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Xu L, Chen F, Fan W, Saito S, Cao D. The role of γδT lymphocytes in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369202. [PMID: 38774876 PMCID: PMC11106432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis poses a significant threat to human health, impacting overall well-being and imposing substantial financial burdens. Current treatment strategies mainly focus on managing low-density lipids (LDL) and optimizing liver functions. However, it's crucial to recognize that Atherosclerosis involves more than just lipid accumulation; it entails a complex interplay of immune responses. Research highlights the pivotal role of lipid-laden macrophages in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. These macrophages attract lymphocytes like CD4 and CD8 to the inflamed site, potentially intensifying the inflammatory response. γδ T lymphocytes, with their diverse functions in innate and adaptive immune responses, pathogen defense, antigen presentation, and inflammation regulation, have been implicated in the early stages of Atherosclerosis. However, our understanding of the roles of γδ T cells in Atherosclerosis remains limited. This mini-review aims to shed light on the characteristics and functions of γδ T cells in Atherosclerosis. By gaining insights into the roles of γδ T cells, we may uncover a promising strategy to mitigate plaque buildup and dampen the inflammatory response, thereby opening new avenues for effectively managing this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiMin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Frontier Inspection Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanfan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Song J, Hu Y, Wang L, Ao C. Ethanol Extract of Artemisia Annua Prevents LPS-Induced Inflammation and Blood-Milk Barrier Disruption in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101228. [PMID: 35625074 PMCID: PMC9138109 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the pre-protective effect of AAE on inflammatory injury and tight junction disturbance in bMECs induced by LPS. The bMECs were treated with AAE (3, 6, 12 μg/mL) for 3 h and then incubated with 10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 h. Our results showed that LPS significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of CD36, induced the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 and elevated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA, which further resulted in ultrastructural damage, disrupted the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, zonula occludens (ZO-1) and claudin-1) and decreased the viability of bMECs (p < 0.05). More importantly, AAE pretreatment attenuated the expression of CD36, suppressed the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway and down-regulated the levels of inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated bMECs (p < 0.05). Therefore, AAE can effectively protect bMECs against inflammatory injury and tight junction dysfunction, which has important research value for the prevention of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (J.S.); (Y.H.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agricultural Products (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (J.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Lifang Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agricultural Products (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Changjin Ao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (J.S.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (C.A.)
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Fan M, Miao Y, Yan Y, Zhu K, Zhao X, Pan M, Ma B, Wei Q. C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Regulates the Expression and Secretion of Antibacterial Peptide S100A7 in Goat Mammary Gland Through PKG/JNK/c-Jun Signaling Pathway. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:822165. [PMID: 35498722 PMCID: PMC9039262 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.822165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, the infected tissue secretes a variety of endogenous peptides to resist further invasion of pathogens. Among these endogenous peptides, the natriuretic peptides and the antimicrobial peptides attracted the most attention. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and its receptor natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B) were members of the natriuretic peptide system. The antimicrobial peptide S100A7 plays an important role to resist infection of bacteria in mastitis. It is reported that the expression of S100A7 is regulated by an activator protein-1 (AP-1)-responsive promoter. As a subunit of AP-1, c-Jun is a downstream target of CNP/NPR-B signaling pathway. Therefore, it is a hypothesis that the CNP/NPR-B signaling pathway induces the expression and secretion of S100A7 in mammary glands to take part in local mammary gland innate immunity. To verify this hypothesis, goat mammary gland and isolated mammary epithelial cells (MECs) were used to explore the expression of CNP/NPR-B and their physiological roles in goat mammary gland. The results showed that goat mammary gland expressed NPR-B, but not CNP. The expression and secretion of S100A7 in goat MECs were obviously induced by CNP/NPR-B signaling pathway. After treatment with CNP, the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) level in goat MECs was significantly upregulated. Along with the upregulation of cGMP level, the phosphorylation levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its target c-Jun were also increased gradually. KT5823 is a specific inhibitor for protein kinase G (PKG). KT5823 remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun induced by CNP. Correspondingly, KT5823 evidently inhibited the expression and secretion of S100A7 induced by CNP. On the other hand, the expression of NPR-B and S100A7 was upregulated in the mastitis goat mammary gland. But, there was no significant difference in expression of CNP between healthy and mastitis goat mammary gland tissues. The goat mastitis model was established in vitro using goat MECs treated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS treatment also could increase the expression of NPR-B and S100A7. In conclusion, goat mammary gland expressed NPR-B, indicating mammary gland was the target organ for natriuretic peptide system. Moreover, CNP, through NPR-B/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway to regulate the expression and secretion of S100A7 in MECs, played an important role in mammary gland innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuyang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yutong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Kunyuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Menghao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Baohua Ma
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Qiang Wei
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Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Pathobiology of Inflammation and Its Resolution. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121873. [PMID: 34944517 PMCID: PMC8699107 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is critical in the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4/D4/E4 (LTB4/LD4/LTE4), derived from AA, are involved in the initiation of inflammation and regulation of immune response, hematopoiesis, and M1 (pro-inflammatory) macrophage facilitation. Paradoxically, PGE2 suppresses interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production and triggers the production of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) from AA to initiate inflammation resolution process and augment regeneration of tissues. LXA4 suppresses PGE2 and LTs' synthesis and action and facilitates M2 macrophage generation to resolve inflammation. AA inactivates enveloped viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Macrophages, NK cells, T cells, and other immunocytes release AA and other bioactive lipids to produce their anti-microbial actions. AA, PGE2, and LXA4 have cytoprotective actions, regulate nitric oxide generation, and are critical to maintain cell shape and control cell motility and phagocytosis, and inflammation, immunity, and anti-microbial actions. Hence, it is proposed that AA plays a crucial role in the pathobiology of ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis, COVID-19, and other critical illnesses, implying that its (AA) administration may be of significant benefit in the prevention and amelioration of these diseases.
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Han B, Wang J, Wu J, Yan F, Wang Y, Li J. High glucose‑induced upregulation of CD36 promotes inflammation stress via NF‑κB in H9c2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:764. [PMID: 34490487 PMCID: PMC8430300 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac inflammation serves an important role in the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36) mediates inflammation stress in a variety of disease states. The present study investigated CD36 expression in high glucose (HG)-induced H9c2 cells, whether CD36 upregulation promotes inflammatory stress, and its potential mechanism. HG induced CD36 expression in a time-dependent manner in cells, which was blocked following CD36 knockout or treatment with N-acetylcysteine or MitoTEMPO. CD36 translocation to the cell membrane was increased at 72 h by HG stimulation of H9c2 cells. Moreover, CD36 knockout inhibited HG-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β expression, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway activation. Further, CD36 knockout reversed metabolic reprogramming, lipid accumulation and AMP-activated protein kinase activation caused by HG. The aforementioned data suggest that HG-induced upregulation of CD36 promotes inflammatory stress via NF-κB in H9c2 cells, mediated by metabolism reprogramming, lipid accumulation and enhanced ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Han
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
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Das UN. "Cell Membrane Theory of Senescence" and the Role of Bioactive Lipids in Aging, and Aging Associated Diseases and Their Therapeutic Implications. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020241. [PMID: 33567774 PMCID: PMC7914625 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are an essential constituent of the cell membrane of which polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the most important component. Activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) induces the release of PUFAs from the cell membrane that form precursors to both pro- and ant-inflammatory bioactive lipids that participate in several cellular processes. PUFAs GLA (gamma-linolenic acid), DGLA (dihomo-GLA), AA (arachidonic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are derived from dietary linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) by the action of desaturases whose activity declines with age. Consequently, aged cells are deficient in GLA, DGLA, AA, AA, EPA and DHA and their metabolites. LA, ALA, AA, EPA and DHA can also be obtained direct from diet and their deficiency (fatty acids) may indicate malnutrition and deficiency of several minerals, trace elements and vitamins some of which are also much needed co-factors for the normal activity of desaturases. In many instances (patients) the plasma and tissue levels of GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA are low (as seen in patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus) but they do not have deficiency of other nutrients. Hence, it is reasonable to consider that the deficiency of GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA noted in these conditions are due to the decreased activity of desaturases and elongases. PUFAs stimulate SIRT1 through protein kinase A-dependent activation of SIRT1-PGC1α complex and thus, increase rates of fatty acid oxidation and prevent lipid dysregulation associated with aging. SIRT1 activation prevents aging. Of all the SIRTs, SIRT6 is critical for intermediary metabolism and genomic stability. SIRT6-deficient mice show shortened lifespan, defects in DNA repair and have a high incidence of cancer due to oncogene activation. SIRT6 overexpression lowers LDL and triglyceride level, improves glucose tolerance, and increases lifespan of mice in addition to its anti-inflammatory effects at the transcriptional level. PUFAs and their anti-inflammatory metabolites influence the activity of SIRT6 and other SIRTs and thus, bring about their actions on metabolism, inflammation, and genome maintenance. GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), lipoxin A4 (LXA4) (pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites of AA respectively) activate/suppress various SIRTs (SIRt1 SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4, SIRT5, SIRT6), PPAR-γ, PARP, p53, SREBP1, intracellular cAMP content, PKA activity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC1-α). This implies that changes in the metabolism of bioactive lipids as a result of altered activities of desaturases, COX-2 and 5-, 12-, 15-LOX (cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenases respectively) may have a critical role in determining cell age and development of several aging associated diseases and genomic stability and gene and oncogene activation. Thus, methods designed to maintain homeostasis of bioactive lipids (GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA, DHA, PGE2, LXA4) may arrest aging process and associated metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N. Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St, Battle Ground, WA 98604, USA; ; Tel.: +508-904-5376
- BioScience Research Centre and Department of Medicine, GVP Medical College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam 530048, India
- International Research Centre, Biotechnologies of the third Millennium, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Luo X, Li Y, Yang P, Chen Y, Wei L, Yu T, Xia J, Ruan XZ, Zhao L, Chen Y. Obesity induces preadipocyte CD36 expression promoting inflammation via the disruption of lysosomal calcium homeostasis and lysosome function. EBioMedicine 2020; 56:102797. [PMID: 32516742 PMCID: PMC7281849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preadipocyte is closely related to obesity-induced inflammation. The impairment of autophagic flux by defective lysosomal function has been observed in adipose tissue from obese mice. While the fatty acid translocase CD36 is an important immuno-metabolic receptor, it remains unclear whether preadipocyte CD36 is involved in adipose tissue inflammation and whether CD36 regulates lysosomal function. Methods Using visceral adipose tissue from obese patients, a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice model, primary mouse preadipocytes and 3T3L1 cells we analyzed whether and how preadipocyte CD36 modulates lysosomal function and adipose tissue inflammation. Findings CD36 expression in preadipocytes is induced in obese patients and HFD-fed mice, accompanied with the disruption of lysosome function. CD36 knockout protects primary preadipocytes of HFD-fed mice from lysosomal impairment. In vitro, CD36 interacts with Fyn to phosphorylate and activate Inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1), causing excess calcium transport from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to lysosome, which results in lysosomal impairment and inflammation. Moreover, IP3R inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2APB) attenuates lysosomal impairment, inflammation and lipid accumulation in CD36-overexpressing preadipocytes. Interpretation Our data support that the abnormal upregulation of CD36 in preadipocytes may contribute to the development of adipose tissue inflammation. CD36/Fyn/IP3R1-mediated lysosomal calcium overload leads to lysosomal impairment and inflammation in preadipocyte. Thus targeting improving lysosomal calcium homeostasis may represent a novel strategy for treating obesity-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Luo
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Medical Examination Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wei
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Hanghai, China; John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zhao
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Spirulina Lipids Alleviate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mice Fed a High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18030148. [PMID: 32143330 PMCID: PMC7143263 DOI: 10.3390/md18030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat and high-sucrose diet (HFHSD)-induced obesity leads to oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory status. However, little is known about the beneficial effects of total lipids extracted from Spirulina. Hence, in the present study, Spirulina lipids were extracted with chloroform/methanol (SLC) or ethanol (SLE) and then their effects on oxidative stress and inflammation in the mice fed a HFHSD were investigated. The results show that the major lipid classes and fatty acid profiles of SLC and SLE were almost similar, but the gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and carotenoid contents in SLE was a little higher than that in SLC. Dietary 4% SLC or SLE for 12 weeks effectively decreased the hepatic lipid hydroperoxide levels as well as increased the activities and mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes in the mice fed a HFHSD. In addition, supplementation with SLC and SLE also markedly decreased the levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver and epididymal white adipose tissue of mice fed a HFHSD, and the effects of SLC and SLE were comparable. These findings confirm for the first time that dietary Spirulina lipids could alleviate HFHSD-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Das UN. Molecular pathobiology of scleritis and its therapeutic implications. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:163-175. [PMID: 31956585 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.01.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleritis and other autoimmune diseases are characterized by an imbalance in the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules with the balance tilted more towards the former due to the failure of recognition of self. The triggering of inflammatory process could be ascribed to the presence of cytoplasmic DNA/chromatin that leads to activation of cytosolic DNA-sensing cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase linked to stimulator of interferon genes) pathway and enhanced expression of NF-κB that results in an increase in the production of pro-inflammatory bioactive lipids. Bioactive lipids gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-GLA (DGLA), prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostacyclin (PGI2) and lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins and maresins have anti-inflammatory actions, bind to DNA to render it non-antigenic and are decreased in autoimmune diseases. These results suggest that efforts designed to enhance the production of anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids may form a new approach to autoimmune diseases. Local injection or infusion of lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins or their precursors such as arachidonic acid may be exploited in the prevention and management of autoimmune diseases including scleritis, uveitis and lupus/rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, Battle Ground, WA 98604, USA.,BioScience Research Centre and Department of Medicine, GVP Medical College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam 530048, India
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Timoszuk M, Bielawska K, Skrzydlewska E. Evening Primrose ( Oenothera biennis) Biological Activity Dependent on Chemical Composition. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7080108. [PMID: 30110920 PMCID: PMC6116039 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7080108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evening primrose (Oenothera L.) is a plant belonging to the family Onagraceae, in which the most numerous species is Oenothera biennis. Some plants belonging to the genus Oenothera L. are characterized by biological activity. Therefore, studies were conducted to determine the dependence of biological activity on the chemical composition of various parts of the evening primrose, mainly leaves, stems, and seeds. Common components of all parts of the Oenothera biennis plants are fatty acids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. In contrast, primrose seeds also contain proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Therefore, it is believed that the most interesting sources of biologically active compounds are the seeds and, above all, evening primrose seed oil. This oil contains mainly aliphatic alcohols, fatty acids, sterols, and polyphenols. Evening primrose oil (EPO) is extremely high in linoleic acid (LA) (70–74%) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) (8–10%), which may contribute to the proper functioning of human tissues because they are precursors of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. EPO supplementation results in an increase in plasma levels of γ-linolenic acid and its metabolite dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA). This compound is oxidized by lipoxygenase (15-LOX) to 15-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (15-HETrE) or, under the influence of cyclooxygenase (COX), DGLA is metabolized to series 1 prostaglandins. These compounds have anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Furthermore, 15-HETrE blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to leukotriene A4 (LTA4) by direct inhibition of 5-LOX. In addition, γ-linolenic acid suppresses inflammation mediators such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and cytokine - tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The beneficial effects of EPO have been demonstrated in the case of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, Sjögren’s syndrome, asthma, and anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Timoszuk
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bielawska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
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Ramasamy T, Sundaramoorthy P, Ruttala HB, Choi Y, Shin WH, Jeong JH, Ku SK, Choi HG, Kim HM, Yong CS, Kim JO. Polyunsaturated fatty acid-based targeted nanotherapeutics to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of docetaxel. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1262-1272. [PMID: 28891336 PMCID: PMC8241009 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1373163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since breast cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, targeted strategies are urgently needed. In this study, we report the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of docetaxel (DTX) when combined with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for effective treatment of multi-resistant breast cancers. Folic acid (FA)-conjugated PUFA-based lipid nanoparticles (FA-PLN/DTX) was developed. The physicochemical properties, in vitro uptake, in vitro cytotoxicity, and in vivo anticancer activity of FA-PLN/DTX were evaluated. FA-PLN/DTX could efficiently target and treat human breast tumor xenografts in vivo. They showed high payload carrying capacity with controlled release characteristics and selective endocytic uptake in folate receptor-overexpressing MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. PUFA synergistically improved the anticancer efficacy of DTX in both tested cancer cell lines by inducing a G2/M phase arrest and cell apoptosis. Combination of PUFA and DTX remarkably downregulated the expression levels of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers, and blocked the phosphorylation of AKT signaling pathways. Compared to DTX alone, FA-PLN/DTX showed superior antitumor efficacy, with no signs of toxic effects in cancer xenograft animal models. We propose that PUFA could improve the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer agents in cancer therapy. Further studies are necessary to fully understand these findings and achieve clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruganesh Ramasamy
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pasupathi Sundaramoorthy
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies & Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Yongjoo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Mook Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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