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Ribeiro ASF, Zerolo BE, López-Espuela F, Sánchez R, Fernandes VS. Cardiac System during the Aging Process. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0115. [PMID: 37163425 PMCID: PMC10389818 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging process is accompanied by a continuous decline of the cardiac system, disrupting the homeostatic regulation of cells, organs, and systems. Aging increases the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, thus heart failure and mortality. Understanding the cardiac aging process is of pivotal importance once it allows us to design strategies to prevent age-related cardiac events and increasing the quality of live in the elderly. In this review we provide an overview of the cardiac aging process focus on the following topics: cardiac structural and functional modifications; cellular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in the aging; genetics and epigenetics in the development of cardiac diseases; and aging heart and response to the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blanca Egea Zerolo
- Escuela de Enfermería y Fisioterapia San Juan de Dios. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fidel López-Espuela
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Raúl Sánchez
- Unidad de Cardiopatías Congénitas, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vítor S Fernandes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Moreira JBN, Wohlwend M, Wisløff U. Exercise and cardiac health: physiological and molecular insights. Nat Metab 2020; 2:829-839. [PMID: 32807982 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac benefits of exercise have been recognized for centuries. Studies have undisputedly shown that regular exercise is beneficial for the cardiovascular system in young, old, healthy and diseased populations. For these reasons, physical activity has been recommended worldwide for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Although the benefits of exercise are clear, understanding of the molecular triggers that orchestrate these effects remains incomplete and has been a topic of intense research in recent years. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the cardiac effects of physical activity, beginning with a brief history of exercise in cardiovascular medicine and then discussing seminal work on the physiological effects of exercise in healthy, diseased and aged hearts. Later, we revisit pioneering work on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cardiac benefits of exercise, and we conclude with our view on the translational potential of this knowledge as a powerful platform for cardiovascular disease drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose B N Moreira
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group at the Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Wohlwend
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group at the Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group at the Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- School of Human Movement & Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Pistea C, Lonsdorfer E, Doutreleau S, Oswald M, Enache I, Charloux A. Maximal aerobic capacity in ageing subjects: actual measurements versus predicted values. ERJ Open Res 2016; 2:00068-2015. [PMID: 27730176 PMCID: PMC5005159 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00068-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the impact of selection of reference values on the categorisation of measured maximal oxygen consumption (V′O2peak) as “normal” or “abnormal” in an ageing population. We compared measured V′O2peak with predicted values and the lower limit of normal (LLN) calculated with five equations. 99 (58 males and 41 females) disease-free subjects aged ≥70 years completed an incremental maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Mean V′O2peak was 1.88 L·min−1 in men and 1.26 L·min−1 in women. V′O2peak ranged from 89% to 108% of predicted in men, and from 88% to 164% of predicted in women, depending on the reference equation used. The proportion of subjects below the LLN ranged from 5% to 14% in men and 0–22% in women, depending on the reference equation. The LLN was lacking in one study, and was unsuitable for women in another. Most LLNs ranged between 53% and 73% of predicted. Therefore, choosing an 80% cut-off leads to overestimation of the proportion of “abnormal” subjects. To conclude, the proportion of subjects aged ≥70 years with a “low” V′O2peak differs markedly according to the chosen reference equations. In clinical practice, it is still relevant to test a sample of healthy volunteers and select the reference equations that better characterise this sample. As V′O2peak% pred differs markedly with the reference value, reference equation choice is critical in the elderlyhttp://ow.ly/YsXHD
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pistea
- Service de Physiologie et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Pôle de Pathologie Thoracique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Equipe d'Accueil 3072, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Evelyne Lonsdorfer
- Service de Physiologie et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Pôle de Pathologie Thoracique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Equipe d'Accueil 3072, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Doutreleau
- Service de Physiologie et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Pôle de Pathologie Thoracique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Equipe d'Accueil 3072, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Monique Oswald
- Service de Physiologie et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Pôle de Pathologie Thoracique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Equipe d'Accueil 3072, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Irina Enache
- Service de Physiologie et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Pôle de Pathologie Thoracique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Equipe d'Accueil 3072, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Charloux
- Service de Physiologie et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Pôle de Pathologie Thoracique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Equipe d'Accueil 3072, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Roh J, Rhee J, Chaudhari V, Rosenzweig A. The Role of Exercise in Cardiac Aging: From Physiology to Molecular Mechanisms. Circ Res 2016; 118:279-95. [PMID: 26838314 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.305250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging induces structural and functional changes in the heart that are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and impaired functional capacity in the elderly. Exercise is a diagnostic and therapeutic tool, with the potential to provide insights into clinical diagnosis and prognosis, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which aging influences cardiac physiology and function. In this review, we first provide an overview of how aging impacts the cardiac response to exercise, and the implications this has for functional capacity in older adults. We then review the underlying molecular mechanisms by which cardiac aging contributes to exercise intolerance, and conversely how exercise training can potentially modulate aging phenotypes in the heart. Finally, we highlight the potential use of these exercise models to complement models of disease in efforts to uncover new therapeutic targets to prevent or treat heart disease in the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Roh
- From the Cardiovascular Division (J. Roh, J. Rhee, V.C., A.R.) and Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (J. Rhee), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - James Rhee
- From the Cardiovascular Division (J. Roh, J. Rhee, V.C., A.R.) and Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (J. Rhee), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Vinita Chaudhari
- From the Cardiovascular Division (J. Roh, J. Rhee, V.C., A.R.) and Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (J. Rhee), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- From the Cardiovascular Division (J. Roh, J. Rhee, V.C., A.R.) and Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (J. Rhee), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Deficiency Exacerbates Aging-Induced Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction Despite Improved Inflammation: Role of Autophagy Regulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22488. [PMID: 26940544 PMCID: PMC4778027 DOI: 10.1038/srep22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging leads to unfavorable geometric and functional sequelae in the heart. The proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a role in the maintenance of cardiac homeostasis under stress conditions although its impact in cardiac aging remains elusive. This study was designed to evaluate the role of MIF in aging-induced cardiac anomalies and the underlying mechanism involved. Cardiac geometry, contractile and intracellular Ca2+ properties were examined in young (3–4 mo) or old (24 mo) wild type and MIF knockout (MIF−/−) mice. Our data revealed that MIF knockout exacerbated aging-induced unfavorable structural and functional changes in the heart. The detrimental effect of MIF knockout was associated with accentuated loss in cardiac autophagy with aging. Aging promoted cardiac inflammation, the effect was attenuated by MIF knockout. Intriguingly, aging-induced unfavorable responses were reversed by treatment with the autophagy inducer rapamycin, with improved myocardial ATP availability in aged WT and MIF−/− mice. Using an in vitro model of senescence, MIF knockdown exacerbated doxorubicin-induced premature senescence in H9C2 myoblasts, the effect was ablated by MIF replenishment. Our data indicated that MIF knockout exacerbates aging-induced cardiac remodeling and functional anomalies despite improved inflammation, probably through attenuating loss of autophagy and ATP availability in the heart.
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Chivite D, Franco J, Formiga F. [Chronic heart failure in the elderly patient]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2015; 50:237-246. [PMID: 25962334 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of heart failure (HF) is increasing, especially in the elderly population, and is becoming a major geriatric problem. Elderly patients with HF usually show etiopathogenic, epidemiological, and even clinical characteristics significantly different from those present in younger patients. Their treatment, however, derives from clinical trials performed with only a few elderly subjects. Moreover, beyond the cardiovascular disease itself, it is essential to evaluate the patient as a whole, given the interrelationship between HF and the characteristic geriatric syndromes of the elderly patient. This review examines the peculiarities in the most prevalent "real world" HF patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chivite
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Programa de Geriatría, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España.
| | - Jhonatan Franco
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Programa de Geriatría, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Francesc Formiga
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Programa de Geriatría, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
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Masterson Creber RM, Lee CS, Margulies K, Riegel B. Identifying biomarker patterns and predictors of inflammation and myocardial stress. J Card Fail 2015; 21:439-45. [PMID: 25727486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular exercise is recommended to improve outcomes in patients with heart failure. Exercise is known to decrease inflammation and thought to decrease myocardial stress; however, studies of exercise in heart failure have had mixed results on levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). A multimarker analysis may help to identify distinct subgroups of patients who respond to exercise. Our primary study objective was to identify common and distinct patterns of change in hsCRP and NT-proBNP and to quantify the influence of exercise therapy on the observed patterns of change. METHODS AND RESULTS NT-proBNP and hsCRP were assessed in a random sample of 320 participants from the biomarker substudy of HF-ACTION, a randomized clinical trial of exercise training versus usual care in patients with stable and chronic heart failure. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify unique biomarker patterns over 12 months. Three statistically independent and clinically meaningful biomarker patterns of NT-proBNP and hsCRP were identified. Two patterns were combined and compared with the "low/stable" pattern, which was characterized by the lowest levels of NT-proBNP and hsCRP over time. Participants who were taking a loop diuretic and had hypertension or ischemic etiology were ∼2 times as likely to be in the "elevated/worsening" biomarker pattern. Participants randomized to the exercise intervention were less likely to be in the elevated/worsening pattern of NT-proBNP and hsCRP (relative risk ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.32-0.98; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Exercise therapy was protective for reducing the frequency of membership in the elevated/worsening biomarker pattern, indicating that exercise may be helpful in delaying the progression of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Masterson Creber
- School of Nursing and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - Christopher S Lee
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kenneth Margulies
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Barbara Riegel
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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O'Connor CM, Ahmad T. Can we prevent heart failure with exercise? J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:2548-9. [PMID: 23158537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Deschenes MR, Sherman EG, Glass EK. The effects of pre-habilitative conditioning on unloading-induced adaptations in young and aged neuromuscular systems. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:687-94. [PMID: 22750484 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of pre-habilitative conditioning - exercise performed a priori - to mitigate neuromuscular maladaptations to disuse is unclear. This study evaluated pre-habilitation by examining neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and the myofibers they innervate in young adult and aged muscles. Within each age category, 40 rats were divided into four treatment groups: 1) control, 2) hindlimb suspended (unloaded), 3) prehabilitative conditioning preceding hindlimb suspension, and 4) pre-habilitative conditioning alone. Cytofluorescent staining was used to visualize NMJs, and histochemical staining to assess myofiber profiles (size and type). Statistical analysis featured 2-way ANOVA with main effects for age and treatment, along with interaction. NMJs consistently revealed significant (P≤0.05) main effects for age, but not treatment, or interaction. Typically, aged NMJs showed elongated nerve terminal branching, and more dispersed post-synaptic clusters of ACh receptors, resulting in reduced post-synaptic area per given length of pre-synaptic branching. Analysis of myofiber profiles showed significant main effects for age, treatment, and their interaction. Aged myofibers were smaller than the young ones and a higher percentage of them were Type I. Aged fibers experienced significantly greater unloading-induced atrophy than the young ones. Pre-habilitative conditioning significantly attenuated unloading-induced atrophy among aged, but not young myofibers. It was also observed that pre-habilitative conditioning alone increased myofiber size among aged, but not young adult muscles. In summary, myofibers were more sensitive than NMJs to the treatment interventions implemented. Although more sensitive to the negative effects of muscle unloading, aged myofibers were also more responsive to the hypertrophic effects of pre-habilitative conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Deschenes
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA.
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