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Passos BBS, Araújo-Pereira M, Vinhaes CL, Amaral EP, Andrade BB. The role of ESAT-6 in tuberculosis immunopathology. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383098. [PMID: 38633252 PMCID: PMC11021698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite major global efforts to eliminate tuberculosis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), this disease remains as a major plague of humanity. Several factors associated with the host and Mtb interaction favor the infection establishment and/or determine disease progression. The Early Secreted Antigenic Target 6 kDa (ESAT-6) is one of the most important and well-studied mycobacterial virulence factors. This molecule has been described to play an important role in the development of tuberculosis-associated pathology by subverting crucial components of the host immune responses. This review highlights the main effector mechanisms by which ESAT-6 modulates the immune system, directly impacting cell fate and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz B. S. Passos
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo-Pereira
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Caian L. Vinhaes
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde Humana, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
- Departamento de Infectologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo P. Amaral
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde Humana, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
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2
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Ma M, Duan Y, Peng C, Wu Y, Zhang X, Chang B, Wang F, Yang H, Zheng R, Cheng H, Cheng Y, He Y, Huang J, Lei J, Ma H, Li L, Wang J, Huang X, Tang F, Liu J, Li J, Ying R, Wang P, Sha W, Gao Y, Wang L, Ge B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits METTL14-mediated m 6A methylation of Nox2 mRNA and suppresses anti-TB immunity. Cell Discov 2024; 10:36. [PMID: 38548762 PMCID: PMC10978938 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Internal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications are among the most abundant modifications of messenger RNA, playing a critical role in diverse biological and pathological processes. However, the functional role and regulatory mechanism of m6A modifications in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection remains unknown. Here, we report that methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14)-dependent m6A methylation of NAPDH oxidase 2 (Nox2) mRNA was crucial for the host immune defense against M. tuberculosis infection and that M. tuberculosis-secreted antigen EsxB (Rv3874) inhibited METTL14-dependent m6A methylation of Nox2 mRNA. Mechanistically, EsxB interacted with p38 MAP kinase and disrupted the association of TAB1 with p38, thus inhibiting the TAB1-mediated autophosphorylation of p38. Interaction of EsxB with p38 also impeded the binding of p38 with METTL14, thereby inhibiting the p38-mediated phosphorylation of METTL14 at Thr72. Inhibition of p38 by EsxB restrained liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of METTL14 and its subsequent interaction with METTL3, preventing the m6A modification of Nox2 mRNA and its association with the m6A-binding protein IGF2BP1 to destabilize Nox2 mRNA, reduce ROS levels, and increase intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis. Moreover, deletion or mutation of the phosphorylation site on METTL14 impaired the inhibition of ROS level by EsxB and increased bacterial burden or histological damage in the lungs during infection in mice. These findings identify a previously unknown mechanism that M. tuberculosis employs to suppress host immunity, providing insights that may empower the development of effective immunomodulators that target M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtong Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjia Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - You Wu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Boran Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijuan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanna Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Lei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyu Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liru Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoyan Ying
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interaction, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Fan X, Zhao B, Zhang W, Li N, Mi K, Wang B. Coevolution of furA-Regulated Hyper-Inflammation and Mycobacterial Resistance to Oxidative Killing through Adaptation to Hydrogen Peroxide. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0536722. [PMID: 37358434 PMCID: PMC10433983 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05367-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is highly resistant to host oxidative killing. We hypothesized that the evolutionary adaptation of M. smegmatis to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) would endow the nonpathogenic Mycobacterium persistent in a host. In the study, we screened a highly H2O2-resistant strain (mc2114) via evolutionary H2O2 adaptation in vitro. The MIC of mc2114 to H2O2 is 320 times that of wild-type mc2155. Mouse infection experiments showed that mc2114, similar to Mtb, was persistent in the lungs and caused high lethality in mice with restricted responses of NOX2, ROS, IFN-γ, decreased macrophage apoptosis, and overexpressed inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that mc2114 harbored 29 single nucleotide polymorphisms in multiple genes; one of them was on the furA gene that caused FurA deficiency-mediated overexpression of KatG, a catalase-peroxidase to detoxify ROS. Complementation of mc2114 with a wild-type furA gene reversed lethality and hyper-inflammatory response in mice with rescued overexpression of KatG and inflammatory cytokines, whereas NOX2, ROS, IFN-γ, and macrophage apoptosis remained reduced. The results indicate that although FurA regulates KatG expression, it does not contribute significantly to the restriction of ROS response. Instead, FurA deficiency is responsible for the detrimental pulmonary inflammation that contributes to the severity of the infection, a previously nonrecognized function of FurA in mycobacterial pathogenesis. The study also indicates that mycobacterial resistance to oxidative burst results from complex mechanisms involving adaptive genetic changes in multiple genes. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes human tuberculosis (TB), which has killed more people in human history than any other microorganism. However, the mechanisms underlying Mtb pathogenesis and related genes have not yet been fully elucidated, which impedes the development of effective strategies for containing and eradicating TB. In the study, we generated a mutant of M. smegmatis (mc2114) with multiple mutations by an adaptive evolutionary screen with H2O2. One of the mutations in furA caused a deficiency of FurA, which mediated severe inflammatory lung injury and higher lethality in mice by overexpression of inflammatory cytokines. Our results indicate that FurA-regulated pulmonary inflammation plays a critical role in mycobacterial pathogenesis in addition to the known downregulation of NOX2, ROS, IFN-γ responses, and macrophage apoptosis. Further analysis of the mutations in mc2114 would identify more genes related to the increased pathogenicity and help in devising new strategies for containing and eradicating TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Zhao
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weishan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixia Mi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beinan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ren H, Xia X, Dai X, Dai Y. The role of neuroplastin65 in macrophage against E. coli infection in mice. Mol Immunol 2022; 150:78-89. [PMID: 36007354 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune response constitutes the first line of defense against pathogens. Inflammatory responses involve close contact between different populations of cells. These adhesive interactions mediate migration of cells to sites of infection leading the effective action of cells within the lesions. Cell adhesion molecules are critical to controlling immune response mediating cell adhesion or chemotaxis, as well as coordinating actin-based cell motility during phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Recently, a newly discovered neuroplastin (Np) adhesion molecule is found to play an important role in the nervous system. However, there is limited information on Np functions in immune response. To understand how Np is involved in innate immune response, a mouse model of intraperitoneal infection was established to investigate the effect of Np on macrophage-mediated clearance of E. coli infection and its possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS Specific deficiency mice with Nptn gene controlling Np65 isoform were employed in this study. The expression levels of mRNA and proteins were detected by qPCR and western blot, or evaluated by flow cytometry. The expression level of NO and ROS were measured with their specific indicators. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by specific detection kits. Acid phosphatase activity was measured by flow cytometry after labelling with LysoRed fluorescent probe. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated from bone marrow of mice hind legs. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 assay. Cell migration was measured by wound healing assay or transwell assay. RESULTS The lethal dose of E. coli infection in Np65-/- mice dropped to the half of lethal dose in WT mice. The bacterial load in the spleen, kidney and liver from Np65-/- mice were significantly higher than that from WT mice, which were due to the dramatic reduction of NO and ROS production in phagocytes from Np65-/- mice. Np65 gene deficiency remarkably impaired phagocytosis and function of lysosome in macrophage. Furthermore, Np65 molecule was involved in maturation and proliferation, even in migration and chemotaxis of BMDM in vitro. CONCLUSION This study for the first time demonstrates that Np is involved in multi-function of phagocytes during bacterial infection, proposing that Np adhesion molecule plays a critical role in clearing pathogen infection in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ren
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xia
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xueting Dai
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yalei Dai
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Peng Y, Zhu X, Gao L, Wang J, Liu H, Zhu T, Zhu Y, Tang X, Hu C, Chen X, Chen H, Chen Y, Guo A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0309 Dampens the Inflammatory Response and Enhances Mycobacterial Survival. Front Immunol 2022; 13:829410. [PMID: 35281073 PMCID: PMC8907127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.829410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal functions of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) proteins responsible for modulating host innate immunity is essential to elucidation of mycobacterial pathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to identify the role of a putative protein Rv0309 encoded within RD8 of M. tb genome in inhibiting the host inflammatory response and the underlying mechanism, using in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. A recombinant M. smegmatis strain Ms_rv0309 expressing Rv0309 and a mutant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)ΔRS01790 strain with deletion of BCG_RS01790, 100% homologue of Rv0309 in BCG, were constructed. Rv0309 was found to localize in the cell wall and be able to decrease cell wall permeability. Purified recombinant rRv0309 protein inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 release in RAW264.7 cells. BCG_RS01790 in BCG or Rv0309 in Ms_rv0309 strain greatly inhibited production of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. Similarly, BCGΔRS01790 strongly induced expression of these cytokines compared with wild-type BCG and complement strain, cBCGΔRS01790::RS01790. Further BCG_RS01790 or Rv0309 suppressed cytokine production through NF-κB p65/IκBα and MAPK ERK/JNK signaling. Importantly, BCG_RS01790 in BCG and Rv0309 in Ms_rv0309 strain enhanced mycobacterial survival in macrophages. Mice infected with BCGΔRS01790 exhibited high levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β, and large numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the early stage, and minimal lung bacterial load and inflammatory damage in late stage of the experiment. In conclusion, the cell wall protein Rv0309 or BCG_RS01790 enhanced mycobacterial intracellular survival after infection likely through inhibition of the pro-inflammatory response and decrease of bacterial cell wall permeability, thereby contributing to mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Chauhan P, Dandapat J, Sarkar A, Saha B. March of Mycobacterium: miRNAs intercept host cell CD40 signalling. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1179. [PMID: 33072321 PMCID: PMC7541823 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease tuberculosis is fatal if untreated. It is caused by the acid-fast bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium resides and replicates within the alveolar macrophages, causing inflammation and granuloma, wherein macrophage-T cell interactions enhance the inflammation-causing pulmonary caseous lesions. The first interactions between Mycobacterium and the receptors on macrophages decide the fate of Mycobacterium because of phagolysosomal impairments and the expression of several miRNAs, which may regulate CD40 expression on macrophages. While the altered phagolysosomal functions impede antigen presentation to the T cell-expressed antigen receptor, the interactions between the macrophage-expressed CD40 and the T cell-expressed CD40-ligand (CD40L or CD154) provide signals to T cells and Mycobacterium-infected macrophages. These two functions significantly influence the resolution or persistence of Mycobacterium infection. CD40 controls T-cell polarisation and host-protective immunity by eliciting interleukin-12p40, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and IFN-γ production. Indeed, CD40-deficient mice succumb to low-dose aerosol infection with Mycobacterium because of deficient interleukin (IL)-12 production leading to impaired IFN-γ-secreting T-cell response. In contrast, despite generating fewer granulomas, the CD40L-deficient mice developed anti-mycobacterial T-cell responses to the levels observed in the wild-type mice. These host-protective responses are significantly subdued by the Mycobacterium-infected macrophage produced TGF-β and IL-10, which promote pro-mycobacterial T-cell responses. The CD40-CD40L-induced counteractive immune responses against Mycobacterium thus present a conundrum that we explain here with a reconciliatory hypothesis. Experimental validation of the hypothesis will provide a rationale for designing anti-tubercular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative TechnologyBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS)PuneIndia
- Trident Academy of Creative TechnologyBhubaneswarIndia
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Lee KI, Choi S, Choi HG, Kebede SG, Dang TB, Back YW, Park HS, Kim HJ. Recombinant Rv3261 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces apoptosis through a mitochondrion-dependent pathway in macrophages and inhibits intracellular bacterial growth. Cell Immunol 2020; 354:104145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Howard NC, Khader SA. Immunometabolism during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:832-850. [PMID: 32409147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over a quarter of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Approximately 3.4% of new and 18% of recurrent cases of TB are multidrug-resistant (MDR) or rifampicin-resistant. Recent evidence has shown that certain drug-resistant strains of Mtb modulate host metabolic reprogramming, and therefore immune responses, during infection. However, it remains unclear how widespread these mechanisms are among circulating MDR Mtb strains and what impact drug-resistance-conferring mutations have on immunometabolism during TB. While few studies have directly addressed metabolic reprogramming in the context of drug-resistant Mtb infection, previous literature examining how drug-resistance mutations alter Mtb physiology and differences in the immune response to drug-resistant Mtb provides significant insights into how drug-resistant strains of Mtb differentially impact immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Howard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Fernández-García M, Rey-Stolle F, Boccard J, Reddy VP, García A, Cumming BM, Steyn AJC, Rudaz S, Barbas C. Comprehensive Examination of the Mouse Lung Metabolome Following Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Using a Multiplatform Mass Spectrometry Approach. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2053-2070. [PMID: 32285670 PMCID: PMC7199213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) rewires the host metabolism in vivo are surprisingly unexplored. Here, we used three high-resolution mass spectrometry platforms to track altered lung metabolic changes associated with Mtb infection of mice. The multiplatform data sets were merged using consensus orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (cOPLS-DA), an algorithm that allows for the joint interpretation of the results from a single multivariate analysis. We show that Mtb infection triggers a temporal and progressive catabolic state to satisfy the continuously changing energy demand to control infection. This causes dysregulation of metabolic and oxido-reductive pathways culminating in Mtb-associated wasting. Notably, high abundances of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), produced by the host from the bacterial metabolite trimethylamine upon infection, suggest that Mtb could exploit TMAO as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. Overall, these new pathway alterations advance our understanding of the link between Mtb pathogenesis and metabolic dysregulation and could serve as a foundation for new therapeutic intervention strategies. Mass spectrometry data has been deposited in the Metabolomics Workbench repository (data-set identifier: ST001328).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández-García
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | - Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | - Julien Boccard
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Lausanne and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Vineel P. Reddy
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Antonia García
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | | | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Africa
Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
- UAB
Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Lausanne and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
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Das D, Panigrahi P. CFD simulations for paper-based DNA amplification reaction (LAMP) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis—point-of-care diagnostic perspective. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 58:271-289. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-02082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Lin J, Jiang Y, Liu D, Dai X, Wang M, Dai Y. Early secreted antigenic target of 6-kDa of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces transition of macrophages into epithelioid macrophages by downregulating iNOS / NO-mediated H3K27 trimethylation in macrophages. Mol Immunol 2019; 117:189-200. [PMID: 31816492 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Granuloma is a pathological feature of tuberculosis and is a tight immune cell aggregation caused by Mtb. The main constituent cells are macrophages and their derivative cells including epithelioid macrophages. However, the molecular mechanism of the transition has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether early secreted antigenic target of 6-kDa (ESAT6) can induce the transition of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) into epithelioid macrophages and its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS The recombinant ESAT6 protein was obtained from E.coli carrying esat6 gene after isopropyl β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction. BMDMs were isolated from bone marrow of mice hind legs. Cells viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) assays. The expression levels of mRNA and proteins were detected by qPCR and Western blot, or evaluated by flow cytometry. The expression level of nitric oxide (NO) was measured with a nitric oxide indicator. RESULTS ESAT6 could significantly induce mRNA and protein expression levels of a group of epithelioid macrophages marker molecules (EMMMs), including E-cadherin, junction plakoglobin, ZO1, desmoplakin, desmoglein3 and catenin porteins, in BMDMs. These events could be abrogated in macrophage from TLR2 deficiency mice. ESAT6 could also markedly induce iNOS/NO production that could significantly inhibit trimethylation of H3K27 in the cells. ESAT6-induced expressions of epithelioid macrophages marker molecules were significantly inhibited in the presence of H3K27 histone demethylase inhibitor GSK J1. Furthermore, ROS scavenging agent N,N'-Dimethylthiourea (DMTU) could markedly inhibit the transition induced by ESAT6 in macrophages. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that ESAT6 bound with TLR2 can activate iNOS/NO and ROS signalings to reduce the trimethylation of H3K27 resulting in the increment of EMMMs expression that is beneficial to the transition of macrophages into epithelioid macrophages. However, hypoxia can inhibit this transition event. This study has provided new evidence of pathogenesis of granuloma caused by Mtb and also proposed new ideas for the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Lin
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuyin Jiang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xueting Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yalei Dai
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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12
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Apocynin Dietary Supplementation Delays Mouse Ovarian Ageing. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5316984. [PMID: 31772706 PMCID: PMC6854951 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5316984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced maternal age is associated with higher infertility rates, pregnancy-associated complications, and progeny health issues. The ovary is considered the main responsible for these consequences due to a continuous decay in follicle number and oocyte quality. Intracellular imbalance between oxidant molecules and antioxidant mechanisms, in favour of the former, results in oxidative stress (OS) that is believed to contribute to ovarian ageing. This work is aimed at evaluating whether an age-related increase in ovarian OS, inflammation, and fibrosis may contribute to tissue dysfunction and whether specific antioxidant supplementation with a NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin) could ameliorate them. Mice aged 8–12 weeks (reproductively young) or 38-42 weeks (reproductively aged) were employed. Aged mice were divided into two groups, with one receiving apocynin (5 mM) in the drinking water, for 7 weeks, upon which animals were sacrificed and their ovaries collected. Ovarian structure was similar at both ages, but the ovaries from reproductively aged mice exhibited lipofuscin deposition, enhanced fibrosis, and a significant age-related reduction in primordial and primary follicle number when compared to younger animals. Protein carbonylation and nitration, and markers of OS were significantly increased with age. Moreover, mRNA levels of inflammation markers, collagens, metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitor MMPs (TIMPs) were upregulated. Expression of the antifibrotic miRNA29c-3p was significantly reduced. Apocynin supplementation ameliorated most of the age-related observed changes, sometimes to values similar to those observed in young females. These findings indicate that there is an age-related increase in OS that plays an important role in enhancing inflammation and collagen deposition, contributing to a decline in female fertility. Apocynin supplementation suggests that the imbalance can be ameliorated and thus delay ovarian ageing harmful effects.
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TLR-2 mediated cytosolic-Ca 2+ surge activates ER-stress-superoxide-NO signalosome augmenting TNF-α production leading to apoptosis of Mycobacterium smegmatis-infected fish macrophages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12330. [PMID: 31444398 PMCID: PMC6707155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The implications of TLR-2 mediated alterations in cytosolic-Ca2+((Ca2+)c) levels in M. smegmatis infections is not well known. Using headkidney macrophages (HKM) from Clarias gariepinus, we observed TLR-2 signalling is required in the phagocytosis of M. smegmatis. M. smegmatis induced caspase-dependent HKM apoptosis in MOI, time and growth-phase dependent manner. RNAi and inhibitor studies demonstrated critical role of TLR-2 in eliciting (Ca2+)c-surge and c-Src-PI3K-PLC axis playing an intermediary role in the process. The (Ca2+)c-surge triggered downstream ER-stress and superoxide (O2−) generation. The cross-talk between ER-stress and O2− amplified TNF-α production, which led to HKM apoptosis and bacterial clearance. Release of nitric oxide (NO) was also observed and silencing the NOS2-NO axis enhanced intracellular bacterial survival and attenuated caspase activity. Pre-treatment with diphenyleneidonium chloride inhibited NO production implicating O2−–NO axis imperative in M. smegmatis-induced HKM apoptosis. NO positively impacted CHOP expression and TNF-α production in infected HKM. We conclude that, TLR-2 induced (Ca2+)c-surge and ensuing cross-talk between ER-stress and O2− potentiates HKM pathology by amplifying pro-inflammatory TNF-α production. Moreover, the pro-oxidant environment triggers NO release which prolonged ER-stress and TNF-α production, culminating in HKM apoptosis and bacterial clearance. Together, our study suggests HKM an alternate model to study macrophage-mycobacteria interactions.
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14
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Lin J, Chang Q, Dai X, Liu D, Jiang Y, Dai Y. Early secreted antigenic target of 6-kDa of Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes caspase-9/caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in macrophages. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 457:179-189. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03522-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Activated glycine receptors may decrease endosomal NADPH oxidase activity by opposing ClC-3-mediated efflux of chloride from endosomes. Med Hypotheses 2019; 123:125-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Hsu HT, Tseng YT, Wong WJ, Liu CM, Lo YC. Resveratrol prevents nanoparticles-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via downregulation of PKC-α and NADPH oxidase in lung epithelial A549 cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:211. [PMID: 29986680 PMCID: PMC6038342 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Exposure to carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs), a well-known industrial production, promotes pulmonary toxicity through inflammation and oxidative stress. Recent studies show that some polyphenols exert their antioxidant properties through regulation of protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) and NADPH oxidase (Nox) signaling. Resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol in fruits, possesses various health beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the involvement of PKC-α and Nox in CBNPs-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, and to investigate the protective effects of resveratrol on CBNP-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in human lung epithelial A549 cells. Methods The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the change of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured by flow cytometry. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured using the Griess reagent, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was detected by ELISA, while protein expressions were measured by Western blotting analysis. Results In lung epithelial A549 cells, CBNPs significantly enhanced oxidative stress by upregulation of Nox2 and membrane expression of p67phox accompanied with increase of ROS production. CBNPs also increased inflammatory factors, including iNOS, COX-2, NO and PGE2. However, resveratrol attenuated the above effects induced by CBNPs in A549 cells; additionally, CBNPs-induced activation of PKC-α was observed. We found that PKC-α inhibitor (Gö6976) could attenuate CBNPs-induced inflammation by down-regulation of ROS, NO and PGE2 production in A549 cells, suggesting PKC-α might be involved in CBNPs-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Our results also found resveratrol was able to inhibit protein expression of PKC-α induced by CBNPs. Moreover, ROS scavenger (NAC) and Nox inhibitor (DPI) attenuated CBNPs-induced expressions of iNOS and COX-2. DPI could also attenuate CBNPs-induced ROS, NO and PGE2 production. Conclusions Resveratrol attenuated CBNPs-induced oxidative and inflammatory factors in lung epithelial A549 cells, at least in part via inhibiting PKC-α- and Nox-related signaling.
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Adhikary R, Sultana S, Bishayi B. Clitoria ternatea flower petals: Effect on TNFR1 neutralization via downregulation of synovial matrix metalloproteases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:209-222. [PMID: 28826781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Clitoria ternatea Linn. (C. ternatea) is a traditionally used herb in arthritis, and its anti-arthritic activity has been attributed to polyphenols (e.g. quercetins) from its flower petal. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate whether C. ternatea or quercetin-3ß-D-glucoside (QG) support the antibody mediated TNFα-receptor 1 (TNFR1) neutralization to ameliorate arthritis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in male Swiss mice (20-22g, 3-4 weeks of age) was followed by estimation of synovial polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) accumulation (in terms of myeloperoxidase activity), synovial and systemic release of cytokines, chemokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biochemical estimation of synovial free radical generation and antioxidant status, as well as immunoblot assessment of synovial TNFR1, toll-like receptor 2(TLR2), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression; and zymographic analysis of synovial matrix-metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) activity. RESULTS CIA was induced from day 2 post-secondary immunizations as evidenced from arthritic scores and joint swelling in parallel to increased inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in synovial joints. Long term supplementation with extract from Clitoria ternatea flower petals CTE (50mg/kg) and QG (2.5mg/kg) upto 24 days post booster immunization augmented anti-arthritic potential of TNFR1 neutralization with anti-TNFR1 antibody (10μg per mice) in terms of reduced MPO activity, decrease in release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS)/ reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production in parallel to significant (p<0.05) reduction in TNFR1, TLR2, iNOS, COX-2 and MMP-2 expression. CONCLUSION CTE and QG possess potential anti-arthritic activity which targets synovial MMP-2 in arthritic joints and TNFR1 targeting followed by CTE or QG treatment might become a combinatorial approach in future therapeutic research in treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Adhikary
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Microbiology laboratory. University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sahin Sultana
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Microbiology laboratory. University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Microbiology laboratory. University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India.
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Dunn JD, Bosmani C, Barisch C, Raykov L, Lefrançois LH, Cardenal-Muñoz E, López-Jiménez AT, Soldati T. Eat Prey, Live: Dictyostelium discoideum As a Model for Cell-Autonomous Defenses. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1906. [PMID: 29354124 PMCID: PMC5758549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-dwelling social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum feeds on bacteria. Each meal is a potential infection because some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to resist predation. To survive such a hostile environment, D. discoideum has in turn evolved efficient antimicrobial responses that are intertwined with phagocytosis and autophagy, its nutrient acquisition pathways. The core machinery and antimicrobial functions of these pathways are conserved in the mononuclear phagocytes of mammals, which mediate the initial, innate-immune response to infection. In this review, we discuss the advantages and relevance of D. discoideum as a model phagocyte to study cell-autonomous defenses. We cover the antimicrobial functions of phagocytosis and autophagy and describe the processes that create a microbicidal phagosome: acidification and delivery of lytic enzymes, generation of reactive oxygen species, and the regulation of Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ availability. High concentrations of metals poison microbes while metal sequestration inhibits their metabolic activity. We also describe microbial interference with these defenses and highlight observations made first in D. discoideum. Finally, we discuss galectins, TNF receptor-associated factors, tripartite motif-containing proteins, and signal transducers and activators of transcription, microbial restriction factors initially characterized in mammalian phagocytes that have either homologs or functional analogs in D. discoideum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Dan Dunn
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Bosmani
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lyudmil Raykov
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louise H Lefrançois
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cardenal-Muñoz
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thierry Soldati
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ushigusa T, Koyama Y, Ito T, Watanabe K, Chambers JK, Hasegawa A, Uchida K, Kanegi R, Hatoya S, Inaba T, Sugiura K. Innate immunity mediated by dendritic cells/macrophages plays a central role in the early period in tumor treatment using gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:190-196. [PMID: 29311492 PMCID: PMC5836752 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
By using a complex of DNA, polyethylenimine and chondroitin sulfate, the in
vivo transfection of early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) gene into
tumor cells was found to cause significant suppression of the tumor growth. In order to
apply the method in clinical cancer treatment in dogs and cats, mechanisms underlying the
suppressive effects were investigated in a tumor-bearing mouse model. The transfection
efficiency was only about 10%, but the transfection of ESAT-6 DNA nevertheless induced
systemic immune responses against ESAT-6. By triple injection of ESAT-6 DNA at three day
intervals, the tumor was significantly reduced and almost disappeared by 5 days after the
start of treatment, and did not increase for more than 15 days after the final treatment.
In the immunohistochemistry, a larger number of dendritic cells (DCs)/macrophages
expressing ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and CD3+ T cells was
observed in tumors treated with ESAT-6 DNA, and their population further increased
significantly by day 5. Moreover, the amount of tumor necrosis factor, which is an
apoptosis-inducing factor produced mainly by DCs/macrophages, was greater in the ESAT-6
DNA treated tumors than in controls, and increased with repeat of the treatment. These
results indicate that in vivo transfection of ESAT-6 DNA into tumor cells
elicits significant inhibition of tumor growth by inducing potent activity of innate
immunity mediated by DCs/macrophages, which may be followed by adaptive immunity against
tumor associated antigens, elicited by the costimulation with ESAT-6 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ushigusa
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531 Japan.,Animal Regerative Medicine Center Hospital, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 231-0033 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Koyama
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531 Japan.,Japan Anti-tuberculosis Association, Shin-Yamanote Hospital, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0021 Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531 Japan.,Japan Anti-tuberculosis Association, Shin-Yamanote Hospital, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0021 Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunyo-ku, Tokyo 113-5657, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunyo-ku, Tokyo 113-5657, Japan
| | - Aya Hasegawa
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531 Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunyo-ku, Tokyo 113-5657, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kanegi
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531 Japan
| | - Shingo Hatoya
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531 Japan
| | - Toshio Inaba
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531 Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531 Japan
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Role of ESAT-6 in renal injury by regulating microRNA-155 expression via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170021. [PMID: 28655852 PMCID: PMC5529202 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism involved in the early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) in renal injury through regulation of the expression of miR-155 through the oll-like receptor (TLR)-4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-infected mice. Sixty C57BL/6 mice with MTB-induced renal injury were randomly assigned into control, MTB, mimic, inhibitor, inhibitor + ESAT6, and inhibitor + ESAT6 + TAK242 groups. Body weight, the ratio of kidney weight to body weight (Kw/Bw), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) of mice were measured. Flow cytometry was used to detect renal activation in mice. Expressions of miR-155 and ESAT6 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting was used to examine the expressions of ESAT6, TLR4, and MyD88. Expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were measured by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Compared with the control group, the BUN and Scr levels as well as the expression levels of miR-155, TLR4, MyD88, TNF-α, IL-17, and IFN-γ increased, while Kw/Bw decreased in the MTB and mimic groups. In comparison with the MTB group, the above indexes except Kw/Bw were elevated in the mimic group, but were reduced in the inhibitor group, while the Kw/Bw dropped in the mimic group but increased in the inhibitor group. Compared with the inhibitor group, the Kw/Bw decreased while the rest of the indexes increased in the inhibitor + ESAT6 group. ESAT6 may induce renal injury by promoting miR-155 expression through the TLR-4/MyD88 signaling pathway in MTB-infected mice.
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Jung BG, Wang X, Yi N, Ma J, Turner J, Samten B. Early Secreted Antigenic Target of 6-kDa of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Stimulates IL-6 Production by Macrophages through Activation of STAT3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40984. [PMID: 28106119 PMCID: PMC5247711 DOI: 10.1038/srep40984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an essential virulence factor and macrophages are critical for tuberculosis infection and immunity, we studied ESAT-6 stimulated IL-6 production by macrophages. ESAT-6 stimulated significantly higher IL-6 secretion by murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) compared to culture filtrate protein 10 kDa (CFP10) and antigen 85A. Polymyxin B, an LPS blocker, did not affect ESAT-6 stimulated macrophage IL-6 production. ESAT-6 but not Pam3CSK4 induced IL-6 by TLR2 knockout BMDM. ESAT-6 induced phosphorylation and DNA binding of STAT3 and this was blocked by STAT3 inhibitors but not by rapamycin. STAT3 inhibitors suppressed ESAT-6-induced IL-6 transcription and secretion without affecting cell viability. This was confirmed by silencing STAT3 in macrophages. Blocking neither IL-6Rα/IL-6 nor IL-10 affected ESAT-6-induced STAT3 activation and IL-6 production. Infection of BMDM and human macrophages with Mtb with esat-6 deletion induced diminished STAT3 activation and reduced IL-6 production compared to wild type and esat-6 complemented Mtb strains. Administration of ESAT-6 but not CFP10 induced STAT3 phosphorylation and IL-6 expression in the mouse lungs, consistent with expression of ESAT-6, IL-6 and phosphorylated-STAT3 in Mtb-infected mouse lungs. We conclude that ESAT-6 stimulates macrophage IL-6 production through STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bock-Gie Jung
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
| | - Xisheng Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
| | - Na Yi
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
| | - Justin Ma
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Buka Samten
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
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Zhou Z, Yin Y, Chang Q, Sun G, Lin J, Dai Y. Downregulation of B-myb promotes senescence via the ROS-mediated p53/p21 pathway, in vascular endothelial cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 50. [PMID: 27878894 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To reveal whether B-myb is involved in preventing senescence of vascular endothelial cells, and if so, to identify possible mechanisms for it. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57/BL6 male mice and primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were used. Bleomycin was applied to induce stress-related premature senescence. B-myb knockdown was achieved using an siRNA technique and cell senescence was assessed using the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was analysed using an ROS assay kit and cell proliferation was evaluated using KFluor488 EdU kit. Capillary tube network formation was determined by Matrigel assay. Expressions of mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time PCR and western blotting. RESULTS B-myb expression significantly decreased, while p53 and p21 expressions increased in the aortas of aged mice. This expression pattern was also found in replicative senescent HAECs and senescent HAECs induced by bleomycin. B-myb knockdown resulted in upregulation of p22phox , ROS accumulation and cell senescence of HAECs. Downregulation of B-myb significantly inhibited cell proliferation and capillary tube network formation and activated the p53/p21 signalling pathway. Blocking ROS production or inhibiting p53 activation remarkably attenuated SA-β-gal activity and delayed cell senescence induced by B-myb-silencing. CONCLUSION Downregulation of B-myb induced senescence by upregulation of p22phox and activation of the ROS/p53/p21 pathway, in our vascular endothelial cells, suggesting that B-myb may be a novel candidate for regulating cell senescence to protect against endothelial senescence-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlin Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanqun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalei Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kim YS, Yang CS, Nguyen LT, Kim JK, Jin HS, Choe JH, Kim SY, Lee HM, Jung M, Kim JM, Kim MH, Jo EK, Jang JC. Mycobacterium abscessus ESX-3 plays an important role in host inflammatory and pathological responses during infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:5-17. [PMID: 27637463 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial ESX systems are often related to pathogenesis during infection. However, little is known about the function of ESX systems of Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab). This study focuses on the Mab ESX-3 cluster, which contains major genes such as esxH (Rv0288, low molecular weight protein antigen 7; CFP-7) and esxG (Rv0287, ESAT-6 like protein). An esx-3 (MAB 2224c-2234c)-deletional mutant of Mab (Δesx) was constructed and used to infect murine and human macrophages. We then investigated whether Mab Δesx modulated innate host immune responses in macrophages. Mab Δesx infection resulted in less pathological and inflammatory responses. Additionally, Δesx resulted in significantly decreased activation of inflammatory signaling and cytokine production in macrophages compared to WT. Moreover, recombinant EsxG·EsxH (rEsxGH) proteins encoded by the ESX-3 region showed synergistic enhancement of inflammatory cytokine generation in macrophages infected with Δesx. Taken together, our data suggest that Mab ESX-3 plays an important role in inflammatory and pathological responses during Mab infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Loi T Nguyen
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Jin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Jin Ho Choe
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Mingyu Jung
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Ji-Chan Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Molecular Mechanism of Antibiotics, Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
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Immune response to antituberculosis drug-loaded gelatin and polyisobutyl-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles in macrophages. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:213-28. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2015-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Secondary toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) in macrophages is a well-known phenomenon. The aim of the study was to investigate the immuneresponse of macrophages after NP treatment. Methods & results: Antituberculosis drugs moxifloxacin and rifampicin were loaded into gelatin and polyisobutyl-cyanoacrylate NPs. The NPs were physicochemical characterized. Cellular immuneresponses and cellular viability were determined. The drug release kinetics vary depending on the type of NP, size and loading capacity. IC50 values of polyisobutyl-cyanoacrylate NPs were lower than for gelatin NPs. NPs treatment induced higher release of Th1 type cytokines compared with free drug. Conclusion: NPs together with chemotherapeutic drugs might be able to trigger an immune response in macrophages. The combined effect might be able to overcome mycobacteria infections.
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25
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Yu Y, Wu RX, Yin Y, Chen FM. Directing immunomodulation using biomaterials for endogenous regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:569-584. [PMID: 32262939 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering hold considerable potential for innovative and transformative strategies to repair damaged tissue form and function. Although many approaches are adopting ex vivo expanded cells for transplantation, an alternative is to manipulate the biomaterial-host interactions that recruit the patients' own stem cells endogenously for regeneration. There are several considerations in targeting the biomaterial-host interactions therapeutically, not the least of which is the biomimetic design of extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking materials and the administration of navigation cues and small molecules that target specific aspects of the native healing cascades to stimulate homing of endogenous stem cells and, thereafter, their expansion and differentiation. A sequence of coordinated interactions between the local niche cells and implanted biomaterials offers signals and sign posts that may instruct the cells traveling toward the injured tissues. Furthermore, stem cell function is critically influenced by extrinsic signals provided by the niche as well as by the implanted biomaterials. Novel strategies harnessing growth factors and immunological cues to design materials not only can modulate the behavior of stem cells but also can alter innate and adaptive immunity in a controlled manner. We envisage that successful and safe endogenous regeneration will involve at least three aspects, i.e., homing of sufficient stem cells, controlling cell fate determination, and blunting host immune responses to outside biomaterial devices. Improving our understanding of the biological and physicochemical signals of biomimetic biomaterials that govern immunomodulation for in situ tissue regeneration, particularly context-dependent macrophage (Mφ) polarization, will lead to a concurrent improvement in clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China.
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Trimethyltin-Induced Microglial Activation via NADPH Oxidase and MAPKs Pathway in BV-2 Microglial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2015. [PMID: 26221064 PMCID: PMC4499416 DOI: 10.1155/2015/729509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is known as a potent neurotoxicant that causes neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation, particularly in the hippocampus. Microglial activation is one of the prominent pathological features of TMT neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how microglial activation occurs in TMT intoxication. In this study, we aimed to investigate the signaling pathways in TMT-induced microglial activation using BV-2 murine microglial cells. Our results revealed that TMT generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases the expression of CD11b and nuclear factor-κB- (NF-κB-) mediated nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α in BV-2 cells. We also observed that NF-κB activation was controlled by p38 and JNK phosphorylation. Moreover, TMT-induced ROS generation occurred via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in BV-2 cells. Interestingly, treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin significantly suppressed p38 and JNK phosphorylation and NF-κB activation and ultimately the production of proinflammatory mediators upon TMT exposure. These findings indicate that NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation activated p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which then stimulated NF-κB to release proinflammatory mediators in the TMT-treated BV-2 cells.
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27
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Deffert C, Cachat J, Krause KH. Phagocyte NADPH oxidase, chronic granulomatous disease and mycobacterial infections. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1168-78. [PMID: 24916152 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infection of humans with Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains frequent and may still lead to death. After primary infection, the immune system is often able to control M. tuberculosis infection over a prolonged latency period, but a decrease in immune function (from HIV to immunosenescence) leads to active disease. Available vaccines against tuberculosis are restricted to BCG, a live vaccine with an attenuated strain of M. bovis. Immunodeficiency may not only be associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis, but also with local or disseminated BCG infection. Genetic deficiency in the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2 is called chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). CGD is among the most common primary immune deficiencies. Here we review our knowledge on the importance of NOX2-derived ROS in mycobacterial infection. A literature review suggests that human CGD patient frequently have an increased susceptibility to BCG and to M. tuberculosis. In vitro studies and experiments with CGD mice are incomplete and yielded - at least in part - contradictory results. Thus, although observations in human CGD patients leave little doubt about the role of NOX2 in the control of mycobacteria, further studies will be necessary to unequivocally define and understand the role of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Deffert
- Laboratory for Biological Fluids, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, 14, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty and University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
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Eicosapentaenoic acid protects against palmitic acid-induced endothelial dysfunction via activation of the AMPK/eNOS pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10334-49. [PMID: 24918290 PMCID: PMC4100154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that free fatty acids are associated with chronic inflammation, which may be involved in vascular injury. The intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can decrease cardiovascular disease risks, but the protective mechanisms of EPA on endothelial cells remain unclear. In this study, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with palmitic acid (PA) were used to explore the protective effects of EPA. The results revealed that EPA attenuated PA-induced cell death and activation of apoptosis-related proteins, such as caspase-3, p53 and Bax. Additionally, EPA reduced the PA-induced increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species, the activation of NADPH oxidase, and the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). EPA also restored the PA-mediated reduction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Using AMPK siRNA and the specific inhibitor compound C, we found that EPA restored the PA-mediated inhibitions of eNOS and AKT activities via activation of AMPK. Furthermore, the NF-κB signals that are mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were involved in protective effects of EPA. In summary, these results provide new insight into the possible molecular mechanisms by which EPA protects against atherogenesis via the AMPK/eNOS-related pathway.
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