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Hart EN, Palme R, Greenblatt N, Takeshita RSC. Hormonal changes in northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) after the death of a group member. Primates 2024; 65:365-371. [PMID: 39023722 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-024-01145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The small apes, gibbons and siamangs, are monogamous species with their social groups comprising of both parents and their offspring. Therefore, the loss of a member may elicit a stress response in the remaining members due to their strong bonds. Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been useful indicators of stress, but distinguishing between acute versus chronic stress may be limited when measuring these hormones alone. The adrenal hormone dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS), a GC antagonist, has been implicated in the regulation of the stress response. Thus, the concomitant measurement of these hormones can help examine whether an event, such as the loss of a group member, elicited a stress response. In this brief report, we discuss the hormonal response of two zoo-housed northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) (1 adolescent male and his mother) after the death of the adult male of the group. Baseline fecal samples were collected opportunistically from these two individuals 5 months prior, and 3 months following the death of their group member. A total of 25 samples were quantified for fecal GC metabolites (FGCMs) and DHEAS by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to calculate the FGCMs:DHEAS ratio. Our results indicate an increase in FGCMs and FGCMs:DHEAS for the adolescent male, but not the adult female, following the death. Our findings suggest that the integration of FGCMs and DHEAS measurements can provide valuable information to interpret individual stress levels to the sudden change in the group's social structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilee N Hart
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, USA
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Tamura M, Akomo-Okoue EF, Mangama-Koumba LB, Wilfried EEG, Mindonga-Nguelet FL. Does kinship with the silverback matter? Intragroup social relationships of immature wild western lowland gorillas after social upheaval. Primates 2024; 65:397-410. [PMID: 39126443 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-024-01149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
In primates living in one-male groups, the sole resident male is often an important social partner for group immatures. For such groups, however, replacement of the male and subsequent disruptions of their relationships are almost inevitable. Here, we described social relationships of immature wild western lowland gorillas within a habituated group, where two natal and eight immigrant immatures lived with the resident silverback. We recorded 5 m proximities among group members as an indicator of social closeness. We found that natal immatures spent more time within 5 m of the silverback than immigrant ones. The social closeness between the silverback and the younger immigrant immatures sharply increased after 1 year, but these values were still below those of the natal immatures. Regarding the development of independence from the mother, we found no significant difference between natal and immigrant immatures. The socially preferred nonmother mature for natal immatures was the silverback, whereas many immigrant immatures preferred a paternal adult sister who had previously co-resided with them in a previous group. Our results suggest that familiarity may be an important determinant of the social closeness between the silverback and immatures, but 1 year of co-residence might be too short to construct sufficient familiarity. The paternal sister may have played a pivotal role in the assimilation of immigrant immatures into the non-natal group. Nonetheless, it is not negligible that the silverback and immigrant immatures formed day-to-day close proximities. His tolerance toward co-residence with immigrant immatures can be considered a reproductive tactic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Tamura
- Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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3
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Non-aggressive inter-group interactions in wild Northern Gray gibbons (Hylobates funereus). Acta Ethol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Matsudaira K, Reichard UH, Ishida T, Malaivijitnond S. Introgression and mating patterns between white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) and pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus) in a natural hybrid zone. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264519. [PMID: 35358199 PMCID: PMC8970389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gibbons (Family Hylobatidae) are a suitable model for exploring hybridization in pair-living primates as several species form hybrid zones. In Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) and pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus) are distributed parapatrically and hybridize in a narrow zone. Their phenotypic characteristics suggest limited inter-species gene flow, although this has never been assessed. To uncover the history and degree of gene flow between the two species, we studied the genetic structure of gibbons in the hybrid zone by analyzing fecal DNA samples, phenotypic characteristics, vocalizations and individuals’ social status. We determined eight autosomal single nucleotide variant (SNV) loci, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosomal haplotypes of 72 gibbons. We compared these markers with reference types of wild pureblood white-handed gibbons (n = 12) in Kaeng Krachan National Park and pureblood pileated gibbons (n = 4) in Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary. Autosomal genotypic analyses confirmed the various levels of mixed ancestry for several adult gibbons with or without atypical phenotypic traits in Khao Yai National Park. In some other adult gibbons, the mixed ancestry was not detected in either autosomal SNVs or their phenotypic traits but the mtDNA. Both male and female adult hybrids formed reproductive units mainly with a phenotypic pureblood partner and many of them produced offspring. Taken together, our results suggest that once hybridization occurs, white-handed-pileated-gibbon hybrids can reproduce with either parental species and that the backcrossing and thus introgression may occur in successive generations, with no drastic changes in phenotypic appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Matsudaira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Ulrich H. Reichard
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
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5
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Thompson C, Cahyaningrum E, Birot H, Aziz A, Cheyne SM. A case of polygyny in the Bornean white-bearded gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20200801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gibbons (family Hylobatidae) typically form groups that encompass a single breeding pair. Here, we present the first evidence of polygyny (where a single male has more than one female mate) in the Bornean white-bearded gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). In July 2014, an adult female yet to have emigrated from her natal group gave birth to an infant, bringing the total group size to six individuals (one adult male, two adult females, one subadult female, and two infant females). Forty months later in November 2017, the same female gave birth to a second infant. Between July 2014 and April 2018, the two breeding females within the group remained mutually tolerant of each other, often singing the characteristic female vocalisation, the great call, in unison, until the eldest adult female dispersed in November 2018. We explore possible reasons behind this group’s mating system flexibility by examining dispersal limitation due to environmental constraints, factors associated with a large home range size, mutual tolerance between females, and a lack of mating opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Thompson
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
- Genetics Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Eka Cahyaningrum
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
| | - Hélène Birot
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Aziz
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
- Centre for International Cooperation in the Management of Tropical Peatlands (CIMTROP), University of Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
| | - Susan M. Cheyne
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
- Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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6
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Luccas V, Izar P. Black capuchin monkeys dynamically adjust group spread throughout the day. Primates 2021; 62:789-799. [PMID: 34176033 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Variation in group spread can affect communication between individuals, synchrony of activity and collective decision-making. Most studies have measured this variation in large time scales, but the variables that influence group spread change as the social unit ranges over different areas throughout the day. Thus, our aim was to analyze the diurnal variation in group spread of a group of black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) inhabiting an area within the southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, the Carlos Botelho State Park. We measured group spread as the distance between the coordinates of the location of the two most distant group members every 5 min during entire days. Using time series analysis, we found that the group spread varied within short periods of time (15 min) throughout the day, revolving around the average group spread distance of 36 m. Group members tended to decrease the interindividual distance over time when they were more than 36 m apart, and to increase the distance when they were at a distance of less than 36 m. In addition, group spread was higher when monkeys were eating fruit than during other activities. We conclude that the variation in group spread may reflect competition for discrete food resources and that increasing cohesion several times throughout the day can be a way of resuming social contact between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Luccas
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Singletary B, Tecot S. Multimodal pair-bond maintenance: A review of signaling across modalities in pair-bonded nonhuman primates. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23105. [PMID: 32011759 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Only a handful of primate species exhibit the social relationship of pair-bonding. Efficient communication is critical for behavioral coordination within pair-bonds to maintain proximity and respond appropriately to extra-pair individuals, and possibly coordinate infant care. The use of complex signaling across modalities may help individuals improve communicative outcomes. We review many ways that pair-bonded species use signals to communicate and maintain bonds, though little previous research has taken a truly multimodal approach within a single species. We make a call for further investigation into pair-bonded communication using a multimodal approach to better understand how these species use all their senses to build, maintain, and advertise their bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey Tecot
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Laboratory for the Evolutionary Endocrinology of Primates, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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8
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Transboundary conservation of the last remaining population of the cao vit gibbon Nomascus nasutus. ORYX 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605318001576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe cao vit gibbon Nomascus nasutus, also known as eastern black crested gibbon, is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and was considered one of the world's 25 most threatened primates. The only known population occurs along the border between China and Viet Nam. Accurate information on population size and dynamics is critical for the species’ conservation, but population surveys conducted in only one country may over- or underestimate total population size because the home ranges of cao vit gibbon groups often cross the international border. In 2007 and 2016 we conducted two collaborative transboundary censuses of the cao vit gibbon populations in the Trung Khanh Cao Vit Gibbon Species and Habitat Conservation Area in Viet Nam and the Bangliang Gibbon National Nature Reserve in China. The results showed a population size of 102–110 in 2007, which increased to 107–136 in 2016. Our results indicate that previous surveys conducted separately in Viet Nam and China underestimated the global population size of this species. According to our more comprehensive surveys, the gibbon population is increasing slowly. The gibbons and their habitat are legally protected in both countries. Hunting and charcoal making have not been reported in this area since 2007. As habitat carrying capacity is a limiting factor, habitat restoration is required. However, lack of funding to protect the cao vit gibbon remains a challenge.
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Isshiki M, Ishida T. Molecular evolution of the semenogelin 1 and 2 and mating system in gibbons. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168:364-369. [PMID: 30575018 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Semenogelin 1 and 2 (SEMG1 and SEMG2) are known as semen coagulating proteins in primates with a repetitive structure of 60-amino acids. The number of repeats varies among species and is hypothesized to be related to the level of primate sperm competition. Gibbons until recently were thought to be monogamous primates, but it is now known that gibbon social structure is flexible. Thus, hypotheses of the relationship between the SEMGs evolution and mating systems were tested. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sequences of the exon 2 of the SEMG1 and SEMG2 were obtained from 50 captive gibbons comprising six species belonging to three genera (Hylobates, Symphalangus, and Nomascus). Then we quantified the levels of polymorphism and estimated rates of protein evolution by calculating d N /d S ratio. RESULTS Several mutations that create a premature stop codon in the SEMG1 and a reduction in the repeats of the SEMG2 in the genus Hylobates were observed and may alter the coding properties for these proteins. We also found different level of nucleotide diversity in each gene and between genera. Strikingly, in Nomascus leucogenys we discovered a high d N /d S ratio in the SEMG1 and SEMG2. The Nomascus SEMG2 also showed significantly lower nucleotide diversity than the other two genera. DISCUSSION These results are consistent with the presence of a strong positive selection in the Nomascus lineage even if the exact selective forces acting on these genes are not yet conclusively known. We were not able to demonstrate, among gibbons, unambiguous relationships between the SEMGs evolution and mating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Isshiki
- Unit of Human Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Unit of Human Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Florkiewicz B, Skollar G, Reichard UH. Facial expressions and pair bonds in hylobatids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:108-123. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Florkiewicz
- Department of Anthropology; Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Carbondale Illinois
- Department of Anthropology; University of California Los Angeles; California
- Gibbon Conservation Center; Santa Clarita California
| | | | - Ulrich H. Reichard
- Department of Anthropology; Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Carbondale Illinois
- Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Carbondale Illinois
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11
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Lappan S, Andayani N, Kinnaird MF, Morino L, Nurcahyo A, O'Brien TG. Social polyandry among siamangs: the role of habitat quality. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Lappan S, Sibarani M, Rustiati EL, Andayani N. Abrupt Decline in a Protected Population of Siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) in Southern Sumatra. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 88:255-266. [PMID: 28848177 DOI: 10.1159/000478776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Between 2011 and 2016, approximately 50% of siamangs in the Way Canguk Research Area disappeared, including members of 7 of 12 habituated groups. Demographic data from 1998 to 2015 confirm that the population decline in the habituated groups reflects a larger trend in the local population. There was no evidence of hunting of primates in the area, and ecological data do not suggest substantial changes in food availability or predation pressure during this period. From 2011 to 2014, we monitored the habituated groups only intermittently, and most deaths or disappearances were not observed. However, in 2014-2016, we monitored some groups more intensively, and observed 2 individuals with symptoms including whitened skin on the face, hands, and abdomen, hair loss, swelling of the face, frequent scratching, and lethargy. One affected individual disappeared days after this observation, while the other survived. The spatiotemporal pattern of disappearances in the habituated groups was consistent with that expected if the deaths resulted from disease transmission among neighbouring groups. Thus, the available evidence, while preliminary, suggests that a local disease epizootic may have been a factor driving the population decline. We recommend that researchers establish monitoring protocols to better understand primate disease epidemiology and to guide conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lappan
- Department of Anthropology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
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13
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Porter AM, Grote MN, Isbell LA, Fernandez-Duque E, Di Fiore A. Delayed Dispersal and Immigration in Equatorial Sakis ( Pithecia aequatorialis): Factors in the Transition from Pair- to Group-Living. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 88:11-27. [DOI: 10.1159/000464147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Morino L, Borries C. Offspring loss after male change in wild siamangs: the importance of abrupt weaning and male care. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 162:180-185. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morino
- Department of AnthropologyRutgers UniversityNew Brunswick NJ08901 USA
| | - Carola Borries
- Department of Anthropology and Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological SciencesStony Brook University, SUNYStony Brook NY11794 USA
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15
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Yin LY, Fei HL, Chen GS, Li JH, Cui LW, Fan PF. Effects of group density, hunting, and temperature on the singing patterns of eastern hoolock gibbons (Hoolock leuconedys) in Gaoligongshan, Southwest China. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:861-71. [PMID: 27167327 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many non-human primates produce species-specific loud calls to communicate within and between groups over long distances. Understanding these calling patterns can provide insights into how individuals modify their behavior in response to environmental variables as well as help to design efficient bioacoustic survey techniques. Eastern hoolock gibbons in Gaoligongshan inhabit the coldest habitat of all gibbon populations, but both conservation and research efforts on this population have been minimal. We studied singing patterns of two habituated and two unhabituated groups at two sites in Gaoligongshan between July 2010 and June 2015. We systematically collected data of their calls, and its relationship to temperature, group density, and hunting pressure over at least 1 year for each group. Our goal was to elucidate how these factors affect singing patterns of eastern hoolock gibbons. We found that adult pairs coordinated their singing to produce duet bouts that lasted for an average of 25.5 min. The singing rate (number of bouts/number on monitoring days*100%: 7.5-31.4%) was notably lower than other gibbon populations, presumably due to low group density (about 0.5 groups/km(2) ) and prevalence of hunting at the study site. Cold temperature also affected gibbons' singing behavior. Our study groups called, on average, 2.5 hr after sunrise, probably foraging first in the early morning after long nights in this cold habitat delayed singing. Furthermore, mean temperatures in the morning (8:00-12:00 am) were higher on singing days than on non-singing days, and one group called less frequently when monthly mean temperature was below 10°C. Our findings indicate that both hunting pressure from humans and low temperatures suppress calling behavior in hoolock gibbons. Such information is critical in evaluating the use of duetting as a monitoring technique for this endangered gibbon species. Am. J. Primatol. 78:861-871, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Yun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Han-Lan Fei
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Shou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hua Li
- Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Baoshan, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Wei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Fan
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Yunnan, P.R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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16
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Thompson CL. To pair or not to pair: Sources of social variability with white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia) as a case study. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:561-72. [PMID: 25561183 PMCID: PMC6680232 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific variability in social systems is gaining increased recognition in primatology. Many primate species display variability in pair-living social organizations through incorporating extra adults into the group. While numerous models exist to explain primate pair-living, our tools to assess how and why variation in this trait occurs are currently limited. Here I outline an approach which: (i) utilizes conceptual models to identify the selective forces driving pair-living; (ii) outlines novel possible causes for variability in social organization; and (iii) conducts a holistic species-level analysis of social behavior to determine the factors contributing to variation in pair-living. A case study on white-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia) is used to exemplify this approach. This species lives in either male-female pairs or groups incorporating "extra" adult males and/or females. Various conceptual models of pair-living suggest that high same-sex aggression toward extra-group individuals is a key component of the white-faced saki social system. Variable pair-living in white-faced sakis likely represents alternative strategies to achieve competency in this competition, in which animals experience conflicting selection pressures between achieving successful group defense and maintaining sole reproductive access to mates. Additionally, independent decisions by individuals may generate social variation by preventing other animals from adopting a social organization that maximizes fitness. White-faced saki inter-individual relationships and demographic patterns also lend conciliatory support to this conclusion. By utilizing both model-level and species-level approaches, with a consideration for potential sources of variation, researchers can gain insight into the factors generating variation in pair-living social organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleMichigan
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17
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Ham S, Hedwig D, Lappan S, Choe JC. Song Functions in Nonduetting Gibbons: Evidence from Playback Experiments on Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch). INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Díaz-Muñoz SL, Bales K. "Monogamy" in Primates: Variability, Trends, and Synthesis: Introduction to special issue on Primate Monogamy. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:283-7. [PMID: 26317875 PMCID: PMC5474116 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper is the introduction to a special issue on "'Monogamy' in Primates: Variability, Trends, and Synthesis." The term "monogamy" has undergone redefinition over the years, and is now generally understood to refer to certain social characteristics rather than to genetic monogamy. However, even the term "social monogamy" is used loosely to refer to species which exhibit a spectrum of social structures, mating patterns, and breeding systems. Papers in this volume address key issues including whether or not our definitions of monogamy should change in order to better represent the social and mating behaviors that characterize wild primates; whether or not primate groups traditionally considered monogamous are actually so (by any definition); ways in which captive studies can contribute to our understanding of monogamy; and what selective pressures might have driven the evolution of monogamous and non-monogamous single female breeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Díaz-Muñoz
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA,
| | - Karen Bales
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA,
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Burns BL, Judge DS. The varied path to adulthood: Plasticity in developmental timing in hylobatids. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:610-25. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda L. Burns
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology M309; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
| | - Debra S. Judge
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology M309; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
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20
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Bartlett TQ, Light LE, Brockelman WY. Long‐term home range use in white‐handed gibbons (
Hylobates lar
) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:192-203. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thad Q. Bartlett
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Lydia E.O. Light
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Warren Y. Brockelman
- Ecology LaboratoryBIOTEC Central Research Unit, National Science and Technology Development AgencyThailand
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21
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Fan PF, Bartlett TQ, Fei HL, Ma CY, Zhang W. Understanding stable bi-female grouping in gibbons: feeding competition and reproductive success. Front Zool 2015; 12:5. [PMID: 25763096 PMCID: PMC4355570 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Species of the order Primates are highly gregarious with most species living in permanent heterosexual social groups. According to theory in socioecology maximum social group size is limited by rates of intra-group feeding competition and associated increases in travel costs. Unlike other hylobatids, which are predominantly pair living, cao vit gibbons (Nomascus nasutus), and two other species of crested gibbon (Nomascus spp.) living in northern seasonal forest, regularly exhibit larger bi-female groups. To better understand the ability of northern gibbons to live in stable bi-female groups, we examined food distribution, feeding competition and reproductive success over a period of six years in a small cao vit gibbon population at Bangliang, Guangxi, China. RESULTS In general, we found weak evidences for within-group contest or scramble competition in our two study groups, which we attribute to high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the distribution of their important food species. Nevertheless, the larger of the two groups studied increased feeding time and group spread during lean periods, factors that may limit cao vit gibbon group size to a maximum of two breeding females. Relative to tropical pair-living gibbons, there is no evidence that cao vit gibbons travel farther or spend more time feeding, but they did consume more leaves and buds and less fruit and figs. Despite their highly folivorous diet, the average inter-birth interval is comparable to tropical gibbon populations, and the survival rate of infants and juveniles in our study groups is high. CONCLUSION Cao vit gibbons do not suffer obvious costs in terms of feeding competition and reproductive success by living in bi-female groups, but within-group feeding competition may determine the upper the limit of cao vit gibbon group size to a maximum of two breeding females. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence that bi-female grouping can be a stable grouping pattern of gibbons in certain habitats and further emphasize the flexibility of gibbon social organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Fan
- />Institute of Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Thad Q Bartlett
- />Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Han-Lan Fei
- />Institute of Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yong Ma
- />Institute of Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- />Institute of Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
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22
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Morino L. Dominance relationships among siamang males living in multimale groups. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:288-97. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morino
- Primate Research InstituteKyoto UniversityInuyamaAichiJapan
- Department of AnthropologyRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew Jersey
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23
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Díaz-Muñoz SL, DuVal EH, Krakauer AH, Lacey EA. Cooperating to compete: altruism, sexual selection and causes of male reproductive cooperation. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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HUANG B, GUAN Z, NI Q, ORKIN JD, FAN P, JIANG X. Observation of intra-group and extra-group copulation and reproductive characters in free ranging groups of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis). Integr Zool 2013; 8:427-40. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bei HUANG
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhenghua GUAN
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Qingyong NI
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agriculture University; Ya'an Sichuan China
| | - Joseph D. ORKIN
- Department of Anthropology; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Pengfei FAN
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research; Dali University; Dali Yunnan China
| | - Xuelong JIANG
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan China
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25
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Riley EP. Contemporary Primatology in Anthropology: Beyond the Epistemological Abyss. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/aman.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin P. Riley
- Department of Anthropology; San Diego State University; San Diego; CA 92182
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26
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Barelli C, Matsudaira K, Wolf T, Roos C, Heistermann M, Hodges K, Ishida T, Malaivijitnond S, Reichard UH. Extra-pair paternity confirmed in wild white-handed gibbons. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1185-95. [PMID: 23877831 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the genetic mating system of animal species is essential for our understanding of the evolution of social systems and individual reproductive strategies. In recent years, genetic methods have uncovered an unexpected diversity of paternal genetic contributions across diverse animal social mating systems, but particularly in pair-living species. In most pair-living birds, for example, genetic and behavioral observations have confirmed a previously unknown significance of extra-pair copulations (EPCs) and extra-pair paternity. Among mammals, white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) are also known to live in pairs and are traditionally believed to be single-male single-female breeders. However, at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, behavioral observations have confirmed the occurrence of both EPCs and functional multi-male grouping, but knowledge about the genetic mating system is still unavailable. In this study, we genotyped 89 white-handed gibbons of the Khao Yai population based on fecal samplings and were able to determine paternity for 41 offspring through short tandem repeat analysis. We found that females' stable social partners sired the majority (90.5%) of offspring (N = 38), while only a few (7.1%) offspring (n = 2 confirmed cases; n = 1 inferred case) were conceived with extra-pair partners. The paternity of one offspring remained inconclusive (2.4%), because the offspring's genotype did not mismatch with the genotypes of two potential sires. Like other predominantly pair-living species, gibbons appear to follow a mixed-reproductive strategy. The genetic mating system of wild white-handed gibbons is best described as flexible, primarily monogamous and opportunistically promiscuous. Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Barelli
- Sezione di Biodiversità Tropicale, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy; Reproductive Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Guan ZH, Huang B, Ning WH, Ni QY, Sun GZ, Jiang XL. Significance of grooming behavior in two polygynous groups of western black crested gibbons: Implications for understanding social relationships among immigrant and resident group members. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1165-73. [PMID: 23843246 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In primates, grooming is considered among the most common behaviors for maintaining social bonds; however, to date, few studies have examined grooming behavior in gibbon species in detail. We used both a 5-min interval scan method and social network analysis to study grooming in two groups of polygynous western black-crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Wuliang Mountain, Central Yunnan, China. Individuals in both groups spent little time in social grooming (1.45% and 1.97% of active time). We compared the two groups' grooming networks and found that the group that maintained a more stable social unit had a more complex grooming network while the group with new immigrants had a grooming network characterized by fewer grooming pairs. Females in both groups played important roles in the grooming network. A newly immigrant female spent the most time grooming others and chose the resident adult female as her main adult grooming partner. Other females from both groups chose the adult male as their primary grooming partner (except their offspring). A sub-adult male who had resided in his natal group for 2 years after maturing into an adult also groomed more and was at the center of the network. This male finally replaced the breeding male in his group 3 years after our data collection period ended. We hypothesize that the immigrant female and the resident young adult male engaged in more extensive grooming interactions as a behavioral strategy to gain tolerance from long-term residents. Our results suggest that female gibbons in polygynous groups actively cooperate in maintaining social relationships rather than co-exist through tolerance or avoidance. Our observations indicate that grooming networks in crested gibbons reflect individual dynamics and partly support the social cohesion hypothesis for primate grooming. In this regard, we suggest that changes in gibbon grooming networks can be used to predict social change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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THOMPSON CYNTHIAL. Non-Monogamous Copulations and Potential Within-Group Mating Competition in White-Faced Saki Monkeys (Pithecia pithecia). Am J Primatol 2013; 75:817-24. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Sexual Size Dimorphism in Australopithecus: Current Understanding and New Directions. THE PALEOBIOLOGY OF AUSTRALOPITHECUS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5919-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chan YC, Roos C, Inoue-Murayama M, Inoue E, Shih CC, Vigilant L. A comparative analysis of Y chromosome and mtDNA phylogenies of the Hylobates gibbons. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:150. [PMID: 22909292 PMCID: PMC3444420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evolutionary relationships of closely related species have long been of interest to biologists since these species experienced different evolutionary processes in a relatively short period of time. Comparison of phylogenies inferred from DNA sequences with differing inheritance patterns, such as mitochondrial, autosomal, and X and Y chromosomal loci, can provide more comprehensive inferences of the evolutionary histories of species. Gibbons, especially the genus Hylobates, are particularly intriguing as they consist of multiple closely related species which emerged rapidly and live in close geographic proximity. Our current understanding of relationships among Hylobates species is largely based on data from the maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs). Results To infer the paternal histories of gibbon taxa, we sequenced multiple Y chromosomal loci from 26 gibbons representing 10 species. As expected, we find levels of sequence variation some five times lower than observed for the mitochondrial genome (mtgenome). Although our Y chromosome phylogenetic tree shows relatively low resolution compared to the mtgenome tree, our results are consistent with the monophyly of gibbon genera suggested by the mtgenome tree. In a comparison of the molecular dating of divergences and on the branching patterns of phylogeny trees between mtgenome and Y chromosome data, we found: 1) the inferred divergence estimates were more recent for the Y chromosome than for the mtgenome, 2) the species H. lar and H. pileatus are monophyletic in the mtgenome phylogeny, respectively, but a H. pileatus individual falls into the H. lar Y chromosome clade. Conclusions Based on the ~6.4 kb of Y chromosomal DNA sequence data generated for each of the 26 individuals in this study, we provide molecular inferences on gibbon and particularly on Hylobates evolution complementary to those from mtDNA data. Overall, our results illustrate the utility of comparative studies of loci with different inheritance patterns for investigating potential sex specific processes on the evolutionary histories of closely related taxa, and emphasize the need for further sampling of gibbons of known provenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chiao Chan
- Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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31
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Koda H, Oyakawa C, Nurulkamilah S, Rizaldi, Sugiura H, Bakar A, Masataka N. Male replacement and stability of territorial boundary in a group of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis agilis) in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Primates 2012; 53:327-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-012-0313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Variation in the Social Systems of Extant Hominoids: Comparative Insight into the Social Behavior of Early Hominins. INT J PRIMATOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-012-9617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kenyon M, Roos C, Binh VT, Chivers D. Extrapair paternity in golden-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in the secondary lowland forest of Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 82:154-64. [PMID: 22116576 DOI: 10.1159/000333143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We observed 18 groups of golden-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in the secondary lowland forest in Cat Tien National Park from January 2004 to December 2005 to obtain information about the social organization of this little-studied species, in an area where the population is recovering through increased protection and forest regeneration. DNA from faecal samples of 10 infants and juveniles identified 1 case of extrapair paternity. DNA from faecal samples of 18 adults from three communities revealed the majority of adults sampled of both sexes to be related to adults in neighbouring territories. Overall, the indications are that in this empty habitat, gibbons appear to be able to establish territories adjacent to those of their kin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kenyon
- Wildlife Research Group, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
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Barelli C, Reichard UH, Mundry R. Is grooming used as a commodity in wild white-handed gibbons, Hylobates lar? Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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35
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36
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Burns BL, Dooley HM, Judge DS. Social dynamics modify behavioural development in captive white-cheeked (Nomascus leucogenys) and silvery (Hylobates moloch) gibbons. Primates 2011; 52:271-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-011-0247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lappan S. The effects of lactation and infant care on adult energy budgets in wild siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 140:290-301. [PMID: 19373847 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In mammals with biparental care of offspring, males and females may bear substantial energetic costs of reproduction. Adult strategies to reduce energetic stress include changes in activity patterns, reduced basal metabolic rates, and storage of energy prior to a reproductive attempt. I quantified patterns of behavior in five groups of wild siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) to detect periods of high energetic investment by adults and to examine the relationships between infant care and adult activity patterns. For females, the estimated costs of lactation peaked at around infant age 4-6 months and were low by infant age 1 year, whereas the estimated costs of infant-carrying peaked between ages 7 and 12 months, and approached zero by age 16 months. There was a transition from primarily female to male care in the second year of life in some groups. Females spent significantly less time feeding during lactation than during the later stages of infant care, suggesting that female siamangs do not use increased food intake to offset the costs of lactation. Female feeding time was highest between infant ages 16 and 21 months, a period of relatively low female investment in the current offspring that coincided with the period of highest male investment in infant care. This suggests that male care may reduce the costs of infant care for females in the later stages of a reproductive attempt. The female energy gain resulting from male care was likely invested in somatic maintenance and future reproduction, rather than the current offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lappan
- Department of Ecoscience, Ewha University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Fan PF, Jiang XL. Maintenance of Multifemale Social Organization in a Group of Nomascus concolor at Wuliang Mountain, Yunnan, China. INT J PRIMATOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-009-9375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Fan PF, Xiao W, Huo S, Jiang XL. Singing behavior and singing functions of black-crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, central Yunnan, China. Am J Primatol 2009; 71:539-47. [PMID: 19434673 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We used data on loud duetted and solo songs collected from one habituated polygynous group of black-crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) on Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, to test several hypotheses about the functions of these songs. The major functions proposed for loud gibbon songs include resource defense, mate defense, pairbonding, group cohesion and mate attraction. Duet bouts are generally initiated by adult males, who select the highest trees near to ridges or on steep slopes as singing trees. Such trees facilitate voice transmission and inter-group communication. Singing trees tended to be located near important food patches and sleeping sites, which supports the resource defense hypothesis. The adult male and two adult females always sang interactively, alternating male phrases with the females' stereotyped great calls, to produce the duets, and females rarely produced great calls if they were more than 30 m from the male. The two females usually produced great calls synchronously during the duet, especially when they were close together. These features support both the mate defense and pairbonding hypotheses. The number of great calls and their degree of synchrony transmit information about spatial relationships and possibly pairbond strength to members to neighboring groups and floating animals. During or after the duet bouts, the adult females and juvenile moved toward to the adult male; and group members maintained a close spatial relationship, which supports the group cohesion hypothesis. Other incidents observed suggest a mate competition role for duets. The adult male always sang when the females started duetting with the subadult male. The subadult male sang solo bouts, but they were not more frequent or longer than bouts initiated by the adult male. Although mate attraction is the likely function of subadult solos, it was not convincingly demonstrated. In conclusion, all hypotheses concerning the function of singing are supported by at least some of the data, and none can be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Fan
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Dali University, Yunnan, China
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41
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Savini T, Boesch C, Reichard UH. Varying Ecological Quality Influences the Probability of Polyandry in White-handed Gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Thailand. Biotropica 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reichard UH, Barelli C. Life History and Reproductive Strategies of Khao Yai Hylobates lar: Implications for Social Evolution in Apes. INT J PRIMATOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-008-9285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Lappan S. Male care of infants in a siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) population including socially monogamous and polyandrous groups. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-008-0559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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