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Xu J, Zhai J, Zhao J. Pathogenic roles of follicular helper T cells in IgG4-related disease and implications for potential therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1413860. [PMID: 38911857 PMCID: PMC11190345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1413860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently described autoimmune disorder characterized by elevated serum IgG4 levels and tissue infiltration of IgG4+ plasma cells in multiple organ systems. Recent advancements have significantly enhanced our understanding of the pathological mechanism underlying this immune-mediated disease. T cell immunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD, and follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are particularly important in germinal center (GC) formation, plasmablast differentiation, and IgG4 class-switching. Apart from serum IgG4 concentrations, the expansion of circulating Tfh2 cells and plasmablasts may also serve as novel biomarkers for disease diagnosis and activity monitoring in IgG4-RD. Further exploration into the pathogenic roles of Tfh in IgG4-RD could potentially lead to identifying new therapeutic targets that offer more effective alternatives for treating this condition. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge regarding the pathogenic roles Tfh cells play in IgG4-RD and outline potential therapeutic targets for future clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Zhai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center for Rare Disease, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center for Rare Disease, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Lu H, Wu X, Peng Y, Sun R, Nie Y, Li J, Wang M, Luo Y, Peng L, Fei Y, Zhou J, Zhang W, Zeng X. TSLP promoting B cell proliferation and polarizing follicular helper T cell as a therapeutic target in IgG4-related disease. J Transl Med 2022; 20:414. [PMID: 36076269 PMCID: PMC9461269 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To figure out the functions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Methods Plasma TSLP levels were tested by Elisa, and its receptors were detected by flow cytometry. Expressions of TSLP and TSLPR in involved tissues were stained by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Proliferation, apoptosis, and B subsets of TSLP stimulated-B cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. TSLP-stimulated B cells were co-cultured with CD4+ Naïve T cells. Signaling pathway was identified by RNA-sequencing and western blot. Anti-TSLP therapy was adapted in LatY136F knock-in mice (Lat, IgG4-RD mouse model). Results Plasma TSLP level was increased in IgG4-RD patients and was positively correlated with serum IgG4 level and responder index (RI). TSLPR was co-localized with CD19+ B cells in the submandibular glands (SMGs) of IgG4-RD. TSLP promoted B cell proliferation, and TSLP-activated B cells polarized CD4+ naive T cells into follicular helper T (Tfh) cells through OX40L. RNA-sequencing identified JAK-STAT signaling pathway in TSLP-activated B cells and it was verified by western blot. Anti-TSLP therapy alleviated the inflammation of lung in Lat mice. Conclusion Elevated TSLP in IgG4-RD promoted B cells proliferation and polarized Tfh cells and might be served as a potential therapeutic target. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03606-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xunyao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijie Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxue Nie
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingna Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mu Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linyi Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Fei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ukleja-Sokołowska N, Lis K, Żbikowska-Gotz M, Adamczak R, Bartuzi Z. IgE, IgG, TSLP, Il 25 and IL 33 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients sensitized to shrimp allergens. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.2005545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ukleja-Sokołowska
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kinga Lis
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żbikowska-Gotz
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Rafał Adamczak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bartuzi
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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4
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Kinugawa Y, Uehara T, Iwaya M, Asaka S, Kobayashi S, Nakajima T, Komatsu M, Yasuo M, Yamamoto H, Ota H. IL-6 expression helps distinguish Castleman's disease from IgG4-related disease in the lung. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:219. [PMID: 34246246 PMCID: PMC8272341 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is difficult to distinguish between multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD) and IgG4-related lung disease (IgG4-LD), an IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) in the lung. Methods We focused on IL-6, which is elevated in MCD, to distinguish between MCD and IgG4-LD by RNAscope, a highly sensitive RNA in situ method. Six cases of MCD and four cases of IgG4-LD were selected. Results In all cases of MCD and IgG4-LD, 10 or more IgG4-positive cells were found in one high-power field. All MCD cases were inconsistent with the pathological IgG4-related comprehensive diagnostic criteria, but 2 of 6 cases had an IgG4/IgG ratio greater than 40%. In all IgG4-LD cases, histological features were consistent with the pathological IgG4-RD comprehensive diagnostic criteria. IL-6 expression was observed in all MCD and IgG4-LD cases except for one IgG4-LD biopsy. IL-6-expressing cells were mainly identified in the stroma. Sites of IL-6 expression were not characteristic and were sparse. IL-6 expression tended to be higher in MCD compared with IgG4-LD. A positive correlation was found between the IL-6 H-score and serum IL-6 level. Conclusion Differences in IL-6 expression may help distinguish between MCD and IgG4-LD. In addition, the presence of high IL-6 levels may help elucidate the pathological mechanisms of IgG4-LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kinugawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Mai Iwaya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shiho Asaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shota Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masamichi Komatsu
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuo
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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5
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Michailidou D, Schwartz DM, Mustelin T, Hughes GC. Allergic Aspects of IgG4-Related Disease: Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693192. [PMID: 34305927 PMCID: PMC8292787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a rare systemic fibroinflammatory disease frequently associated with allergy. The pathogenesis of IgG4-RD is poorly understood, and effective therapies are limited. However, IgG4-RD appears to involve some of the same pathogenic mechanisms observed in allergic disease, such as T helper 2 (Th2) and regulatory T cell (Treg) activation, IgG4 and IgE hypersecretion, and blood/tissue eosinophilia. In addition, IgG4-RD tissue fibrosis appears to involve activation of basophils and mast cells and their release of alarmins and cytokines. In this article, we review allergy-like features of IgG4-RD and highlight targeted therapies for allergy that have potential in treating patients with IgG4-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Michailidou
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniella Muallem Schwartz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Grant C. Hughes
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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6
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Malignancy Risk of Immunoglobin G4-Related Disease: Evidence from a Large Cohort Multicenter Retrospective Study. Rheumatol Ther 2021; 8:1207-1221. [PMID: 34184190 PMCID: PMC8380610 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-021-00326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of malignancies in a multicenter cohort of Chinese patients with immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) and to identify the related risk factors of malignancy in IgG4-RD patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 602 IgG4-RD patients who were recruited in five medical centers from 2009 to 2020. Standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) against the general Chinese population were calculated along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We identified the risk factors of malignancy in IgG4-RD and calculated the odds ratios (ORs) of different factors. We then developed and validated a prediction model for malignancy risk of IgG4-RD based on our cohort. Results We observed a significantly increased prevalence of total malignancies in this cohort compared to the general Chinese population (SPR 8.66 [95% CI 5.84, 12.31]). Logistic regression analysis indicated that eosinophil percentage (OR 1.096 [95% CI 1.019–1.179], P = 0.016), serum albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) (OR 0.185 [95% CI 0.061–0.567], P = 0.002) and autoimmune pancreatitis (OR 2.400 [95% CI 1.038–5.549], P = 0.041) were three potential risk factors of malignancy in IgG4-RD patients. Four predictors were included in our final prediction model: age at IgG4-RD diagnosis, eosinophil percentage, AGR and autoimmune pancreatitis. The nomogram performed well in the internal validation cohort, with a concordance index (C-index) of 0.738. Conclusions A significantly increased prevalence of total malignancies was observed in our multicenter cohort. Eosinophil percentage and autoimmune pancreatitis are risk factors, whereas AGR is negatively associated with malignancy in IgG4-RD. A prediction model for malignancy risk of IgG4-RD was first developed and validated in our study. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40744-021-00326-8.
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Kabeerdoss J, Sandhya P, Kurien BT, Scofield RH, Danda D. In vitro effects of curcumin on proinflammatory cytokines and expression of their genes in minor salivary gland tissue of patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Rheumatol Int 2021; 42:545-551. [PMID: 33861386 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin reduces disease severity and ameliorates lupus-like/Sjögren's Syndrome-like disease in mice model. The immunological basis of these effects is largely unknown. This study examined the effects of curcumin on pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by minor salivary glands in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Minor salivary gland (MSG) tissue samples were collected from patients undergoing biopsy for suspected pSS. The tissues were treated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) alone as well as PHA with curcumin (30 μM) and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium for 48 h at 37 °C in CO2 incubator. After the incubation period, culture supernatant and tissues were stored in the freezer (-80 °C). IL-6 levels were measured in supernatant by ELISA kit. Gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, IL-21, and IFN-γ, were measured by qPCR. IL-6 secretion levels and gene expressions were compared statistically between groups by Student's t test. Forty-seven patients were screened. Eight patients satisfied ACR/EULAR criteria for pSS. Seven patients with absent glandular inflammation and negative serology constituted sicca controls. These 15 subjects were included in final analysis. In pSS group, but not in controls, median IL-6 levels in supernatant were less in curcumin-treated as compared to PHA-alone subset [5.5 (0.7-13.34) vs 18.3 (12-32) ng/ml; p = 0.0156]. mRNA expression levels of IL-6 were also lower in curcumin-treated samples as compared to PHA alone, when cases and controls were analyzed together as well as in cases alone (p = 0.0009 and p = 0.0078, respectively); however, mRNA expression of IL-1β was lower in curcumin-treated samples as compared to PHA alone, only when cases and controls were analyzed together (p = 0.0215). There was no difference in other cytokine gene expression levels between the subsets under the in-vitro experimental conditions. In conclusion, curcumin reduced mRNA expression as well as secretion of IL-6 levels by salivary gland tissue of patients with pSS. Curcumin also suppressed PHA-induced mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in MSG tissue of patients with pSS and controls when analyzed together as a combined group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakanthan Kabeerdoss
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Pulukool Sandhya
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.,Department of Rheumatology, St Stephen's Hospital, Tis Hazari, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Biji T Kurien
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Robert Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Debashish Danda
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
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Soyfoo MS, Nicaise C. Pathophysiologic role of Interleukin-33/ST2 in Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102756. [PMID: 33476812 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 family and has dual functions as a nuclear factor as well as a cytokine. The pivotal role of IL-33 as an active player contributing to aberrant local and systemic damage has been highlighted in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by dry eyes and mouth syndrome due to local dysfunctions of exocrine glands, but also accompanied with systemic manifestations. The pathophysiology of pSS has been advocated as a conjecture of activated B and T cells as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines and autoantibodies, driving epithelial tissue damage and disease progression. In pSS, IL-33 is released in the extracellular space from damaged salivary cells upon pro-inflammatory stimuli and/or dysfunction of epithelial barrier. Counter-regulatory mechanisms are initiated to limit the pro-inflammatory actions of IL-33 as portrayed by an increase in the decoy receptor for IL-33, the soluble form of ST2 (sST2). In pSS and associated diseases, the levels of IL-33 are significantly elevated in the serum or tears of patients. Mechanistically, IL-33 acts in synergy with IL-12 and IL-23 on NK and NKT cells to boost the production of IFN-γ contributing to inflammation. TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ in turn further increase the activation of IL-33/ST2 pathway, thereby constituting a vicious inflammatory loop leading to disease exacerbation. IL-33/ST2 axis is involved in Sjögren's syndrome and opens new perspectives as therapeutic target of one of the culprits in the inflammatory perpetuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Soyfoo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
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TGF-β Pathway in Salivary Gland Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239138. [PMID: 33266300 PMCID: PMC7730716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is presented in various physiologic and pathologic conditions of the salivary gland. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in several organs, including the salivary glands. Among the TGF-β superfamily members, TGF-β1 and 2 are pro-fibrotic ligands, whereas TGF-β3 and some bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are anti-fibrotic ligands. TGF-β1 is thought to be associated with the pro-fibrotic pathogenesis of sialadenitis, post-radiation salivary gland dysfunction, and Sjögren’s syndrome. Potential therapeutic strategies that target multiple levels in the TGF-β pathway are under preclinical and clinical research for fibrosis. Despite the anti-fibrotic effect of BMPs, their in vivo delivery poses a challenge in terms of adequate clinical efficacy. In this article, we will review the relevance of TGF-β signaling in salivary gland fibrosis and advances of potential therapeutic options in the field.
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10
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Sun C, Zhang H, Liu X. Emerging role of CCN family proteins in fibrosis. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4195-4206. [PMID: 33222181 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological change characterized by the excessive accumulation of fibrous connective tissue. Once uncontrolled, this pathological progress can lead to irreversible damage to the structure and function of organs, which is a serious threat to human health and life. Actually, the disability and death of patients caused by many chronic diseases have a closed relationship with fibrosis. The CCN protein family, including six members, is a small group of matrix proteins exhibiting structurally similar features. In the past 20 years, different biological functions of CCN proteins have been identified in various diseases. Of note, it has been recently shown that they are implicated in the key pathological process of fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current status of knowledge regarding the role of CCN proteins involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis diseases in detail. Furthermore, we highlight some of the underlying interaction mechanisms of CCN protein acting in fibrosis that helps to develop new drugs and determine appropriate clinical strategies for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Shen ZJ, Han YC, Nie MW, Xiang RL, Xie HZ. Analyses of circRNA and mRNA profiles in the submandibular gland in hypertension. Genomics 2020; 113:57-65. [PMID: 33227410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the roles played by circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the mechanism underlying submandibular gland (SMG) dysfunction in hypertension. We employed RNA-seq to analyze the circRNA and mRNA expression profiles of SMGs. Seventy-five differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs and 691 DE mRNAs were determined to be significantly altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Altered mRNAs were primarily related to the immune system and immune response. Eight circRNAs were selected for further analysis. Cell adhesion molecules were determined to be the most strongly enriched pathway through analysis of DE mRNAs, the coding noncoding gene co-expression (CNC) network and the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. The salivary secretion pathway was observed to be notably enriched through analysis of the ceRNA network. These results suggest that the crosstalk among circRNAs may play a crucial role in the development of SMG dysfunction in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Jun Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000730, China
| | - Ye-Chen Han
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000730, China
| | - Mu-Wen Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000730, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000730, China.
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Nezu N, Usui Y, Asakage M, Shimizu H, Tsubota K, Narimatsu A, Umazume K, Yamakawa N, Ohno SI, Takanashi M, Kuroda M, Goto H. Distinctive Tissue and Serum MicroRNA Profile of IgG4-Related Ophthalmic Disease and MALT Lymphoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082530. [PMID: 32764512 PMCID: PMC7464164 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of orbital lymphoproliferative disorders, such as immunoglobulin G4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) and orbital mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, remains essentially unknown. Differentiation between the two disorders, which is important since the work-up and treatment can vary greatly, is often challenging due to the lack of specific biomarkers. Although miRNAs play an important role in the regulation of carcinogenesis and inflammation, the relationship between miRNA and orbital lymphoproliferative diseases remains unknown. We performed a comprehensive analysis of 2565 miRNAs from biopsy and serum specimens of 17 cases with IgG4-ROD, where 21 cases with orbital MALT lymphoma were performed. We identified specific miRNA signatures and their miRNA target pathways, as well as the network analysis for IgG4-ROD and orbital MALT lymphoma. Machine-learning analysis identified miR-202-3p and miR-7112-3p as the best discriminators of IgG4-ROD and orbital MALT lymphoma, respectively. Enrichment analyses of biological pathways showed that the longevity-regulating pathway in IgG4-ROD and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in orbital MALT lymphoma was most enriched by target genes of downregulated miRNAs. This is the first evidence of miRNA profiles of biopsy and serum specimens of patients with IgG4-ROD and orbital MALT lymphoma. These data will be useful for developing diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, as well as elucidating the pathogenesis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nezu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.N.); (M.A.); (H.S.); (K.T.); (A.N.); (K.U.); (N.Y.); (H.G.)
| | - Yoshihiko Usui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.N.); (M.A.); (H.S.); (K.T.); (A.N.); (K.U.); (N.Y.); (H.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3342-6111
| | - Masaki Asakage
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.N.); (M.A.); (H.S.); (K.T.); (A.N.); (K.U.); (N.Y.); (H.G.)
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.N.); (M.A.); (H.S.); (K.T.); (A.N.); (K.U.); (N.Y.); (H.G.)
| | - Kinya Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.N.); (M.A.); (H.S.); (K.T.); (A.N.); (K.U.); (N.Y.); (H.G.)
| | - Akitomo Narimatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.N.); (M.A.); (H.S.); (K.T.); (A.N.); (K.U.); (N.Y.); (H.G.)
| | - Kazuhiko Umazume
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.N.); (M.A.); (H.S.); (K.T.); (A.N.); (K.U.); (N.Y.); (H.G.)
| | - Naoyuki Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.N.); (M.A.); (H.S.); (K.T.); (A.N.); (K.U.); (N.Y.); (H.G.)
| | - Shin-ichiro Ohno
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (S.-i.O.); (M.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Masakatsu Takanashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (S.-i.O.); (M.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Masahiko Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (S.-i.O.); (M.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Goto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (N.N.); (M.A.); (H.S.); (K.T.); (A.N.); (K.U.); (N.Y.); (H.G.)
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Zongfei J, Rongyi C, Xiaomeng C, Lili M, Lingying M, Xiufang K, Xiaomin D, Zhuojun Z, Huiyong C, Ying S, Lindi J. In vitro IL-6/IL-6R Trans-Signaling in Fibroblasts Releases Cytokines That May Be Linked to the Pathogenesis of IgG4-Related Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1272. [PMID: 32733444 PMCID: PMC7360847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The remarkable mechanisms of storiform fibrosis and the formation of high levels of IgG4 with a pathogenic germinal center (GC) in the inflammatory tissue of IgG4-RD remains unknown and may be responsible for the unsatisfactory therapeutic effect on IgG4-related diseases when using conventional therapy. Objectives: To investigate the mechanisms of interleukin 6 (IL-6) inducing fibroblasts to produce cytokines for pathogenic GC formation in the development of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Methods: The clinical data and laboratory examinations of 56 patients with IgG4-RD were collected. IL-6 and IL-6R expression in the serum and tissues of patients with IgG4-RD and healthy controls were detected by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Human aorta adventitial fibroblasts (AAFs) were cultured and stimulated with IL-6/IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). The effect of IL-6/IL-6R on AAFs was determined by Luminex assays. Results: The serum IL-6 and IL-6R levels were elevated in active IgG4-RD patients and IL-6 was positively correlated with the disease activity (e.g., erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], C-reactive protein [CRP], and IgG4-RD responder index). IL-6 and IL-6R expression in the tissue lesions of IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis and IgG4-related sialadenitis patients were also significantly higher than that in the normal tissues. In addition, there is a relative abundance of myofibroblasts as well as IgG4+ plasma cells in the tissues of IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis. α-SMA and B cell differentiation cytokines (i.e., B cell activating factor), and α-SMA and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation cytokines (e.g., IL-7, IL-12, and IL-23) were co-expressed in the local lesions. In vitro, IL-6/IL-6R significantly promoted the production of B cell activating factor, IL-7, IL-12, and IL-23 in AAFs in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was partially blocked by JAK1, JAK2, STAT3, and Akt inhibitors, respectively. Conclusions:In vitro IL-6/IL-6R trans-signaling in fibroblasts releases Tfh and B cell differentiation factors partially via the JAK2/STAT3, JAK1/STAT3, and JAK2/Akt pathways, which may be linked to the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD. This indicated that IL-6 and fibroblasts may be responsible for GC formation and fibrosis in the development of IgG4-RD. Blocking IL-6 with JAK1/2 inhibitors or inhibiting fibroblast proliferation might be beneficial for IgG4-RD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zongfei
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Rongyi
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Xiaomeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ma Lili
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ma Lingying
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kong Xiufang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dai Xiaomin
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Zhuojun
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huiyong
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun Ying
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lindi
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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