC was 69.7% and 83.0%, respectively. This TAA mini-array also identified 43.8% of HCC patients who had normal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in serum. In summary, this study further supports the hypothesis that a customized TAA array used for detecting anti-TAA autoantibodies can constitute a promising and powerful tool for immunodiagnosis of HCC and may be especially useful in patients with normal AFP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Dai
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Haruhiko Imai
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eng M Tan
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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27
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Impact of NPM, TFF3 and TACC1 on the prognosis of patients with primary gastric cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82136. [PMID: 24358147 PMCID: PMC3864846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NPM, TFF3 and TACC1 are molecular markers that play important roles in cell differentiation. Herein, we investigated their prognostic impact in patients with primary gastric cancer (GC) and determined whether they could be used as markers of more aggressive gastric carcinomas by detecting the extent of expression in human gastric carcinoma samples. Methodology/Principal Findings Tumor tissue specimens from 142 GC patients were retrospectively retrieved and immunohistochemically evaluated. Correlations between NPM, TFF3 and TACC1 over-expression and clincopathologic parameters, and their prognostic values were investigated with χ2, Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox uni- and multivariate survival models. NPM, TFF3 and TACC1 expression was significantly higher in GC patients with poorly differentiated histologic type than that in patients with well differentiated histologic type. NPM expression was significantly higher in patients with hepatic metastasis or recurrence than that in patients without metastasis. TFF3 expression was significantly higher in patients with positive lymph node metastasis than that in patients with negative lymph node metastasis. Age, lymph node metastasis, and TFF3 and TACC1 over-expression were significantly correlated with low survival (P<0.05, P<0.05, P = 0.005 and P = 0.009, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis and TFF3 and TACC1 over-expression were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions TFF3 and TACC1 over-expression in epithelial cells of surgically resected GC tissues was an independent predictor of short survival in GC patients. The prognosis was poorer in patients with positive expression of both TFF3 and TACC1 than that in patients with positive expression of TFF3 or TACC1 alone, or with negative expression of TFF3 and TACC1.
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28
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Federici L, Falini B. Nucleophosmin mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: a tale of protein unfolding and mislocalization. Protein Sci 2013; 22:545-56. [PMID: 23436734 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is an abundant, ubiquitously expressed protein mainly localized at nucleoli but continuously shuttling between nucleus and cytoplasm. NPM1 plays a role in several cellular functions, including ribosome biogenesis and export, centrosome duplication, chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, and response to stress stimuli. Much of the interest in this protein arises from its relevance in human malignancies. NPM1 is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors and is the target of several chromosomal translocations in hematologic neoplasms. Notably, NPM1 has been characterized as the most frequently mutated gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Mutations alter the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of the protein and result in its aberrant nuclear export and stable cytosolic localization. In this review, we focus on the leukemia-associated NPM1 C-terminal domain and describe its structure, function, and the effect exerted by leukemic mutations. Finally, we discuss the possibility to target NPM1 for the treatment of cancer and, in particular, of AML patients with mutated NPM1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Federici
- Ce.S.I. Center of Excellence on Aging, University of Chieti "G. D'Annunzio", 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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29
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Qin R, Jiang W, Liu D. Aluminum can induce alterations in the cellular localization and expression of three major nucleolar proteins in root tip cells of Allium cepa var. agrogarum L. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:827-34. [PMID: 23111171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A 50 μM aluminum (Al) could induce nucleolar materials containing the argyrophilic proteins scattered in the nuclei and extruded from the nuclei into the cytoplasm in the root tip cells of Allium cepa. Unfortunately, what kinds of nucleolar proteins are affected has not been reported till now. In order to go deeper into the understanding of the cytological effects of Al on nucleolus and nucleolar proteins, alterations in the cellular localization and expression of three major nucleolar proteins: nucleophosmin, nucleolin, and fibrillarin were further examined under the treatment with Al in the root tip cells of A. cepa in the present study. Cytological effects of Al on nucleolus were observed by silver-staining method and three major nucleolar proteins: nucleophosmin, nucleolin, and fibrillarin were examined by western blotting. The results indicated that in the presence of 50 μM Al for 48 h the nucleolar proteins were translocated from nucleolus to nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Western blotting data demonstrated the relatively higher expression of the three major nucleolar proteins when compared with control. Evidence from the present investigation indicated that Al had toxic effects on Ag-NOR proteins, nucleophosmin and nucleolin, and other kinds of nucleolar proteins, fibrillarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
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30
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Feldman D, Roniger M, Bar-Sinai A, Braitbard O, Natan C, Love DC, Hanover JA, Hochman J. The signal peptide of mouse mammary tumor virus-env: a phosphoprotein tumor modulator. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:1077-86. [PMID: 22740636 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is associated primarily with mammary carcinomas and lymphomas. The signal peptide of the MMTV envelope precursor is uniquely targeted to nucleoli of cells that harbor the virus, where it can function as a nuclear export factor for intron-containing transcripts. Antibodies to this signal peptide, which we refer to as p14, were previously shown to label nucleoli in a subset of human breast cancers. To look for additional cellular functions of p14, different mutants were ectopically expressed in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. This approach identified motifs responsible for its nucleolar targeting, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, target protein (B23, nucleophosmin) binding, and phosphorylation at serine 18 and 65 both in situ and in vitro. To test the role of these phosphorylation sites, we carried out in vivo tumorigenesis studies in severe combined immunodeficient mice. The findings show that the p14-Ser65Ala mutation is associated with impaired tumorigenicity, whereas the p14-Ser18Ala mutation is associated with enhanced tumorigenicity. Microarray analysis suggests that phosphorylation at serine 18 or at serine 65 is associated with transcriptional regulation of the L5 nucleolar ribosomal protein (a p14 target) and the Erb-B signal transduction pathway. Taken together, these results show that the phosphorylation status of p14 determines whether it functions as a pro-oncogenic or antioncogenic modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna Feldman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a nucleolar phosphoprotein that is involved in many cellular processes and has both oncogenic and growth suppressing activities. NPM is localized primarily in nucleoli but shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and sustained cytoplasmic distribution contributes to its tumor promoting activities. Plakoglobin (PG, γ-catenin) is a homolog of β-catenin with dual adhesive and signaling functions. These proteins interact with cadherins and mediate adhesion, while their signaling activities are regulated by association with various intracellular partners. Despite these similarities, β-catenin has a well-defined oncogenic activity, whereas PG acts as a tumor/metastasis suppressor through unknown mechanisms. Comparison of the proteomic profiles of carcinoma cell lines with low- or no PG expression with their PG-expressing transfectants has identified NPM as being upregulated upon PG expression. Here, we examined NPM subcellular distribution and in vitro tumorigenesis/metastasis in the highly invasive and very low PG expressing MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231) breast cancer cells and their transfectants expressing increased PG (MDA-231-PG) or NPM shRNA (MDA-231-NPM-KD) or both (MDA-231-NPM-KD+PG). Increased PG expression increased the levels of nucleolar NPM and coimmunoprecipitation studies showed that NPM interacts with PG. PG expression or NPM knockdown decreased the growth rate of MDA-231 cells substantially and this reduction was decreased further in MDA-231-NPM-KD+PG cells. In in vitro tumorigenesis/metastasis assays, MDA-231-PG cells showed substantially lower and MDA-231-NPM-KD cells substantially higher invasiveness relative to the MDA-231 parental cells, and the co-expression of PG and NPM shRNA led to even further reduction of the invasiveness of MDA-231-PG cells. Furthermore, examination of the levels and localization of PG and NPM in primary biopsies of metastatic infiltrating ductal carcinomas revealed coordinated expression of PG and NPM. Together, the data suggest that PG may regulate NPM subcellular distribution, which may potentially change the function of the NPM protein from oncogenic to tumor suppression.
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SARI AYSEGUL, CALLI AYLIN, ALTINBOGA AYSEGULAKSOY, PEHLIVAN FATMASEHER, GORGEL SACITNURI, BALCI UGUR, ERMETE MURAT, DINCEL CETIN, CAKALAGAOGLU FULYA. Nucleophosmin expression in renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma. APMIS 2011; 120:187-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Involvement of GLTSCR2 in the DNA Damage Response. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1257-64. [PMID: 21741933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cellular DNA damage response (DDR) ensures genomic stability and protects against genotoxic stresses. Conversely, defects in the DDR contribute to genome instability, with the resulting accumulated genetic changes capable of inducing neoplastic transformation. Thus, DDR is central to both the mechanism of oncogenesis and cancer therapy. Specifically, DDR is accomplished via a complicated meshwork of evolutionary conserved proteins, including ATM, ATR, and phospho-H2AX (γH2AX). GLTSCR2 is a nucleolar protein believed to function as a tumor suppressor, although its exact molecular mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. As a result of our research pertaining to the role of GLTSCR2 in tumor suppression, we have determined that GLTSCR2 is involved in DDR. Under genotoxic conditions, such as cellular exposure to UV radiation or radiomimetic drugs, GLTSCR2 expression increased and later mobilized to the nucleoplasm. Moreover, GLTSCR2 knockdown attenuated both the presence of phospho-H2AX at the nuclear foci and the phosphorylation of multiple DDR proteins, including ATM, ATR, Chk2, Chk1, and H2AX. In addition, the decreased expression of GLTSCR2 sensitized cells to DNA damage, delayed DNA repair, and abolished G2/M checkpoint activation. Our observations indicate that GLTSCR2 is a key component of DDR and GLTSCR2 seems to act as a tumor suppressor by participating in optimal DDR because DNA damage is a frequent and crucial event in oncogenesis.
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Abstract
Recent advances in proteomics have been combined with traditional methods for isolation of nucleoli from mammalian and plant cells. This approach has confirmed the growing body of data showing a wide role for the nucleolus in eukaryotic cell biology beyond ribosome generation into many areas of cell function from regulation of the cell cycle, modulation of the cell stress response to innate immune responses. This has been reflected in the growing body of evidence that viruses specifically target the nucleolus by sequestering cellular nucleolar proteins or by targeting viral proteins to the nucleolus in order to maximise viral replication. This review covers those key areas and looks at the latest approaches using high‐throughput quantitative proteomics of the nucleolus in virus infected cells to gain an insight into the role of this fascinating compartment in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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35
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Lin CY, Tan BCM, Liu H, Shih CJ, Chien KY, Lin CL, Yung BYM. Dephosphorylation of nucleophosmin by PP1β facilitates pRB binding and consequent E2F1-dependent DNA repair. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:4409-17. [PMID: 20962268 PMCID: PMC3002393 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-03-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a new pathway through which PP1β signals to nucleophosmin (NPM) in response to DNA damage. UV induces dephosphorylation of NPM at multiple sites, leading to enhancement of complex formation between NPM and retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein and the subsequent upregulation of E2F1. Consequently, such signaling pathway potentiates the cellular DNA repair capacity. Nucleophosmin (NPM) is an important phosphoprotein with pleiotropic functions in various cellular processes. Although phosphorylation has been postulated as an important functional determinant, possible regulatory roles of this modification on NPM are not fully characterized. Here, we find that NPM is dephosphorylated on various threonine residues (Thr199 and Thr234/237) in response to UV-induced DNA damage. Further experiments indicate that the serine/threonine protein phosphatase PP1β is a physiological NPM phosphatase under both the genotoxic stress and growth conditions. As a consequence, NPM in its hypophosphorylated state facilitates DNA repair. Finally, our results suggest that one possible mechanism of this protective response lies in enhanced NPM-retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB) interaction, leading to the relief of the repressive pRB–E2F1 circuitry and the consequent transcriptional activation of E2F1 and several downstream DNA repair genes. Thus, this study unveils a key phosphatase of NPM and highlights a novel mechanism by which the PP1β–NPM pathway contributes to cellular DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao Yun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
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36
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La Starza R, Matteucci C, Gorello P, Brandimarte L, Pierini V, Crescenzi B, Nofrini V, Rosati R, Gottardi E, Saglio G, Santucci A, Berchicci L, Arcioni F, Falini B, Martelli MF, Sambani C, Aventin A, Mecucci C. NPM1 deletion is associated with gross chromosomal rearrangements in leukemia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12855. [PMID: 20877721 PMCID: PMC2943467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NPM1 gene at chromosome 5q35 is involved in recurrent translocations in leukemia and lymphoma. It also undergoes mutations in 60% of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases with normal karyotype. The incidence and significance of NPM1 deletion in human leukemia have not been elucidated. Methodology and Principal Findings Bone marrow samples from 145 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and AML were included in this study. Cytogenetically 43 cases had isolated 5q-, 84 cases had 5q- plus other changes and 18 cases had complex karyotype without 5q deletion. FISH and direct sequencing investigated the NPM1 gene. NPM1 deletion was an uncommon event in the “5q- syndrome” but occurred in over 40% of cases with high risk MDS/AML with complex karyotypes and 5q loss. It originated from large 5q chromosome deletions. Simultaneous exon 12 mutations were never found. NPM1 gene status was related to the pattern of complex cytogenetic aberrations. NPM1 haploinsufficiency was significantly associated with monosomies (p<0.001) and gross chromosomal rearrangements, i.e., markers, rings, and double minutes (p<0.001), while NPM1 disomy was associated with structural changes (p = 0.013). Interestingly, in complex karyotypes with 5q- TP53 deletion and/or mutations are not specifically associated with NPM1 deletion. Conclusions and Significance NPM1/5q35 deletion is a consistent event in MDS/AML with a 5q-/-5 in complex karyotypes. NPM1 deletion and NPM1 exon 12 mutations appear to be mutually exclusive and are associated with two distinct cytogenetic subsets of MDS and AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Rosati
- Hematology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Instituto Pelé Pequeno Principe, Faculdades Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Enrico Gottardi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Aventin
- Servei de Hematologia, Hospital De La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Liu J, Song Y, Tian B, Qian J, Dong Y, Liu J, Liu B, Sun Z. Functional proteomic analysis of promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies in irradiation-induced MCF-7 cells. J Biochem 2010; 148:659-67. [PMID: 20823370 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) play important roles in DNA damage responses (DDR). After irradiation, PML NBs dynamically recruit or release important proteins involved in cell-cycle regulation, DNA repair and apoptosis. As PML protein is the key molecule of PML NBs' dynamic assembling, we aimed to characterize the PML-interacting proteins in (60)Co-irradiated MCF-7 cells. A proteomic approach using CoIP, mono-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry, allowed us to identify a total of 124 proteins that may associate with PML after irradiation. Bioinformatic analysis of the identified proteins showed that most of them were related to characterized PML functions, such as transcriptional regulation, cell-cycle regulation, cell-death regulation and response to stress. Four proteins, B23, MVP, G3BP1 and DHX9, were verified to co-localize with PML differentially before and after ionizing radiation (IR) treatment. The proteins identified in this study will significantly improve our understanding of the dynamic organization and multiple functions of PML NBs in DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, China
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Merkel CA, da Silva Soares RB, de Carvalho ACV, Zanatta DB, Bajgelman MC, Fratini P, Costanzi-Strauss E, Strauss BE. Activation of endogenous p53 by combined p19Arf gene transfer and nutlin-3 drug treatment modalities in the murine cell lines B16 and C6. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:316. [PMID: 20569441 PMCID: PMC2906481 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactivation of p53 by either gene transfer or pharmacologic approaches may compensate for loss of p19Arf or excess mdm2 expression, common events in melanoma and glioma. In our previous work, we constructed the pCLPG retroviral vector where transgene expression is controlled by p53 through a p53-responsive promoter. The use of this vector to introduce p19Arf into tumor cells that harbor p53wt should yield viral expression of p19Arf which, in turn, would activate the endogenous p53 and result in enhanced vector expression and tumor suppression. Since nutlin-3 can activate p53 by blocking its interaction with mdm2, we explored the possibility that the combination of p19Arf gene transfer and nutlin-3 drug treatment may provide an additive benefit in stimulating p53 function. Methods B16 (mouse melanoma) and C6 (rat glioma) cell lines, which harbor p53wt, were transduced with pCLPGp19 and these were additionally treated with nutlin-3 or the DNA damaging agent, doxorubicin. Viral expression was confirmed by Western, Northern and immunofluorescence assays. p53 function was assessed by reporter gene activity provided by a p53-responsive construct. Alterations in proliferation and viability were measured by colony formation, growth curve, cell cycle and MTT assays. In an animal model, B16 cells were treated with the pCLPGp19 virus and/or drugs before subcutaneous injection in C57BL/6 mice, observation of tumor progression and histopathologic analyses. Results Here we show that the functional activation of endogenous p53wt in B16 was particularly challenging, but accomplished when combined gene transfer and drug treatments were applied, resulting in increased transactivation by p53, marked cell cycle alteration and reduced viability in culture. In an animal model, B16 cells treated with both p19Arf and nutlin-3 yielded increased necrosis and decreased BrdU marking. In comparison, C6 cells were quite susceptible to either treatment, yet p53 was further activated by the combination of p19Arf and nutlin-3. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply both p19Arf and nutlin-3 for the stimulation of p53 activity. These results support the notion that a p53 responsive vector may prove to be an interesting gene transfer tool, especially when combined with p53-activating agents, for the treatment of tumors that retain wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Merkel
- Setor de Vetores Virais, Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular/LIM 13, InCor, FM-USP, São Paulo, Brasil
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Cisterna B, Biggiogera M. Ribosome biogenesis: from structure to dynamics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 284:67-111. [PMID: 20875629 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)84002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we describe the status of the research concerning the nucleolus, the major nuclear body. The nucleolus has been recognized as a dynamic organelle with many more functions than one could imagine. In fact, in addition to its fundamental role in the biogenesis of preribosomes, the nucleolus takes part in many other cellular processes and functions, such as the cell-cycle control and the p53 pathway: the direct or indirect involvement of the nucleolus in these various processes makes it sensitive to their alteration. Moreover, it is worth noting that the different nucleolar factors participating to independent mechanisms show different dynamics of association/disassociation with the nucleolar body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cisterna
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Kong Y, Ma W, Liu X, Zu Y, Fu Y, Wu N, Liang L, Yao L, Efferth T. Cytotoxic activity of curcumin towards CCRF-CEM leukemia cells and its effect on DNA damage. Molecules 2009; 14:5328-38. [PMID: 20032896 PMCID: PMC6255027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14125328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic activity of curcumin towards CCRF-CEM human T-cell leukemia cells was measured by the MTT assay. Tumor cells were more sensitive to the cytotoxic activity of curcumin or curcumin-Cu (II) compared to normal cells, and the IC50 of curcumin towards CCRF-CEM cells was 8.68 µM, and that of curcumin-Cu (II) was 8.14 µM. The cell cycle distribution of curcumin-treated CCRF-CEM cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. DNA damage induced by oxidants such as curcumin-Cu (II) ions is considered as one of the main causes of cell inactivation. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of curcumin on DNA damage by agarose gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Gel electrophoresis analyses showed that curcumin or Cu (II) alone failed to cause DNA damage in pBR322 plasmid DNA as compared with the normal plasmid. However, DNA plasmids were mostly damaged after treatment with curcumin of different concentrations in the presence of Cu (II). Two forms were observed by means of AFM: closed circular plasmids and linear plasmids. DNA damage induced by a combination of curcumin and Cu (II) was also found by agarose gel electrophoresis, which was applied as control method to verify the results obtained by AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Y.K.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (N.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mail: (W.M.)
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Y.K.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (N.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuangang Zu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Y.K.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (N.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Y.K.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (N.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Fax: +86-451-82190535
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Y.K.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (N.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Y.K.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (N.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Y.K.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (N.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; E-Mail: (T.E.)
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Meani N, Alcalay M. Role of nucleophosmin in acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9:1283-94. [PMID: 19761432 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a nucleolar phosphoprotein implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular functions, which possesses both oncogenic and tumor-suppressor properties. Mutations of the NPM1 gene leading to the expression of a cytoplasmic mutant protein, NPMc+, are the most frequent genetic abnormalities found in acute myeloid leukemias. Acute myeloid leukemias with mutated NPM1 have distinct characteristics, including a significant association with a normal karyotype, involvement of different hematopoietic lineages, a specific gene-expression profile and clinically, a better response to induction therapy and a favorable prognosis. NPMc+ maintains the capacity of wild-type NPM to interact with a variety of cellular proteins, and impairs their activity by delocalizing them to the cytoplasm. In this review we summarize recent discoveries concerning NPM function, and discuss their possible impact on the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemias with mutated NPM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Meani
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.
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GAGE, an Antiapoptotic Protein Binds and Modulates the Expression of Nucleophosmin/B23 and Interferon Regulatory Factor 1. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 29:645-55. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Rayburn ER, Ezell SJ, Zhang R. Recent advances in validating MDM2 as a cancer target. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2009; 9:882-903. [PMID: 19538162 PMCID: PMC6728151 DOI: 10.2174/187152009789124628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The MDM2 oncogene is overexpressed in various human cancers. Its expression correlates with the phenotypes of high-grade, late-stage, and more resistant tumors. The auto-regulatory loop between MDM2 and the tumor suppressor p53 has long been considered the epitome of a rational target for cancer therapy. As such, many novel agents have been generated to interfere with the interaction of the two proteins, which results in the activation of p53. Among these agents are several small molecule inhibitors synthesized based upon the crystal structures of the MDM2-p53 complex. With use of high-throughput screening, several specific and effective agents for inhibition of the protein-protein interaction were discovered. Recent investigations, however, have demonstrated that many proteins regulate the MDM2-p53 interaction, and that MDM2 may have p53-independent oncogenic functions. In order for novel MDM2 inhibitors to be translated to the clinic, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of the regulation of MDM2 and of the MDM2-p53 interaction. In particular, the implications of various interactions between certain regulator(s) and MDM2/p53 under different circumstances need to be elucidated to determine which pathway(s) represent the best targets for therapy. Targeting both MDM2 itself and regulators of MDM2 and the MDM2-p53 interaction, or use of MDM2 inhibitors in combination with conventional treatments, may improve prospects for tumor eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Rayburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Scharri J. Ezell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Moore JB, Farrar JE, Arceci RJ, Liu JM, Ellis SR. Distinct ribosome maturation defects in yeast models of Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Haematologica 2009; 95:57-64. [PMID: 19713223 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.012450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome are inherited bone marrow failure syndromes linked to defects in ribosome synthesis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether yeast models for Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome differed in the mechanism by which ribosome synthesis was affected. DESIGN AND METHODS Northern blotting, pulse-chase analysis, and polysome profiling were used to study ribosome synthesis in yeast models. Localization of 60S ribosomal subunits was assessed using RPL25eGFP. RESULTS Relative to wild-type controls, each disease model showed defects in 60S subunit maturation, but with distinct underlying mechanisms. In the model of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 60S subunit maturation was disrupted at a relatively early stage with abortive complexes subject to rapid degradation. 5S ribosomal RNA, unlike other large subunit ribosomal RNA in this model, accumulated as an extra-ribosomal species. In contrast, subunit maturation in the Shwachman-Diamond syndrome model was affected at a later step, giving rise to relatively stable pre-60S particles with associated 5S ribosomal RNA retained in the nucleus. Conclusions These differences between the yeast Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome models have implications for signaling mechanisms linking abortive ribosome assembly to cell fate decisions and may contribute to the divergent clinical presentations of Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Moore
- Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Nucleophosmin interacts directly with c-Myc and controls c-Myc-induced hyperproliferation and transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18794-9. [PMID: 19033198 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806879105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor c-Myc is essential for cellular proliferation and is one of the most frequently activated oncogenes, but the molecular mechanism mediating its critical role in transformation is unclear. Like c-Myc, multifunctional nucleophosmin (NPM) is tightly regulated during proliferation and is overexpressed in several different types of cancer. Overexpression of NPM enhances proliferation and oncogene-mediated transformation, but the mechanism mediating these effects is unknown. We examined whether NPM stimulates proliferation and transformation by affecting c-Myc. Here, we show that NPM is essential for the activities of oncogenic c-Myc and that overexpressed NPM dramatically stimulates c-Myc-induced hyperproliferation and transformation. Endogenous and exogenous NPM directly interact with c-Myc and regulate the expression of endogenous c-Myc target genes at the promoter. Therefore, NPM is a key cofactor for the transforming activity of c-Myc and the interaction with c-Myc may mediate the enhancement of proliferation and transformation induced by NPM overexppression.
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NSC348884, a nucleophosmin inhibitor disrupts oligomer formation and induces apoptosis in human cancer cells. Oncogene 2008; 27:4210-20. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bandyopadhyay K, Lee C, Haghighi A, Banères JL, Parello J, Gjerset RA. Serine phosphorylation-dependent coregulation of topoisomerase I by the p14ARF tumor suppressor. Biochemistry 2007; 46:14325-34. [PMID: 18004878 DOI: 10.1021/bi7013618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
p14ARF (ARF) and topoisomerase I play central roles in cancer and have recently been shown to interact. The interaction activates topoisomerase I, an important target for camptothecin-like chemotherapeutic drugs, but the regulation of the interaction is poorly understood. We have used the H358 and H23 lung cancer cell lines and purified recombinant human topoisomerase I to demonstrate that the ARF/topoisomerase I interaction is regulated by topoisomerase I serine phosphorylation, a modification that regulates topoisomerase I activity. Both cell lines express wild-type ARF and topoisomerase I proteins at equivalent levels, but H23 topoisomerase I, unlike that of H358 cells, is largely devoid of serine phosphorylation, has low activity, and complexes poorly with ARF. The ability of H23 topoisomerase I to complex with ARF can be restored by treatment with the serine kinase, casein kinase II. Consistent with these observations, we show that the response of H23 cells to camptothecin treatment is unaffected by changes in intracellular levels of ARF. However, in H358 and PC-3 cells, which express a serine phosphorylated topoisomerase I that complexes with ARF, ectopic overexpression of ARF causes sensitization to camptothecin, and siRNA-mediated down-regulation of endogenous ARF causes desensitization to camptothecin. These biological responses correlate with increased and decreased levels, respectively, of ARF/topoisomerase I complex and DNA-bound topoisomerase I. Thus, ARF is a serine phosphorylation-dependent coregulator of topoisomerase I in vivo, and it regulates cellular sensitivity to camptothecin by interacting with topoisomerase I. Certain cancer associated defects affecting ARF/topoisomerase I complex formation could contribute to cellular resistance to camptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California, USA
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Wulff JE, Siegrist R, Myers AG. The natural product avrainvillamide binds to the oncoprotein nucleophosmin. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:14444-51. [PMID: 17958425 DOI: 10.1021/ja075327f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we present evidence that (+)-avrainvillamide, a naturally occurring alkaloid with antiproliferative effects, binds to the nuclear chaperone nucleophosmin, a proposed oncogenic protein that is overexpressed in many different human tumors. Among other effects, nucleophosmin is known to regulate the tumor suppressor protein p53. A synthetic biotin-avrainvillamide conjugate, nearly equipotent to the natural product in inhibiting the growth of cultured T-47D cells, was used for affinity-isolation of a protein identified as nucleophosmin by MS sequencing and Western-blotting. Affinity-isolation of nucleophosmin was inhibited in the presence of iodoacetamide (10 mM), free (+)-avrainvillamide (100 microM), and a series of closely related structural analogues of (+)-avrainvillamide, the latter with inhibitory effects that appear to correlate with measured growth-inhibitory potencies. Using fluorescence microscopy, a synthetic dansyl-avrainvillamide conjugate was observed to localize within the nucleoli and the cytosol of treated cancer cells. Site-directed mutagenesis of each of the three cysteine residues of a truncated nucleophosmin coexpressed with native nucleophosmin in COS-7 cells revealed that the mutation cys275 --> ala275 effectively and uniquely reduced affinity-isolation of the truncated protein, suggesting that avrainvillamide targets cys275 of nucleophosmin. Finally, we show that treatment of adhered LNCaP or T-47D cells with (+)-avrainvillamide leads to an increase in cellular p53 concentrations, and that siRNA-promoted depletion of nucleophosmin in a population of HeLa S3 cells leads to increased sensitivity of that population toward apoptotic death upon treatment with (+)-avrainvillamide. Although potentially desirable as lead compounds for the development of novel anticancer therapies, nonpeptidic, synthetic small molecules that bind to nucleophosmin have not been described, prior to this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Tembe V, Henderson BR. Protein trafficking in response to DNA damage. Cell Signal 2007; 19:1113-20. [PMID: 17391916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human cells are prone to a range of natural environmental stresses and administered agents that damage or modify DNA, resulting in a cellular response typified by either cell death, or a cell cycle arrest, to permit repair of the genomic damage. DNA damage often elicits movement of proteins from one subcellular location to another, and the redistribution of proteins involved in genomic maintenance into distinct nuclear DNA repair foci is well documented. In this review, we discuss the DNA damage-induced trafficking of proteins to and from other distinct subcellular organelles including the nucleolus, mitochondria, Golgi complex and centrosome. The extent of intracellular transport suggests a dynamic and possibly co-ordinated role for protein trafficking in the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Tembe
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute at Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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