Atorvastatin attenuates TNBS-induced rat colitis: the involvement of the TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway

Atorvastatin improved ulcerative colitis in association with gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolism

AIMS

Atorvastatin is a commonly used cholesterol-lowering drug that possesses non-canonical anti-inflammatory properties. However, the precise mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory effects remains unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The acute phase of ulcerative colitis (UC) was induced using a 5 % dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solution for 7 consecutive days and administrated with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) from day 3 to day 7. mRNA-seq, histological pathology, and inflammatory response were determined. Intestinal microbiota alteration, tryptophan, and its metabolites were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics.

KEY FINDINGS

Atorvastatin relieved the DSS-induced UC in mice, as evidenced by colon length, body weight, disease activity index score and pathological staining. Atorvastatin treatment reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Atorvastatin also relieved the intestinal microbiota disorder caused by UC and decreased the proliferation of pernicious microbiota such as Akkermansia and Bacteroides. Atorvastatin dramatically altered tryptophan metabolism and increased the fecal contents of tryptophan, indolelactic acid (ILA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Furthermore, atorvastatin enhanced the expression level of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and interleukin-22 (IL-22) and further promoted the expression level of intestinal tight junction proteins, such as ZO-1 and occludin, in colitis mice.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings indicated that atorvastatin could alleviate UC by regulating intestinal flora disorders, promoting microbial tryptophan metabolism, and repairing the intestinal barrier.

TLR4 inhibitors through inhibiting (MYD88-TRIF) pathway, protect against experimentally-induced intestinal (I/R) injury

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious condition that causes intestinal dysfunction and can be fatal. Previous research has shown that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitors have a protective effect against this injury. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of TLR4 inhibitors, specifically cyclobenzaprine, ketotifen, amitriptyline, and naltrexone, in rats with intestinal (I/R) injury. Albino rats were divided into seven groups: vehicle control, sham-operated, I/R injury, I/R-cyclobenzaprine (10 mg/kg body weight), I/R-ketotifen (1 mg/kg body weight), I/R-amitriptyline (10 mg/kg body weight), and I/R-naltrexone (4 mg/kg body weight) groups. Anesthetized rats (urethane 1.8 g/kg) underwent 30 min of intestinal ischemia by occluding the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Intestinal tissue samples were collected to measure various parameters, including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide synthase (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), TLR4, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), nuclear factor kappa bp65 (NF-ĸBP65), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophages CD68, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88), and toll interleukin receptor-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon β (TRIF). The use of TLR4 inhibitors significantly reduced MDA, MPO, and NO levels, while increasing SOD activity. Furthermore, it significantly decreased TLR4, ICAM-1, TNF-α, MCP-1, MYD88, and TRIF levels. These drugs also showed partial restoration of normal cellular structure with reduced inflammation. Additionally, there was a decrease in NF-ĸBP65 and macrophages CD68 staining compared to rats in the I/R groups. This study focuses on how TLR4 inhibitors enhance intestinal function and protect against intestinal (I/R) injury by influencing macrophages CD86 through (MYD88-TRIF) pathway, as well as their effects on oxidation and inflammation.

Exploration of Berberine Against Ulcerative Colitis via TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α Pathway by Bioinformatics and Experimental Validation

Purpose

This study aimed to delineate the molecular processes underlying the therapeutic effects of berberine on UC by employing network pharmacology tactics, molecular docking, and dynamic simulations supported by empirical validations both in vivo and in vitro.

Patients and Methods

We systematically screened potential targets and relevant pathways affected by berberine for UC treatment from comprehensive databases, including GeneCards, DisGeNET, and GEO. Molecular docking and simulation protocols were used to assess the interaction stability between berberine and its principal targets. The predictions were validated using both a DSS-induced UC mouse model and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NCM460 cellular inflammation model.

Results

Network pharmacology analysis revealed the regulatory effect of the TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway in the ameliorative action of berberine in UC. Docking and simulation studies predicted the high-affinity interactions of berberine with pivotal targets: TLR4, NF-κB, HIF-1α, and the HIF inhibitor KC7F2. Moreover, in vivo analyses demonstrated that berberine attenuates clinical severity, as reflected by decreased disease activity index (DAI) scores, reduced weight loss, and mitigated intestinal inflammation in DSS-challenged mice. These outcomes include suppression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and downregulation of TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α mRNA and protein levels. Correspondingly, in vitro findings indicate that berberine decreases cellular inflammatory injury and suppresses TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α signaling, with notable effectiveness similar to that of the HIF-1α inhibitor KC7F2.

Conclusion

Through network pharmacology analysis and experimental substantiation, this study confirmed that berberine enhances UC treatment outcomes by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α axis, thereby mitigating inflammatory reactions and improving colonic pathology.

A literature review on signaling pathways of cervical cancer cell death-apoptosis induced by Traditional Chinese Medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cervical cancer (CC) is a potentially lethal disorder that can have serious consequences for a woman's health. Because early symptoms are typically only present in the middle to late stages of the disease, clinical diagnosis and treatment can be challenging. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to have unique benefits in terms of alleviating cancer clinical symptoms, lowering the risk of recurrence after surgery, and reducing toxic side effects and medication resistance after radiation therapy. It has also been shown to improve the quality of life for patients. Because of its improved anti-tumor effectiveness and biosafety, it could be considered an alternative therapy option. This study examines how TCM causes apoptosis in CC cells via signal transduction, including the active components and medicinal tonics. It also intends to provide a reliable clinical basis and protocol selection for the TCM therapy of CC.

METHODS

The following search terms were employed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, and other scientific databases to retrieve pertinent literature on "cervical cancer," "apoptosis," "signaling pathway," "traditional Chinese medicine," "herbal monomers," "herbal components," "herbal extracts," and "herbal formulas."

RESULTS

It has been demonstrated that herbal medicines can induce apoptosis in cells of the cervix, a type of cancer, by influencing the signaling pathways involved.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive literature search was conducted, and 148 papers from the period between January 2017 and December 2023 were identified as eligible for inclusion. After a meticulous process of screening, elimination and summary, generalization, and analysis, it was found that TCM can regulate multiple intracellular signaling pathways and related molecular targets, such as STAT3, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, NF-κB, p53, HIF-1α, Fas/FasL and so forth. This regulatory capacity was observed to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. The study of the mechanism of TCM against cervical cancer and the screening of new drug targets is of great significance for future research in this field. The results of this study will provide ideas and references for the future development of Chinese medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.

Atorvastatin attenuates intestinal mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil in mice by modulating the epithelial barrier and inflammatory response

Chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis is a major side effect of cancer treatment. Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme reductase inhibitors used to treat hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that atorvastatin (ATV) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and resulting from the regulation of different molecular pathways. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ATV on intestinal homeostasis in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced mucositis. Our results showed that ATV protected the intestinal mucosa from epithelial damage caused by 5-FU mainly due to inflammatory infiltrate and intestinal permeability reduction, downregulation of inflammatory markers, such as Tlr4, MyD88, NF-κB, Tnf-a, Il1β, and Il6 dose-dependent. ATV also improved epithelial barrier function by upregulating the mRNA transcript levels of mucin 2 (MUC2), and ZO-1 and occludin tight junction proteins. The results suggest that the ATV anti-inflammatory and protective effects on 5-FU-induced mice mucositis involve the inhibition of the TLR4/MYD88/NPRL3/NF-κB, iNos, and caspase 3.

Rutin Nanoparticles Alleviate Cadmium-Induced Oxidative and Immune Damage in Broilers' Bursa of Fabricius via Modulating Hsp70/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Cadmium (Cd) is a serious environmental pollutant affecting various tissues/organs in broilers and compromising their immunological function and productivity. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate Cd-induced immunotoxicity and potential immunoprotective effect of rutin nanoparticles (RNPs) in the bursal tissue of broilers. A total number of 150 chicks from the Hubbard breed were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group I was fed on standard basal diet (SD) with normal drinking water (DW), Group II received SD containing RNPs (50 mg/kg feed) with DW, Group III fed on SD and DW containing Cd (150 mg/L), Group IV co-treated with rutin-enforced SD (50 mg/kg diet) and DW containing Cd (150 mg/L), and finally, Group V co-supplemented with RNP-enhanced SD (50 mg/kg diet) DW containing Cd (150 mg/L). Productive performance, economic efficiency, oxidative biomarkers, histopathological changes, and the expression level of TLR-4, HSP-70, caspase 3, NF-κB, Bcl-2, and Bax were assessed in the BF tissue. Cd led to severe production and economic losses in exposed birds with a marked surge of oxidative biomarkers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and histopathological changes in the bursal tissue which could be explained through upregulation of the Hsp70/TLR4/NF-κB molecular pathway in the BF tissue. Meanwhile, RNPs could alleviate most of these changes and prevail optimistic immunomodulatory properties which subsequently could enhance broilers' productivity when incorporated in their diets.

Intermittent mild cold acclimation ameliorates intestinal inflammation and immune dysfunction in acute cold-stressed broilers by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway

To investigate the potential protective effect of prior cold stimulation on broiler intestine induced by acute cold stress (ACS). A total of 384 one-day-old broilers were divided into control (CON), ACS, cold stimulation Ⅰ (CS3+ACS), and cold stimulation Ⅱ (CS9+ACS) groups. Broilers in CON and ACS groups were reared normally, and birds in CS3+ACS and CS9+ACS groups were reared at 3℃ and 9℃ below CON group for 5 h, respectively, on alternate days from d 15 to 35. Broilers in ACS, CS3+ACS, and CS9+ACS groups were subjected to 10℃ for 24 h on d 43. Eventually, small intestine tissues were collected for histopathological observation and indexes detection. The results showed that intestinal tissues in all ACS-broilers exhibited inflammatory cell infiltrates, microvilli disruption, reduced villus length in jejunum and increased crypt depth in jejunum and ileum. Whereas these phenomena were relatively light in CS3+ACS group. Compared to CON group, mRNA expression of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway-related genes (TLR4, MyD88, NF-κBp65, COX-2, iNOS, PTGEs, TNF-α), Th1/Th17-derived cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-17), and HSPs (HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90) was upregulated (P < 0.05), and that of Th2-deviated cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13) and IκBα was downregulated (P < 0.05) in small intestine in almost all ACS-broilers. Compared to ACS group, mRNA expression of most of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway-related genes, Th1/Th17-derived cytokines, and HSPs was downregulated and that of Th2-derived cytokines was upregulated in CS3+ACS group (P < 0.05). Protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, p-p65/p65, p-IκBα/IκBα, IKK, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and HSPs were similar to their mRNA expression. The concentration of sIgA and activities of CAT, SOD, and GSH-px were decreased and MDA and H2O2 were increased in ACS and CS9+ACS groups compared to CON group (P < 0.05). Therefore, cold stress caused oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to gut immune dysfunction; while mild cold stimulation at 3℃ below normal rearing temperature alleviated cold stress-induced intestinal injure and dysfunction by modulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in broilers.

The protective effect of teprenone in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis rats by modulating the gut microbiota and reducing inflammatory response

OBJECTIVE

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic and refractory nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease, affects millions of patients worldwide and increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Teprenone is an acylic polyisoprenoid that exerts anti-inflammatory properties in rat models of peptic ulcer disease. This in vitro and in vivo study was designed to investigate the effects of teprenone on UC and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2 cells) serve as the in vitro experimental model. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL) was employed to stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), MyD88 expression, and NF-κB activation. A trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced chronic UC rat model was employed for the in vivo assay.

RESULTS

Pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation by LPS in Caco-2 cells was inhibited by teprenone at 40 μg/mL through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Teprenone attenuated TNBS-induced UC, decreased myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde, induced TLR4 expression and NF-κB activation, and increased glutathione and zonula occludens-1 level in the rat colonic tissue. Moreover, Fusobacterium, Escherichia coli, Porphyromonas gingivalis elevation, and Mogibacterium timidum decline in UC rats were inhibited by teprenone.

CONCLUSION

Based on our results, the protective effects of teprenone for UC may be related to its ability to modulate the gut microbiota and reduce the inflammatory response.

Stabilization by Chaperone GroEL in Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Produced from Bifidobacterium animalis H15 for the Treatment of DSS-Induced Colitis

Inflammatory bowel diseases have a high rate of mortality and pose a serious threat to global public health. Selenium is an essential trace element, which has been shown to play important roles in redox control and antioxidant defense. Microorganisms play important roles in the reduction of toxic inorganic selenium (selenite and selenate) to less-toxic biogenic selenium nanoparticles (Bio-SeNPs), which have higher biocompatibility. In the present study, novel Bio-SeNPs with high stability were synthesized using probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis H15, which was isolated from breastfed infant feces. The Bio-SeNPs with a size of 122 nm showed stability at various ionic strengths, temperatures, and in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, while chemosynthetic SeNPs underwent aggregation. The main surface protein in the Bio-SeNPs was identified as chaperone GroEL by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The overexpression and purification of GroEL demonstrated that GroEL controlled the assembly of Bio-SeNPs both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, oral administration of Bio-SeNPs could alleviate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by decreasing cell apoptosis, increasing antioxidant capacity and the number of proliferating cells, and improving the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier. In vitro experiments verified that Bio-SeNPs inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation. These results suggest that the Bio-SeNPs with high stability could have potential as a nutritional supplement for the treatment of colitis in nanomedicine applications.

The association between drugs and repeated treatment with budesonide in patients with microscopic colitis: a retrospective observational study

Background

Smoking and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and statins have been associated with microscopic colitis (MC).

Objectives

We investigated whether these factors were associated with repeated budesonide treatments in patients diagnosed with MC.

Design

Retrospective observational study.

Methods

All patients with a histologically verified diagnosis of MC at our clinic between the years 2006 and 2022 were identified. Baseline factors and drugs prescribed before and after diagnosis were registered. The influence of risk factors on the odds of having a prescription of oral budesonide and the odds of having a second course of budesonide was studied.

Results

Patients with MC (n = 183) with a mean age of 62.3 years [standard deviation (SD): 13.3 years] were followed for a median of 5 years (25th-75th percentile 4-10 years) after diagnosis. In all, 138 patients (75%) had at least one prescription of budesonide after diagnosis, and 90 patients (49%) had at least one clinical relapse treated with budesonide. Patients who had been prescribed NSAIDs within 1 year before clinical relapse had higher odds for clinical relapse [odds ratio (OR): 3.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-12.9] but there was no increased risk for clinical relapse for the use of ASA (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.39-2.90), PPIs (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.45-2.63), SSRI (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 0.82-2.44), or statins (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.35-1.99). No association was seen between being a smoker and/or being prescribed NSAID, ASA, PPI, SSRI, and statins at baseline and the odds of having a prescription of oral budesonide within 1 year after diagnosis.

Conclusion

The risk of being prescribed a second course of budesonide is associated with receiving a prescription of NSAIDs but not with the use of ASA, PPIs, SSRIs, and statins.

NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications

NF-κB signaling has been discovered for nearly 40 years. Initially, NF-κB signaling was identified as a pivotal pathway in mediating inflammatory responses. However, with extensive and in-depth investigations, researchers have discovered that its role can be expanded to a variety of signaling mechanisms, biological processes, human diseases, and treatment options. In this review, we first scrutinize the research process of NF-κB signaling, and summarize the composition, activation, and regulatory mechanism of NF-κB signaling. We investigate the interaction of NF-κB signaling with other important pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and TLR signaling. The physiological and pathological states of NF-κB signaling, as well as its intricate involvement in inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor microenvironment, are also explicated. Additionally, we illustrate how NF-κB signaling is involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological diseases, and COVID-19. Further, we discuss the therapeutic approaches targeting NF-κB signaling, including IKK inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, nuclear translocation inhibitors, DNA binding inhibitors, TKIs, non-coding RNAs, immunotherapy, and CAR-T. Finally, we provide an outlook for research in the field of NF-κB signaling. We hope to present a stereoscopic, comprehensive NF-κB signaling that will inform future research and clinical practice.

The role and therapeutic potential of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in ischemic stroke

Stroke is a prevalent cerebrovascular condition with a global impact, causing significant rates of illness and death. Despite extensive research, the available treatment options for stroke remain restricted. Hence, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the onset and advancement of stroke in order to establish a theoretical foundation for novel preventive and therapeutic approaches. NF-κB, also known as nuclear factor κB, is a transcription factor responsible for controlling the expression of numerous genes and plays a crucial role in diverse physiological processes. NF-κB is triggered and regulates neuroinflammation and other processes after stroke, promoting the generation of cytokine storms and contributing to the advancement of ischemic stroke (IS). Therefore, NF-κB could potentially play a vital role in stroke by regulating diverse pathophysiological processes. This review provides an overview of the functions of NF-κB in stroke and its governing mechanisms. In addition, our attention is directed towards various potential therapies that aim to inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway in order to offer valuable insights for the advancement of innovative treatment approaches for stroke.

Ameliorative effects of androstenediol against acetic acid-induced colitis in male wistar rats via inhibiting TLR4-mediated PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways through estrogen receptor β activation

5-androstenediol (ADIOL) functions as a selective estrogen receptor β (ERβ) ligand with a protective effect against many diseases. So, we conducted a novel insight into its role in acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis and investigated its effect on TLR4-Mediated PI3K/Akt and NF-κB Pathways and the potential role of ERβ as contributing mechanisms.

METHODS

Rats were randomized into 5 Groups; Control, Colitis, Colitis + mesalazine (MLZ), Colitis + ADIOL, and Colitis + ADIOL + PHTPP (ER-β antagonist). The colitis was induced through a rectal enema of acetic acid (AA) on the 8th day. At the end of treatment, colons were collected for macroscopic assessment. Tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κB), toll-like receptor (TLR4), and phosphorylated Protein kinase B (pAKT) were measured. Besides, Gene expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), metalloproteases 9 (Mmp9), inositol 3 phosphate kinase (PI3K), Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), ERβ and NLRP6 were assessed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were also investigated.

RESULTS

Compared to the untreated AA group, the disease activity index (DAI) and macroscopic assessment indicators significantly decreased with ADIOL injections. Indeed, ADIOL significantly decreased colonic tissue levels of MDA, TLR4, pAKT, and NF-κB immunostainig while increased SOD activity and β catenin immunostainig. ADIOL mitigated the high genetic expressions of IL1β, NGAL, MMP9, and PI3K while increased ERβ and NLRP6 gene expression. Also, the pathological changes detected in AA groups were markedly ameliorated with ADIOL. The specific ERβ antagonist, PHTPP, largely diminished these protective effects of ADIOL.

CONCLUSION

ADIOL could be beneficial against AA-induced colitis mostly through activating ERβ.

Toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel disease: A review of the role of phytochemicals

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract with a remarkable impact on patients' quality of life. Toll-like receptors (TLR), as a key contributor of immune system in inflammation, has a critical role in the pathogenesis of IBD and thus, can be a suitable target of therapeutic agents. Medicinal plants have long been considered as a source of bioactive agents for different diseases, including IBD.

PURPOSE

This review discusses current state of the art on the role of plant-derived compounds for the management of IBD with a focus on TLRs.

METHODS

Electronic database including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to January 2023 and all studies in which anticolitis effects of a phytochemical was assessed via modulation of TLRs were considered.

RESULTS

Different categories of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, lignans, alkaloids, terpenes, saccharides, and saponins have demonstrated modulatory effects on TLR in different animal and cell models of bowel inflammation. Flavonoids were the most studied phytochemicals amongst others. Also, TLR4 was the most important type of TLRs which were modulated by phytochemicals. Other mechanisms such as inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-κB pathway, nitric oxide synthesis pathway, cyclooxygenase-2, lipid peroxidation, as well as induction of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms were also reported for phytochemicals in various IBD models.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, a growing body of pre-clinical evidence support the efficacy of herbal compounds for the treatment of IBD via modulation of TLRs. Future clinical studies are recommended to assess the safety and efficacy of these compounds in human.

Pioglitazone ameliorates cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin (CIS) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to cure several cancers. It exerts detrimental cellular effects that restrain its clinical application as an antineoplastic agent, as testicular damage. Pioglitazone (PIO), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, is used to treat type-2 diabetes mellitus. PIO has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in different tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of PIO in a rat model of cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity and address the possible role of the Toll-like receptors (TLR4) / myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) / nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signal pathway.

METHODS

Rats received a single dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg, IP) on the first day and PIO (10 mg/kg, P.O.) for 7 days. At the end of the treatment period, rats were killed. Testicular weights, histopathological alterations, and serum testosterone levels were determined. Moreover, tissue samples were collected for the estimation of oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory markers, and the determination of TLR4 /MyD88/NF-kB signaling.

RESULTS

Concurrent PIO administration with CIS markedly improved testicular weights, histopathological alteration, and serum testosterone level changes. Moreover, Concurrent PIO administration abrogated oxidative stress status and inflammatory markers caused by CIS administration. Furthermore, PIO inhibited the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κBp65, proteins that are activated by CIS administration.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggested that PIO can protect against cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity in rats through inhibition of the TLR4 /MyD88/NF-kB signal pathway.

Therapeutic Potential of BMP7 in the Treatment of Osteoporosis Caused by the Interaction between Inflammation and Corticosteroids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of bone impairment, which is a process controlled by the RANKL/RANK/OPG system, mostly due to chronic inflammation and corticosteroid treatment. Bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7) has a complex role in maintaining inflammation and bone remodeling but little is known about its anti-inflammatory potential in chronic colitis. We investigated the effect of systemically administered BMP7 and corticosteroids on the severity of inflammation, macrophage differentiation, and bone regeneration in a chronic IBD model.

METHODS

Chronic colitis was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats via weekly administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid over 21 days following BMP7 or corticosteroid treatment for five days. The levels of serum and colon tissue inflammatory cytokines, RANKL/OPG system, as well as markers of macrophage polarization, were detected using RT-PCR, ELISA, or immunohistochemistry. Long bone and spine analyses were performed using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT).

RESULTS

The administration of BMP7 reduced the adverse effects of colitis and led to elevated OPG and RANK in the colon with a simultaneous decrease in TNF-α and an increase in IL-10 and TGF-β. Decreased expression of the M2 macrophage marker CD163 was found in the BMP7-treated rats compared with the colitis group, whereas the number of M1 marker iNOS-positive cells did not differ between the groups. As a result of the BMP7 treatment, morphometric parameters of trabecular bone increased, and increased trabecular separation noted in the colitis group did not appear.

CONCLUSIONS

We showed that BMP7 suppressed the inflammatory response in chronic colitis, mainly by shifting the cytokine balance and by triggering alterations in the RANKL/OPG system rather than through a macrophage polarization imbalance. In addition, considering the demonstrated effect of BMP7 on bone morphology and structure, it can be suggested that BMP7 plays a role in the managing of osteoporosis in chronic colitis, and thus, its therapeutic potential in the treatment of IBD should be further evaluated.

Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharide modified nano-selenium effectively alleviated DSS-induced colitis through enhancing intestinal mucosal barrier function and antioxidant capacity

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is currently the most common inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Due to its diverse and complex causes, there is no cure at present, and researchers are constantly exploring new therapies. In recent years, nano-selenium particle(SeNP) has attracted wide attention due to excellent biological activities. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, we used a natural polysaccharide, Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharide (EUP), modified SeNP to get EUP-SeNP with a size of about 170 nm, and its effect on 3% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced colitis was explored. Our results showed that colon intestinal histology, intestinal mucosal barrier, inflammatory cytokines and intestinal microbiome composition were changed after EUP-SeNP treatment in colitis mice. Specifically, it was also shown that oral treatment of EUP-SeNP could relieve the degree of DSS-induced colitis in mice by restoring weight loss, reducing disease activity index (DAI), enhancing colon antioxidant capacity and regulating intestinal microbiome composition. In addition, we verified the mechanism in intestinal epithelial cell lines, showing that EUP-SeNP inhibited LPS-induced activation of the TRL-4/NF-κB signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cell lines. To some extend, our study provides therapeutic reference for the treatment of IBD.

Genistein and/or sulfasalazine ameliorate acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via modulating INF-γ/JAK1/STAT1/IRF-1, TLR-4/NF-κB/IL-6, and JAK2/STAT3/COX-2 crosstalk

Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease in which the colon's lining becomes inflamed. Exploring herbal remedies that can recover mucosal damage is becoming popular in UC. The study aims to investigate the probable colo-protective effect of a natural isoflavone, genistein (GEN), and/or a drug, sulfasalazine (SZ), against acetic acid (AA)-induced UC in rats, in addition to exploring the possible underlying mechanisms. UC was induced by the intrarectal installation of 1-2 ml of 5% diluted AA for 24 hours. Ulcerated rats were allocated into the disease group and three treated groups, with SZ (100 mg/kg), GEN (100 mg/kg), and their combination for 14 days, besides the control groups. The anti-colitic efficacy of GEN and/or SZ was evidenced by hindering the AA-induced weight loss, colon edema, and macroscopic scores, besides reduced disease activity index and weight/length ratio. Furthermore, treatments attenuated the colon histopathological injury scores, increased the number of goblet cells, and lessened fibrosis. Both treatments reduced the up-regulation of INF-γ/JAK1/STAT1 and INF-γ /TLR-4/ NF-κB signaling pathways and modulated the IRF-1/iNOS/NO and IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/COX-2 pathways and consequently, reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. Moreover, both treatments diminished oxidative stress, which appeared by reducing the MPO level and elevating the SOD activity, and hindered apoptosis; by decreasing the immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3. The current findings offer novel insights into the protective effects of GEN and suggest a superior benefit of combining GEN with SZ, over either drug alone, in the UC management.

Therapeutic effects and the impact of statins in the prevention of ulcerative colitis in preclinical models: A systematic review

Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the large intestines. Although great advances have been made in the management of the disease with the introduction of immunomodulators and biological agents, the treatment of UC is still a challenge. So far, there are no definitive therapies for this condition. Statins are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, possess beneficial effects on primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, and have high tolerability and safety. Furthermore, they may have potential roles in UC management due to their possible anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. This systematic review aimed to gather information about the potential benefits of statins for managing UC, reducing inflammation and disease remission in animal models. A systematic search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library. The data were summarized in tables and critically analyzed. After the database search, 21 relevant studies were identified as eligible for this review. Preclinical studies using several colitis-induction protocols and various statins have shown numerous beneficial effects of these drugs on reducing disease activity, inflammatory profile, oxidative stress, and general clinical parameters of animals with UC. These studies revealed the potential of statins against the pathogenesis of UC. However, there are still important gaps regarding the molecular mechanisms of action of statins, leading to some contradictory results. Thus, more research on the molecular level to determine the roles of statins in colitis should be carried out to elucidate their mechanisms of action.

Ethyl Acetate Extract from Artemisia argyi Prevents Liver Damage in ConA-Induced Immunological Liver Injury Mice via Bax/Bcl-2 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathways

BACKGROUND

Immunological liver injury (ILI) is a common liver disease and lacks potent drugs for treatment. Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant. (A. argyi), a medicinal and edible homologous plant usually used in diet therapy to cure various liver diseases, provides a great option for the prevention of ILI.

PURPOSE

To investigate the effect that ethyl acetate extract of A. argyi (AaEA) on Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced ILI and the mechanism of regulating Bax/Bcl-2 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways.

METHODS

The chemical components of AaEA were studied by LC-MS. In animal experiments, the positive control group was administrated diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DIG, 100 mg/kg), while different doses of AaEA groups (AaEA-H, AaEA-M, AaEA-L) were pretreated with AaEA 2.00, 1.00, and 0.50 g/kg, respectively, by intragastric for seven days, once every day. Then, ConA (12.00 mg/kg) was used through tail intravenous injection to establish the ILI model. The blood samples and livers were collected to test the degree of liver dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, histopathological changes, and cell apoptosis. Real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis were used to explain the mechanism of regulating Bax/Bcl-2 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways.

RESULTS

The way in which AaEA prevents liver damage in immunological liver injury (ILI) mice caused by ConA was investigated for the first time. Pretreatment with AaEA reduced the expression of ALT, AST, and inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IFN-γ). Meanwhile, AaEA also reduced MDA levels but upregulated the contents of IL-4, SOD, and GSH-px, alleviating oxidative stress induced by ILI. Western blotting and real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that AaEA could regulate the expression level and relative mRNA expression of key proteins on Bax/Bcl-2 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. Finally, 504 components from AaEA were identified by LC-MS analysis, mainly including flavones, phenolic acids, and terpenoids with anti-inflammatory and liver protective activities, which highlights the potential of AaEA for diet treatment of ILI.

CONCLUSION

AaEA can work against ConA-induced ILI in mice by regulating Bax/Bcl-2 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways, which has the potential to be a great strategy for the prevention of ILI.

The Role of Combining Probiotics in Preventing and Controlling Inflammation: A Focus on the Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in an In Vitro Model of IBD

OBJECTIVE

IBD is an inflammatory disease with abnormalities such as dysbiosis and abnormal immune system activity. Probiotics, as live beneficial microorganisms, play a role in maintaining health through various mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune system and the control of inflammation. Here, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of a probiotic mixture of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in modulating JAK/STAT and NF-kB inflammatory signaling pathways.

METHOD

A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was conducted to analyze the expression of JAK/STAT and inflammatory genes after treatment with the probiotic mixture before, after, and simultaneously with the sonicated pathogen in the HT-29 cell line. The production of IL-6 and IL-1β after probiotic treatment was investigated via cytokine assay.

RESULTS

Treatment with probiotics resulted in downregulation of TIRAP, IRAK4, NEMO, and RIP genes in the NF-kB pathway and JAK/STAT genes compared with sonicat-treated cells as inflammation inducers. The production of IL-6 and IL-1 decreased after probiotic treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The probiotic mixture of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. showed anti-inflammatory effects by modulating JAK/STAT and NF-kB signaling pathways. The use of probiotics could be considered as an appropriate complementary treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Targets of statins intervention in LDL-C metabolism: Gut microbiota

Increasing researches have considered gut microbiota as a new “metabolic organ,” which mediates the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. In addition, the liver is an important organ of lipid metabolism, and abnormal lipid metabolism can cause the elevation of blood lipids. Among them, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is related with ectopic lipid deposition and metabolic diseases, and statins are widely used to lower LDL-C. In recent years, the gut microbiota has been shown to mediate statins efficacy, both in animals and humans. The effect of statins on microbiota abundance has been deeply explored, and the pathways through which statins reduce the LDL-C levels by affecting the abundance of microbiota have gradually been explored. In this review, we discussed the interaction between gut microbiota and cholesterol metabolism, especially the cholesterol-lowering effect of statins mediated by gut microbiota, via AMPK-PPARγ-SREBP1C/2, FXR and PXR-related, and LPS-TLR4-Myd88 pathways, which may help to explain the individual differences in statins efficacy.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ivermectin in the Treatment of Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats: Involvement of GABAB Receptors

BACKGROUND

Recent investigations have proposed the potential role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in regulating motility and immunity of the gastrointestinal system.

AIMS

We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of ivermectin (IVM) through GABA_B receptors following acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.

METHODS

In a controlled experimental study, we enrolled 78 male Wistar rats (13 groups; 6 rats/group). After colitis induction using acetic acid (4%), IVM, baclofen (a standard GABA_B agonist) or the combination of both agents was delivered to rats orally (by gavage), with the same dosage continued for 5 days. The control group received the vehicle, and prednisolone (a standard anti-inflammatory agent) was administered in a separate group as the positive control. Colon samples were collected on the sixth day for histopathological evaluations and measurement of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, TNF-α levels, and p-NF-ĸB p65, COX-2 and iNOS expression levels.

RESULTS

The greatest recovery was found after administering IVM 0.5, baclofen 0.5, or IVM 0.2 + baclofen 0.2 mg/kg/day (ulcer index [UI] = 1.4 ± 0.4, 1.7 ± 0.6, and 1.4 ± 0.3, respectively; p  < 0.001 vs. the control [UI = 6.5 ± 0.7]). Histopathological evaluations revealed a significant decrease in the inflammation severity in the three above-mentioned groups. P-NF-ĸB p65, COX-2, and iNOS expression, MPO activity, and TNF-α levels also decreased dramatically following treatment with IVM 0.5, baclofen 0.5, or the combination therapy (p < 0.001 vs. the control).

CONCLUSIONS

IVM exerted promising anti-inflammatory effects in treating acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Its synergistic effect with baclofen also signified the possible involvement of GABA_B receptors in this process.

Buspirone Ameliorates Colon Inflammation in TNBS-Induced Rat Acute Colitis: The Involvement of TLR4/NF-kB Pathway

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory situation involving the whole digestive system. This illness includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. According to scientific research, the immune system plays an essential part in developing this disease. Recently, buspirone has been discovered to have anti-inflammatory properties. As a result, this research aims to see if buspirone provides anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of TNBS-induced colitis. Control, TNBS, dexamethasone (2 mg/kg), and buspirone (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) were randomly given to six groups of 36 male Wistar rats. Colitis was induced by intrarectal instillation of TNBS in all research groups except the control group, and rats were meliorated with dexamethasone and buspirone. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions appeared after colitis induction, while therapy with dexamethasone and buspirone significantly improved the lesions. TLR4 and pNF-κB expression were also enhanced during colitis induction. On the other hand, the administration of dexamethasone or buspirone resulted in a considerable reduction in their expression. Tissue TNF-α and MPO activity were enhanced after induction of colitis in terms of biochemical variables; however, administration of dexamethasone or buspirone reduced TNF-α and MPO activity. Eventually, in an animal model of severe colitis, buspirone displayed anti-inflammatory characteristics via lowering the TLR4/NF-ĸB signaling pathway's activity in an animal model of acute colitis.

In vivo and in vitro impact of atorvastatin against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury by upregulation of silent information regulator l and attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis

We aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of Atorvastatin on Myocardial Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury in vitro and in vivo. The effects of Atorvastatin on Silent information regulator l (SIRT1) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were investigated in Myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury rat model and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-treated H9c2 cells. Pathological changes, inflammatory and heart injury markers, cell apoptosis and cell death, SIRT1 and cleaved Caspase-12 expressions, and ER stress relative proteins were measured through HE, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative TUNEL and flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting with the assistance of the SIRT1 specific inhibitor EX527 and ER stress pathway blocker treatment. The results of our study demonstrated that atorvastatin treatment attenuated MI/R and H/R mediated inflammatory and heart injury markers, cell apoptosis and cell death, SIRT1 and cleaved Caspase-12 expressions, and ER stress relative protein levels. Finally, we found that atorvastatin reversed SIRT1 expression and blockade the ER stress pathway and increase the cardiomyocytes survival rate in the presence of MI/R and H/R. Our findings provided a new rationale for subsequent academic and clinical research on MI/R injury.

Chitin derivatives ameliorate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by changing gut microbiota and restoring intestinal barrier function

Chitin derivatives (CDs), including chitosan (CS), chitooligosaccharides (COS), and glucosamine (GlcN), were administrated in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mice. UC symptoms such as body weight loss, reduced food intake, and increased disease activity index were relieved (except GlcNL group). CDs (except GlcNL) exerted a strong protective effect on colon length and colonic structure. Treatment with CDs (except GlcNL) increased IL-10 level, reduced levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and enhanced expression of tight junction proteins significantly. CDs (except GlcNL) significantly upregulated IκB-α level, and downregulated p65 and p38 phosphory lation and TLR-4 mRNA transcription level, indicating inhibition of TRL-4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway activity. CD treatments increased relative abundance of gut microbiota, modulated its composition, and increased the concentrations of SCFAs. Our findings indicate that CDs exert an ameliorative effect on UC by change of gut microbiota composition and restoration of intestinal barrier function.

Topical phenytoin administration accelerates the healing of acetic acid-induced colitis in rats: evaluation of transforming growth factor-beta, platelet-derived growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor

Ulcerative colitis (UC), limited to the colon's innermost lining, has become a global health problem. Immunomodulatory and monoclonal antibodies are used to treat UC despite their side effects and limitations. Phenytoin is used to heal wounds owing to its effects on growth factors, collagen, and extracellular matrix synthesis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of topical phenytoin administration in UC. Phenytoin was administered in two doses during the treatment. Eighty male Wistar rats (230-280 g) were divided randomly into ten groups of sham, control, hydrocortisone, phenytoin 1%, and 3% groups in 6- or 12-day treatment protocols. The UC model was induced by the administration of acetic acid 4% into the colon. Animals were killed on the 7th and 13th postoperative days. The main outcome measures included body weight loss, microscopic score, and ulcer index measured using specific criteria. Growth factors were measured by western blotting. Results illustrated that body weight loss was reversed in the treatment groups. Ulcer index had decreased on 6- and 12-day treatment protocols. Microscopic scores in 6-day enema treatment significantly decreased compared to the control groups. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) significantly increased in a time-dependent manner and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) significantly increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner in phenytoin 1% and 3% in the 6- and 12-day protocols. Phenytoin dose- and time-dependently reversed weight loss. In addition, histopathological parameters included microscopic scores, and the ulcer index was decreased through the induction of growth factors TGFβ, PDGF, and VEGF and consequently accelerated ulcer healing.

Oxymatrine attenuates TNBS-induced colinutis in rats through TLR9/Myd88/NF-κB signal pathway

Objective: Due to its well-known anti-inflammatory property, oxymatrine (OMT) has received more attention on the aspect of treating ulcerative colitis. Although efforts have been undertaken to understand the therapeutic mechanism of OMT on ulcerative colitis (UC), the remedial principle is still ambiguous. Numerous studies have shown that TLR9/Myd88/NF-κB signal pathway played a key role in the pathogenesis of UC. Moreover, TLR9/Myd88/NF-κB signal pathway is a part of the most important pathways for regulating the immune response.Methods: We explored the influence of OMT with different dosages on UC by establishing a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model. Moreover, the participation of TLR9/Myd88/NF-κB signal pathway and whether OMT protects against UC though targeting this pathway are further studied.Results: Our data revealed that OMT could significantly relieve the symptom of TNBS-induced colitis in rats by reactivating the tight junction protein and, more important, by inhibiting the activation of TLR9/Myd88/NF-κB pathway and protein expression levels of its downstream inflammatory factors.Conclusion: OMT could relieve colitis in rat models by impacting tight junction proteins' TLR9/Myd88/NF-κB signal pathways and activity.

Atorvastatin prevents the development of diabetic neuropathic nociception by possible involvement of nitrergic system

AIMS

Diabetic neuropathy has been identified as a common complication caused by diabetes. However, its pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood yet. Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, alleviate the production of cholesterol. Despite this cholesterol-reducing effect of statins, several reports have demonstrated their beneficial properties in neuropathic pain. In this study, we used streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model to investigate the possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in the antineuropathic-like effect of atorvastatin.

METHODS

Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ. Male rats orally received different doses of atorvastatin for 21 days. To access the neuropathy process, the thermal threshold of rats was assessed using hot plate and tail-flick tests. Moreover, sciatic motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) studies were performed. To assess the role of nitric oxide, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), aminoguanidine (AG), and 7-nitroindazole (7NI) were intraperitoneally administered along with some specific doses of atorvastatin.

KEY FINDINGS

Atorvastatin significantly reduced the hyperalgesia in diabetic rats. L-NAME pretreatment with atorvastatin showed the antihyperalgesic effect, suggesting the possible involvement of the NO pathway in atorvastatin protective action. Furthermore, co-administration of atorvastatin with AG and 7NI resulted in a significant increase in pain threshold in diabetic rats.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our results reveal that the atorvastatin protective effect on diabetic neuropathy is mediated at least in a part via the nitric oxide system.

Mechanism of M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles carrying lncRNA MEG3 in inflammatory responses in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon. M2 macrophages possess certain anti-inflammation activity. Accordingly, the current study set out to investigate the potential mechanism of M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (M2-EVs) in UC inflammation. Firstly, mouse peritoneal macrophages were induced to M2 phenotype, and M2-EVs were isolated. , the murine model of UC was established, and the length and weight of the colon, disease activity index (DAI), apoptosis, and inflammatory response of UC mice were measured. Young adult mouse colon (YAMC) cells were induced with the help of lipopolysaccharide. LncRNA maternally expressed 3 (LncRNA MEG3), miR-20b-5p, and cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) expression patterns were detected in UC models. In addition, we analyzed the binding relationship among MEG3, miR-20b-5p, and CREB1. UC mice presented with shortened colon length, lightened weight, increased DAI score, enhanced apoptosis, and significant inflammatory cell infiltration, while M2-EVs reversed these trends. In vitro, M2-EVs increased UC cell viability and reduced inflammation. Mechanistic experimentation revealed that M2-EVs transferred MEG3 into YAMC cells to up-regulate MEG3 expression and promote CREB1 transcription by competitively binding to miR-20b-5p. Moreover, up-regulation of MEG3 in M2-EVs enhanced the protective effect of M2-EVs on UC cells, while over-expression of miR-20b-5p attenuated the aforementioned protective effect of M2-EVs on UC mice and cells. Collectively, our findings revealed that M2-EVs carrying MEG3 enhanced UC cell viability and reduced inflammatory responses via the miR-20b-5p/CREB1 axis, thus alleviating UC inflammation.

Magnetic resonance colonography assessment of acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in pre-pubertal rats

Pre-pubertal murine models of acute colitis are lacking. Magnetic resonance colonography (MRC) is a promising minimally invasive tool to assess colitis. We aimed to: 1/ Adapt a model of acute experimental colitis to pre-pubertal rats and determine whether MRC characteristics correlate with histological inflammation. 2/ Test this model by administering a diet supplemented in transforming growth factor β2 to reverse inflammation. Twenty-four rats were randomized at weaning to one of 3 groups: Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid (TNBS) group (n = 8) fed a standard diet, that received an intra-rectal 60 mg/kg dose of TNBS-ethanol; Control group (n = 8) fed standard diet, that received a dose of intra-rectal PBS; TNBS+MODULEN group (n = 8) that received a dose of TNBS and were exclusively fed MODULEN-IBD^® after induction of colitis. One week after induction of colitis, rats were assessed by MRC, colon histopathology and inflammation markers (Interleukin 1β, Tumor necrosis factor α, Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 and Cyclooxygenase 2). TNBS induced typical features of acute colitis on histopathology and MRC (increased colon wall thickness, increased colon intensity on T2-weighted images, target sign, ulcers). Treatment with MODULEN-IBD^® did not reduce signs of colitis on MRC. Inflammatory marker expression did not differ among study groups.

Eriodictyol attenuates TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis through repressing TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway in rats

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by mucosal and submucosal inflammation, which has a low cure rate and is prone to relapse, due to the immune imbalance of the body. Inhibition of inflammation-related pathways can delay the progression of UC. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway is considered to be one of the important signaling pathways involved in colon inflammation. Eriodictyol (EDT) is a natural flavonoid widely distributed in foodborne plants. EDT plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation and related signaling pathways. However, whether EDT plays a role in UC remains unknown. Herein, we established a TNBS induced animal model of enteritis in Wistar rats. Our data confirmed the establishment of TNBS induced animal model of enteritis and the administration Eriodictyol in Wistar rats. EDT treatment alleviated TNBS-induced intestinal tissue injury in rats. We further found that EDT reduced MPO expression and regulated the cytokine parameters in TNBS-induced intestinal tissues of rats. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-2, and IL-12 were also affected by the treatment of EDT. EDT also affected SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and MDA level in rats with colitis. Moreover, EDT regulated TNBS-induced TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation, therefore inhibiting the progression of UC. Our results suggest that EDT could be a potential therapeutic agent for UC.

Bupropion Ameliorates Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rat: the Involvement of the TLR4/NF-kB Signaling Pathway

Inflammatory bowel disease composed of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is a disorder that may involve entire gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis is mainly an immune-mediated inflammation. Recently, it has been indicated that bupropion possesses anti-inflammatory properties; hence, the objective of this experiment is the investigation of the anti-inflammatory influence of bupropion on colonic lesions that emerged following the intrarectal administration of acetic acid. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into six groups, including control, acetic acid, dexamethasone (2 mg/kg), and bupropion (40, 80, and 160 mg/kg). Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of acetic acid in all study groups except control group, and animals were treated by oral administration of dexamethasone and bupropion. While macroscopic and microscopic lesions were observed after colitis induction, administration of dexamethasone and bupropion 160 mg/kg led to the remarkable improvement in lesions. In addition, the expression of TLR4 and NF-ĸB was decreased after colitis induction; however, treatment with dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) and bupropion (160 mg/kg) resulted in a significant decrease in their expression. Regarding biochemical factors, following colitis induction, TNF-α level and MPO activity were increased; nevertheless, dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) and bupropion (160 mg/kg) decreased the TNF-α and MPO activity. In conclusion, bupropion exerts anti-inflammatory influence through suppressing the TLR4 and NF-ĸB expression in the rat model of acute colitis.

Effects of Different Treatment of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Techniques on Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease with abdominal pain, mucus, pus and blood in the stool as the main clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis of UC is still not completely clear, and multiple factors, such as genetic susceptibility, immune response, intestinal microecological changes and environmental factors, together lead to the onset of UC. In recent years, the role of intestinal microbiota disturbances on the pathogenesis of UC has received widespread attention. Therefore, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which changes the intestinal microecological environment of UC patients by transplantation of normal fecal bacteria, has attracted increasing attention from researchers. However, there are no guidelines to recommend fresh FMT or frozen FMT in the treatment of UC, and there are few studies on this. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effects of fresh and frozen FMT methods on the treatment of experimental UC models in rats.

Results: Compared with the model control group, all FMT groups achieved better efficacy, mainly manifested as weight gain by the rats, improvements in fecal characteristics and blood stools, reduced inflammatory factors and normal bacterial microbiota. The efficacy of the frozen FMT group was better than that of the fresh FMT group in terms of behavior and colon length.

Conclusion: FMT method supplements the gut microbiota with beneficial bacteria, such as short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. These bacteria can regulate intestinal function, protect the mucosal barrier and reduce harmful bacteria, thus mitigating the damage to the intestinal barrier and the associated inflammatory response, resulting in UC remission. FMT is a feasible method for treating UC, with frozen FMT having a superior therapeutic effect than that of fresh FMT.

Phenyl lactic acid alleviates Samonella Typhimurium-induced colitis via regulating microbiota composition, SCFA production and inflammatory responses

Colitis caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NST) infection is increasingly serious and widespread, so new effective treatment strategies with little or no side-effects are urgently needed. Our previous research found that phenyl lactic acid (PLA) derived from Lactobacillus plantarum ZJ316 can effectively inhibit Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). In this study, we further investigated the protective effects of this PLA against S. Typhimurium-induced colitis in mice. An infection model was established using female C57BL/6J mice by oral administration of 109 CFU mL-1 of S. Typhimurium, and PLA was supplied for 10 days after infection. In colitic mice, PLA administration reduced the disease activity index, prevented the colon shortening and spleen enlargement, decreased liver enzyme (AST and ALT) activities, and alleviated the colonic tissue damage. RT-qPCR analysis showed that PLA significantly down-regulated the levels of NF-κB, TLR4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β and TNF-α), but stimulated the mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Changes in intestinal microecology were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. PLA modulated colonic microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus, Butyricicoccus and Roseburia, and reducing Salmonella and Alloprevotella at the genus level. In addition, PLA significantly increased the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon, especially propionic acid and butyric acid. These findings revealed that PLA has potential benefits on alleviating S. Typhimurium-induced colitis mainly through intestinal microbiota regulation and inflammation elimination, providing a new perspective for the NTS infection treatment strategy.

MiR-128-3p alleviates TNBS-induced colitis through inactivating TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats

miR-128-3p is reported to involve in pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, yet the role of miR-128-3p in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unknown. To investigate miR-128-3p in IBD, experimental colitis animal model was generated by 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid solution (TNBS). miR-128-3p agomir was used to overexpress miR-128-3p in rats. Histological assessment and myeloperoxidase activity were conducted to evaluate the TNBS-induced colitis. Effect of miR-128-3p overexpression on levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, ICAM-1, and MCP-1 was tested by ELISA assay. The target of miR-128-3p was predicted and further confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The expressions of TRAF6, p-NF-κB, and NF-κB were determined by western blot. The miR-128-3p level was significantly decreased in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. miR-128-3p could alleviate TNBS-induced colitis and inhibit production of inflammatory factors. We found TRAF6 was a direct target of miR-128-3p using bioinformatics and luciferase assay. By western blot, we discovered miR-128-3p activates NF-κB by targeting TRAF6. Our data reveal a novel mechanism that a decreased miR-128-3p level in TNBS-induced colitis could inhibit production of inflammatory factors, which activates NF-κB signaling by targeting TRAF6. Our findings might provide a novel therapeutic target for drug design and development for IBD therapeutics.

miR-330 alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis through targeting IRAK1 in rats

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory bowel disease that severely impairs patients' life quality. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to exhibit potential therapeutic effects in the management of UC. With the aim to investigate the regulatory effects of miR-330 on UC-related colon tissue damage and inflammation, a rat model of experimental colitis was established by oral administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). DSS-treated rats showed mucosal damage, colonic inflammation, and elevated myeloperoxidase activity compared with the healthy controls. Dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the binding of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and miR-330. Subsequently, rats were intracolonically injected with miR-330 argomir with/without administration of IRAK1 during DSS treatment. The miR-330 overexpression reduced DSS-induced colonic injury and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The level of IRAK1 was negatively regulated by the expression of miR-330. IRAK1 overexpression abolished the protective effect of miR-330 on DSS-induced colonic inflammation and mucosal injury in rats. In conclusion, we clarify the role of miR-330 in pathogenesis of UC, suggesting miR-330 alleviated DSS-induced colitis by downregulating IRAK1, shedding lights on miR-330 as a therapeutic candidate for UC treatment.

The Protective Roles and Molecular Mechanisms of Troxerutin (Vitamin P4) for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases: A Mechanistic Review

Troxerutin (TRX), a semi-synthetic bioflavonoid derived from rutin, has been reported to exert several pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and nephroprotective. However, the related molecular details and its mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present review, we presented evidences from the diversity in vitro and in vivo studies on the therapeutic potential of TRX against neurodegenerative, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases with the purpose to find molecular pathways related to the treatment efficacy. TRX has a beneficial role in many diseases through multiple mechanisms including, increasing antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidative damage, decreasing in proapoptotic proteins (APAF-1, BAX, caspases-9 and-3) and increasing the antiapoptotic BCL-2, increasing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downregulating the nuclear factor κB (NFκ). TRX also reduces acetylcholinesterase activity and upregulates phosphoinositide 3- kinase/Akt signaling pathway in Alzheimer's disease models. Natural products such as TRX may develop numerous and intracellular pathways at several steps in the treatment of many diseases. Molecular mechanisms of action are revealing novel, possible combinational beneficial approaches to treat multiple pathological conditions.

Anti-inflammatory effect of amitriptyline in a rat model of acetic acid-induced colitis: the involvement of the TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, which affects gastrointestinal tract. The immune-mediated inflammation is mostly considered as the pathogenesis of IBD. It has been demonstrated that amitriptyline exerts anti-inflammatory influence; therefore, the aim of the current experiment is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory impact of amitriptyline on intestinal disorders following acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, including sham, control, dexamethasone (2 mg/kg), and amitriptyline (10 and 20 mg/kg). Intrarectal administration of acetic acid was applied to colitis induction in all study groups except for sham group. Animals were treated by oral administration of dexamethasone or amitriptyline. While macroscopic and microscopic lesions appeared after colitis induction treatment with dexamethasone and amitriptyline 10 and 20 mg/kg significantly improved lesions. Moreover, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor binding kappa light-chain (NF-ĸB expression), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were increased after colitis induction, whereas treatment with dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) or amitriptyline (10 and 20 mg/kg) caused a noticeable decrease in the TLR4 and pNF-ĸB expression, TNF-α level, and MPO activity. In conclusion, amitriptyline plays an anti-inflammatory role through the suppression of TLR4/pNF-ĸB signaling pathway in the rat model of acute colitis.

Statins Inhibit Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Growth of Human Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells

BACKGROUND

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a lethal malignancy with poor prognosis. Pharmacologic inhibitors of inflammation, such as statins, have been shown to decrease the risk of development and progression of esophageal cancer, but the mechanism of this protection is unclear. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of statins on toll-like receptor 4-mediated-proliferation of human EAC cells and identify the mechanism responsible for these observed effects.

METHODS

Human EAC cells (OE33 and FLO1) were treated with simvastatin or atorvastatin for increasing doses and time periods. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression was assessed. Cells were pretreated with statin followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell proliferation and expression of signaling proteins were evaluated. FLO1 cells were injected into the flank of nude mice. Mice received intraperitoneal injections of simvastatin, atorvastatin, or control solution and tumor volume was measured.

RESULTS

OE33 and FLO1 cells demonstrated decreased TLR4 expression after treatment with simvastatin or atorvastatin for 8 h (P < 0.05). LPS increased proliferation, whereas pretreatment with statin abolished this response (P < 0.05). Statins decreased expression and activation of LPS-induced signaling proteins, including MyD88, TRAF6, Akt, and NF-κB (P < 0.05). Mice receiving daily statin injections demonstrated smaller tumors than control mice (P < 0.001 at day 33).

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment of EAC cells with simvastatin or atorvastatin decreases TLR4-mediated proliferation and in vivo tumor growth. Decreased TLR4 expression and subsequent reduction in MyD88-dependent signaling could be a mechanism by which statins act to reduce tumor growth rates.

Statin use and new-onset of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of over ten million participants

Statin therapy is used ubiquitously to reduce cholesterol levels, and recent studies have revealed statin use may be associated with a reduced risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A comprehensive assessment of the literature was performed to investigate whether statin use may influence the risk of new-onset IBD. We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus online databases, for articles published up to July 31, 2020. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used. We identified five retrospective studies, with seven arms, comprising >10 million participants, consisting of 89,324 cases of IBD (statin users: 14,494 versus non-users: 74,830) detected during a mean follow-up of 8.6 years. Overall, statin use was associated with a reduced risk of new-onset IBD (HR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.06; P = 0.129, I² = 81.3%). Pooled results indicated a non-significant reduced risk of new-onset CD (HR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.25; P = 0.684, I² = 85.9%) and new-onset UC (HR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.12; P = 0.306, I² = 92.5%) with statin use. Statin use may confer a protective effect in reducing the risk of new-onset IBD. Indeed, this study provides novel and intriguing insights into a potential preventive agent for IBD.

Modulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Attenuated Inflammatory Response Associated to Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a multifactorial chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by inflammation and immune response. In this context, NLRP3 over-activation is associated with a breakdown of enteric-immune balance related to IBS-D. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inflammasome inhibitor, BAY 11-7082, in a rat model of IBS-D. Syndrome was induced by intracolonic instillation of 1 mL 4% acetic acid at 8 cm proximal to the anus for 30 s and sacrificed 2 weeks after IBS-D induction. BAY 11-7082 (10 and 30 mg/kg) was administered daily by oral gavage. The results obtained showed that the treatment with BAY 11-7082 (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced tissue injury characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and loss of colon structure. We demonstrated that BAY 11-7082 treatment inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-kB translocation, reducing inflammatory mediators. Moreover, treatment with BAY 11-7082 restored tight junction alteration following IBS-D induction and reduced the restraint stress. Taken together, our data demonstrate that IBS-D induced NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activation, accompanied by the production of proinflammatory response. The modulation of the inflammosome pathway with BAY 11-7082 inhibitor significantly reduced pathological signs of IBS-D, therefore, can be considered a valuable strategy to reduce the development of IBS-D.

Risperidone attenuates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats through inhibition of TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway

AIM

The purpose of the present study is to explore the anti-inflammatory potential of risperidone in acetic acid-induced rat colitis through inhibition of TLR4/NF-kB pathway.

METHODS

Acute colitis induction was done by intra-rectal administration of 2 mL of 4% diluted acetic acid solution. Two h after colitis induction, dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) as standard drugorrisperidone (2, 4 and 6 mg/kg) were administered orally to wistar rats for five consecutive days. 24 h after the last treatment, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Macroscopic and microscopic damage evaluation was done. Biochemical and ELISA methods were used to assess myeloid peroxidase (MPO) enzyme activity and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level respectively. Moreover, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect the expression of TLR4 and pNF-kBproteins.

RESULTS

Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) or risperidone (2, 4 and 6 mg/kg) improved acetic acid-induced macroscopic (p < .001) and microscopic lesions. Additionally, risperidone (2, 4 and 6 mg/kg) inhibited the activity of MPO and TNF-α (p < .01, p < .001) in the colon tissue compared to acetic acid group. Furthermore, bothdexamethasone and risperidone (2, 4 and 6 mg/kg) significantly reduced acetic acid-induced expression of TLR4and pNF-kB proteins (p < .05, p < .01, p < .001).

CONCLUSION

The anti-inflammatory effect of risperidone on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats may involve inhibition of TLR4 and NF-kB signaling pathway.

HucMSC-exosomes carrying miR-326 inhibit neddylation to relieve inflammatory bowel disease in mice

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic intestinal inflammation that is a risk factor for many gastrointestinal cancers. Exosomes are gradually gaining attention as an emerging treatment method for IBD due to their important biological characteristics. NF‐κB is an important pro‐inflammatory transcription factor kept inactive by IκB protein in the cytoplasm by masking the nuclear localization signal of NF‐κB. The deterioration of IκB is mainly ubiquitination, and this depends on neddylation.

Methods

In this study, we established a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced IBD model in BABL/C mice to evaluate the effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes (hucMSC‐exosomes, hucMSC‐Ex) on the repair of IBD. At the same time, human colorectal mucosa cells (FHC) were stimulated by LPS (lipopolysaccharide) in vitro to activate the inflammatory environment to study the mechanism of hucMSC‐Ex regulating neddylation. The microRNA (miRNA) obtained by sequencing and transfection with hucMSC‐Ex was used to verify the role of miR‐326/neddylation/IκB/NF‐κB signaling pathway in IBD repair.

Results

HucMSC‐Ex inhibited the process of neddylation in relieving DSS‐induced IBD in mice. The binding of NEDD8 (neural precursor cell‐expressed, developmentally downregulated gene 8) to cullin 1 and the activation of NF‐κB signaling pathway were suppressed along with reduced expression levels of neddylation‐related enzyme molecules. The same phenomenon was observed in FHC cells. The miRNA comparison results showed that miR‐326 was highly expressed in hucMSC‐Ex and played an important role in inhibiting the neddylation process. The therapeutic effect of hucMSC‐Ex with high expression of miR‐326 on IBD mice was significantly stronger than that of ordinary hucMSC‐Ex.

Conclusions

HucMSC‐Ex relieves DSS‐induced IBD in a mouse model by inhibiting neddylation through miR‐326.

Cilostazol protects against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats: Possible role for cAMP/SIRT1 pathway

The phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor, cilostazol has been recently shown to protect against chemically induced colitis in animal models. However, whether cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) contributes to the anti-inflammatory activity of cilostazol in colitis is still unknown. In the current study, we investigated the role of cAMP/silent information regulator-1 (SIRT-1) pathway in the protective effect of cilostazol using rat model of acetic acid-induced colitis. Upregulation of SIRT1 activity and expression has been recently shown to protect against chemically induced colitis. Our results demonstrated that cilostazol alleviated the histopathological changes associated with acetic acid-induced colitis. Interestingly, pre-administration of cilostazol increased cAMP concentration and SIRT1 expression in colonic mucosa to levels similar to that observed in control animals without induction of colitis. In addition, cilostazol inhibited the SIRT1 targets; NF-κB, Akt and MAPK inflammatory pathways as demonstrated by suppression of acetic acid-induced upregulation of NF-κB activity, p-AKT levels and the expression of p38 MAPK. NF-κB activity and the levels of p-AKT, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were similar in rats pretreated with cilostazol prior to induction of colitis and the control rats without colitis. Furthermore, cilostazol reduced acetic acid-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. In conclusion, the protective effect of cilostazol against acetic acid-induced colitis may be attributed to activation of SIRT1 expression by cAMP. SIRT1 is suggested to contribute to cilostazol-induced suppression of NF-κB, Akt and MAPK inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Arthrocen, an avocado-soy unsaponifiable agent, improves acetic acid-induced colitis in rat by inhibition of NF-kB signaling pathway

The goal of the current study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Arthrocen against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Acute inflammation was produced through intrarectal administration of 2 ml diluted acetic acid (4%) solution. All interventions were carried out for 5 days after colitis induction. Arthrocen was administered orally at doses of 30, 60, and 120 mg kg^-1  day^-1 . Then, macroscopic and microscopic studies were performed. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activity were measured by biochemical and ELISA methods, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was done to investigate the expression of pNF-κB. The results of this study demonstrated that Arthrocen reduced macroscopic and microscopic damage compared to the acetic acid group. Furthermore, Arthrocen decreased the activity of MPO and TNF-α as well as the protein expression of pNF-kB in rat colon tissue. The results of the current study revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of Arthrocen in acetic acid mediated colon inflammation through suppressing the NF-κB pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated chronic relapsing disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) characterized by chronic bowel inflammation. A plant-based dietary supplement containing avocado and soy unsaponifiable extracts in a ratio of 1:2 is known as Arthrocen. Arthrocen can be used as a complementary drug beside current drugs in clinical trials for the treatment of IBD.

Inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 attenuates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis via repressing toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by recurring inflammatory disorders in digestive system, and devoid of effective treatment. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), stimulated via inflammation whose inhibition could decrease secretion of inflammatory factors. We then determined whether inhibition of PCSK9 could improve the inflammation. First, rats model of colitis was first established via administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), and then verified via determination of body weight loss, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and histopathological analysis of colonic damage. Results showed that treatment with TNBS induced a great body weight loss, MPO activity increase, and serious colonic damage, showing an obviously character of IBD. PCSK9 was elevated in TNBS-induced rats, and PCSK9 inhibition delivered by adenovirus vector increased the body weight, decreased MPO activity, and ameliorated histological change of colon. Second, the protective effect of PCSK9 inhibition against TNBS-induced colitis was accompanied by decrease of proinflammatory factors secretion, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. TNBS could activate toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, while PCSK9 inhibition suppressed activation of TLR4/NF-κB in TNBS-induced rats. In conclusion, PCSK9 inhibition attenuated TNBS-induced rat colitis through anti-inflammatory effect under inactivation of TLR4/NF-κB, suggesting potential therapeutic strategy in IBD.

Targeting IL-10, ZO-1 gene expression and IL-6/STAT-3 trans-signaling by a combination of atorvastatin and mesalazine to enhance anti-inflammatory effects and attenuates progression of oxazolone-induced colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by diffused inflammation of the colon and rectum mucosa. The pathogenesis of UC is multifactorial, and the exact underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the effect of mesalazine and atorvastatin combination in enhancing anti-inflammatory effects and attenuates progression of oxazolone colitis in rats. In the present study, male albino rats (N = 60) were divided into six groups (10 rats each), the first two groups served as normal control and a control saline group. Colitis was induced by intra-rectal administration of oxazolone in the 5th and 7th days after pre-sensitization. Then, rats were divided into untreated group, groups treated with mesalazine or atorvastatin or their combination. Colitis was assessed by colon length, body weight, and incidence of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and histopathology of colon tissue. Colon tissues were used for measuring interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-13, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), reduced glutathione(GSH), and tissue expression of IL-10, tight junction protein zonula occludens (ZO-1), and caspase-3 genes. The combination therapy significantly attenuated progression of UC by decreasing incidence of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, IL-13, IL-6, TNF-α, STAT-3, caspase-3, and MPO activity and significantly increased IL-10, ZO-1, colon length, and GSH content, and these effects were more superior to single drugs. These findings showed that combination therapy was able to ameliorate progression of UC and enhance anti-inflammatory effects possibly by restoring IL-10 and ZO-1 levels and limiting IL-6/STAT-3 trans-signaling.