1
|
Wang T, Yu T, Liu Q, Sung TC, Higuchi A. Lipid nanoparticle technology-mediated therapeutic gene manipulation in the eyes. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102236. [PMID: 39005878 PMCID: PMC11245926 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide have hereditary genetic disorders, trauma, infectious diseases, or cancer of the eyes, and many of these eye diseases lead to irreversible blindness, which is a major public health burden. The eye is a relatively small and immune-privileged organ. The use of nucleic acid-based drugs to manipulate malfunctioning genes that target the root of ocular diseases is regarded as a therapeutic approach with great promise. However, there are still some challenges for utilizing nucleic acid therapeutics in vivo because of certain unfavorable characteristics, such as instability, biological carrier-dependent cellular uptake, short pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo (RNA), and on-target and off-target side effects (DNA). The development of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as gene vehicles is revolutionary progress that has contributed the clinical application of nucleic acid therapeutics. LNPs have the capability to entrap and transport various genetic materials such as small interfering RNA, mRNA, DNA, and gene editing complexes. This opens up avenues for addressing ocular diseases through the suppression of pathogenic genes, the expression of therapeutic proteins, or the correction of genetic defects. Here, we delve into the cutting-edge LNP technology for ocular gene therapy, encompassing formulation designs, preclinical development, and clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270, Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270, Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270, Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Tzu-Cheng Sung
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270, Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Akon Higuchi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270, Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang B, Zhang R, Zhao J, Yang J, Xu S. The mechanism of human color vision and potential implanted devices for artificial color vision. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1408087. [PMID: 38962178 PMCID: PMC11221215 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1408087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Vision plays a major role in perceiving external stimuli and information in our daily lives. The neural mechanism of color vision is complicated, involving the co-ordinated functions of a variety of cells, such as retinal cells and lateral geniculate nucleus cells, as well as multiple levels of the visual cortex. In this work, we reviewed the history of experimental and theoretical studies on this issue, from the fundamental functions of the individual cells of the visual system to the coding in the transmission of neural signals and sophisticated brain processes at different levels. We discuss various hypotheses, models, and theories related to the color vision mechanism and present some suggestions for developing novel implanted devices that may help restore color vision in visually impaired people or introduce artificial color vision to those who need it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Institute of Physical Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Institute of Physical Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Institute of Physical Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shengyong Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Institute of Physical Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hisham M, Salih AE, Butt H. 3D Printing of Multimaterial Contact Lenses. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4381-4391. [PMID: 37364228 PMCID: PMC10336843 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of multimaterial objects is an emerging field with promising applications. The layer-by-layer material addition technique used in 3D printing enables incorporation of distinct functionalized materials into the specialized devices. However, very few studies have been performed on the usage of multimaterial 3D printing for printable photonic and wearable devices. Here, we employ vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing to produce multimaterial contact lenses, offering enhanced multiband optical filtration, which can be valuable for tackling ocular conditions such as color blindness. A combination of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) was used as the base hydrogel for 3D printing. Atto565 and Atto488 dyes were added to the hydrogel for wavelength filtering, each dye suitable for a different type of color blindness. Multimaterial disks and contact lenses, with separate sections containing distinct dyes, were 3D-printed, and their optical properties were studied. The characteristics of multimaterial printing were analyzed, focusing on the formation of a uniform multimaterial interface. In addition, a novel technique was developed for printing multiple dyed materials in complex lateral geometrical patterns, by employing suitable variations in CAD models and the UV curing time. It was observed that the multimaterial printing process does not negatively affect the optical properties of the contact lenses. The printed multimaterial contact lenses offered a combined multi-band color blindness correction due to the two dyes used. The resulting optical spectrum was a close match to the commercially available color blindness correction glasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Hisham
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed E. Salih
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tan TF, Wongsawad W, Hurairah H, Loy MJ, Lwin WW, Mohd Rawi NA, Sidik M, Grzybowski A, Raman R, Ruamviboonsuk P, Tan AC. Colour vision restrictions for driving: an evidence-based perspective on regulations in ASEAN countries compared to other countries. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2023; 14:100171. [PMID: 37492411 PMCID: PMC10363493 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Colour vision deficiency is an impairment in discriminating colours. Beyond occupational opportunities, colour vision-based restrictions may limit driving, which is a daily task for many people. This review aims to compare existing colour vision requirements for obtaining a driving license in southeast Asian countries to the rest of the world. Subsequently, to review existing published literature and provide evidence-based recommendations for future guidelines for colour-deficient drivers. Color vision requirements for obtaining a driving license vary widely amongst countries. While colour-deficient drivers may face mild challenges in driving, increased awareness and developing effective compensatory strategies could enable them to drive safely. The current evidence does not support a strict exclusion of all colour-deficient individuals from driving. Instead, emphasis is needed on screening to increase awareness and insight into their disability. Future studies should consider compensatory adaptive strategies that are specific for high-risk situations such as challenging driving conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang Tan
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Warapat Wongsawad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mettapracharak (Wat Rai Khing) Hospital, Thailand
| | | | | | - Wah Wah Lwin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon Eye Hospital, Myanmar
| | | | - Muhamad Sidik
- Indonesian Ophthalmologists Association, Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusomo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Paisan Ruamviboonsuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anna C.S. Tan
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Duke-NUS, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taore A, Lobo G, Turnbull PR, Dakin SC. Diagnosis of colour vision deficits using eye movements. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7734. [PMID: 35562176 PMCID: PMC9095692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We set out to develop a simple objective test of functional colour vision based on eye movements made in response to moving patterns. We exploit the finding that while the motion of a colour-defined stimulus can be cancelled by adding a low-contrast luminance-defined stimulus moving in the opposite direction, the "equivalent luminance contrast" required for such cancellation is reduced when colour vision is abnormal. We used a consumer-grade infrared eye-tracker to measure eye movements made in response to coloured patterns drifting at different speeds. An automated analysis of these movements estimated individuals' red-green equiluminant point and their equivalent luminance contrast. We tested 34 participants: 23 colour vision normal controls, 9 deuteranomalous and 2 protanomalous individuals. We obtained reliable estimates of strength of directed eye movements (i.e. combined optokinetic and voluntary tracking) for stimuli moving at 16 deg/s and could use these data to classify participants' colour vision status with a sensitivity rate of 90.9% and a specificity rate of 91.3%. We conclude that an objective test of functional colour vision combining a motion-nulling technique with an automated analysis of eye movements can diagnose and assess the severity of protanopia and deuteranopia. The test places minimal demands on patients (who simply view a series of moving patterns for less than 90 s), requires modest operator expertise, and can be run on affordable hardware.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aryaman Taore
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Gabriel Lobo
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip R Turnbull
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steven C Dakin
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li T, Li C, Zhang X, Liang W, Chen Y, Ye Y, Lin H. Augmented Reality in Ophthalmology: Applications and Challenges. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:733241. [PMID: 34957138 PMCID: PMC8703032 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.733241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) has been developed rapidly and implemented in many fields such as medicine, maintenance, and cultural heritage. Unlike other specialties, ophthalmology connects closely with AR since most AR systems are based on vision systems. Here we summarize the applications and challenges of AR in ophthalmology and provide insights for further research. Firstly, we illustrate the structure of the standard AR system and present essential hardware. Secondly, we systematically introduce applications of AR in ophthalmology, including therapy, education, and clinical assistance. To conclude, there is still a large room for development, which needs researchers to pay more effort. Applications in diagnosis and protection might be worth exploring. Although the obstacles of hardware restrict the development of AR in ophthalmology at present, the AR will realize its potential and play an important role in ophthalmology in the future with the rapidly developing technology and more in-depth research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongkeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiayin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Liang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxin Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng Ye
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kang L, Michalak P, Hallerman E, Moncrief ND. A Draft Genome Assembly for the Eastern Fox Squirrel, Sciurus niger. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6373894. [PMID: 34550334 PMCID: PMC8664420 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The eastern fox squirrel, Sciurus niger, exhibits marked geographic variation in size and coat color, is a model organism for studies of behavior and ecology, and a potential model for investigating physiological solutions to human porphyrias. We assembled a genome using Illumina HiSeq, PacBio SMRT, and Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencing platforms. Together, the sequencing data resulted in a draft genome of 2.99 Gb, containing 32,830 scaffolds with an average size of 90.9Kb and N50 of 183.8 Kb. Genome completeness was estimated to be 93.78%. A total of 24,443 protein-encoding genes were predicted from the assembly, and 23,079 (94.42%) were annotated. Repeat elements comprised an estimated 38.49% of the genome, with the majority being LINEs (13.92%), SINEs (6.04%), and LTR elements. The topology of the species tree reconstructed using maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis was congruent with those of previous studies. This genome assembly can prove useful for comparative studies of genome structure and function in this rapidly diversifying lineage of mammals, for studies of population genomics and adaptation, and for biomedical research. Predicted amino acid sequence alignments for genes affecting heme biosynthesis, color vision and hibernation showed point mutations and indels that may affect protein function and ecological adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Kang
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71203, USA.,Center for One Health Research, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Pawel Michalak
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71203, USA.,Center for One Health Research, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.,Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Eric Hallerman
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Nancy D Moncrief
- Virginia Museum of Natural History, 21 Starling Avenue, Martinsville, Virginia 24112, USA. 276.634.4177
| |
Collapse
|