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Mirella da Silva L, Mena IF, Sáez C, Motheo AJ, Rodrigo MA. Remediation of soils contaminated with methomyl using electrochemically produced gaseous oxidants. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142653. [PMID: 38906193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
This prospective work focuses on the use of two different gaseous oxidants (chlorine dioxide and ozone) to remediate soil polluted with methomyl in two different applications: ex-situ and in-situ. In the first, the soil washing is integrated with the bubbling of the oxidant, while in the second, the gas was introduced by a perforated pipe located sub-superficially. Regarding the soil washing treatment, results demonstrate that direct use of ozone is not very efficient, although an important improvement is obtained following activation with hydrogen peroxide or UV light. In contrast, chlorine dioxide exhibited complete methomyl depletion from the soil, although with higher energy consumption and technical complexity compared to ozone. The direct dosing of the gaseous oxidants in perforated pipes is effective, achieving methomyl removals of 7.8 % and 9.2 % using ozone and chlorine dioxide, respectively. In these cases, soil conditions are not significantly modified, which becomes an important advantage of the technology as compared with other electrochemically assisted soil remediation process, in which large regions of the treated soil are affected by important changes in the pH or by depletion of ions. This lower impact makes these novel technologies more promising for further evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Mirella da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, CEP 13560-97, Brazil; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies. University of Castilla La Mancha. Campus Universitario s/n 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ismael F Mena
- Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies. University of Castilla La Mancha. Campus Universitario s/n 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies. University of Castilla La Mancha. Campus Universitario s/n 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Artur J Motheo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, CEP 13560-97, Brazil
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies. University of Castilla La Mancha. Campus Universitario s/n 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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2
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Kang SJ, Kim GI, Kim SH, Lee JH, Kim JS, Im SU, Kim YS, Kim JG. Corrosion behavior of Ti-Pt-coated stainless steel for bipolar plates in polymer electrolyte membranes under water electrolysis conditions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34551. [PMID: 39130459 PMCID: PMC11315188 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the corrosion behavior and degradation mechanism of Ti-Pt-coated stainless steel bipolar plates were investigated through electrochemical tests and surface analysis in a polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) operating environment. The coated bipolar plate has a corrosion current density of only 1.68 × 10-8 A/cm2, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the bare SS316L substrate (1.94 × 10-7 A/cm2), indicating that its corrosion resistance is superior to that of bare SS316L substrate. However, in the PEMWE operating environment, the protection efficiency of the coating and the corrosion resistance of the coated bipolar plate decreased. The degradation of the coated bipolar plate can be attributed to electrolyte penetration into the blistering areas of the coating layer with micro voids. Defects in the coating layer occur because of the pressure of oxygen gas generated within the coating layer under high-potential conditions, thereby exposing the substrate to the electrolyte and corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Jae Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Geon-Il Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Ji-Han Lee
- Water Electrolyzer Engineering Design Team, R&D Division, Hyundai Motor Company,17-5, Mabuk-ro 240 beongil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16891, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Kim
- Water Electrolyzer Engineering Design Team, R&D Division, Hyundai Motor Company,17-5, Mabuk-ro 240 beongil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16891, South Korea
| | - Seong-Un Im
- Water Electrolyzer Engineering Design Team, R&D Division, Hyundai Motor Company,17-5, Mabuk-ro 240 beongil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16891, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Water Electrolyzer Engineering Design Team, R&D Division, Hyundai Motor Company,17-5, Mabuk-ro 240 beongil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16891, South Korea
| | - Jung-Gu Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea
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3
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Xu H, Sun R, Tan Y, Pei C, Shu R, Song L, Zhang R, Ouyang C, Xia M, Hou J, Zhang X, Yuan Y, Zhang R. Efficient Transformation of Water Vapor into Hydrogen by Dielectric Barrier Discharge Loaded with Bamboo Carbon Bed Structured by Fibrous Material. Molecules 2024; 29:3273. [PMID: 39064852 PMCID: PMC11279368 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A new method of efficiently transforming water vapor into hydrogen was investigated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) loaded with bamboo carbon bed structured by fibrous material in an argon medium. Hydrogen productivity was measured in three different reactors: a non-loaded DBD (N-DBD), a bamboo carbon (BC) bed DBD (BC-DBD), and a quartz wool (QW)-loaded BC DBD (QC-DBD). The effects of the quality ratio of BC to QW and relative humidity on hydrogen productivity were also investigated in QC-DBD at various flow rates. The reaction process and mechanism were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N2 physisorption experiments, infrared spectroscopy, and optical emission spectroscopy. A new reaction pathway was developed by loading BC into the fibrous structured material to activate the reaction molecules and capture the O-containing groups in the DBD reactor. A hydrogen productivity of 17.3 g/kWh was achieved at an applied voltage of 5 kV, flow rate of 4 L/min, and 100% relative humidity (RH) in the QC-DBD with a quality ratio of BC to QW of 3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.X.); (R.S.); (Y.T.); (C.P.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ran Sun
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.X.); (R.S.); (Y.T.); (C.P.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yujie Tan
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.X.); (R.S.); (Y.T.); (C.P.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chenxiao Pei
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.X.); (R.S.); (Y.T.); (C.P.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ruchen Shu
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.X.); (R.S.); (Y.T.); (C.P.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Lijie Song
- Shanghai Institute for Design & Research on Environmental Engineering, Shanghai 200232, China; (R.Z.); (C.O.); (M.X.)
| | - Ruina Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Design & Research on Environmental Engineering, Shanghai 200232, China; (R.Z.); (C.O.); (M.X.)
| | - Chuang Ouyang
- Shanghai Institute for Design & Research on Environmental Engineering, Shanghai 200232, China; (R.Z.); (C.O.); (M.X.)
| | - Min Xia
- Shanghai Institute for Design & Research on Environmental Engineering, Shanghai 200232, China; (R.Z.); (C.O.); (M.X.)
| | - Jianyuan Hou
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.X.); (R.S.); (Y.T.); (C.P.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.X.); (R.S.); (Y.T.); (C.P.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.X.); (R.S.); (Y.T.); (C.P.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Renxi Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.X.); (R.S.); (Y.T.); (C.P.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
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Feidenhans’l A, Regmi YN, Wei C, Xia D, Kibsgaard J, King LA. Precious Metal Free Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst Design and Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5617-5667. [PMID: 38661498 PMCID: PMC11082907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The quest to identify precious metal free hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts has received unprecedented attention in the past decade. In this Review, we focus our attention to recent developments in precious metal free hydrogen evolution reactions in acidic and alkaline electrolyte owing to their relevance to commercial and near-commercial low-temperature electrolyzers. We provide a detailed review and critical analysis of catalyst activity and stability performance measurements and metrics commonly deployed in the literature, as well as review best practices for experimental measurements (both in half-cell three-electrode configurations and in two-electrode device testing). In particular, we discuss the transition from laboratory-scale hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst measurements to those in single cells, which is a critical aspect crucial for scaling up from laboratory to industrial settings but often overlooked. Furthermore, we review the numerous catalyst design strategies deployed across the precious metal free HER literature. Subsequently, we showcase some of the most commonly investigated families of precious metal free HER catalysts; molybdenum disulfide-based, transition metal phosphides, and transition metal carbides for acidic electrolyte; nickel molybdenum and transition metal phosphides for alkaline. This includes a comprehensive analysis comparing the HER activity between several families of materials highlighting the recent stagnation with regards to enhancing the intrinsic activity of precious metal free hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts. Finally, we summarize future directions and provide recommendations for the field in this area of electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yagya N. Regmi
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Manchester
Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Chao Wei
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dong Xia
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Manchester
Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laurie A. King
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Manchester
Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
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Siracusano S, Giacobello F, Tonella S, Oldani C, Aricò AS. Ce-radical Scavenger-Based Perfluorosulfonic Acid Aquivion ® Membrane for Pressurised PEM Electrolysers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3906. [PMID: 37835954 PMCID: PMC10575047 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A Ce-radical scavenger-based perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) Aquivion® membrane (C98 05S-RSP) was developed and assessed for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyser applications. The membrane, produced by Solvay Specialty Polymers, had an equivalent weight (EW) of 980 g/eq and a thickness of 50 μm to reduce ohmic losses at a high current density. The electrochemical properties and gas crossover through the membrane were evaluated upon the formation of a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) in a range of temperatures between 30 and 90 °C and at various differential pressures (ambient, 10 and 20 bars). Bare extruded (E98 05S) and reinforced (R98 05S) PFSA Aquivion® membranes with similar EWs and thicknesses were assessed for comparison in terms of their performance, stability and hydrogen crossover under the same operating conditions. The method used for the membrane manufacturing significantly influenced the interfacial properties, with the electrodes affecting the polarisation resistance and H2 permeation in the oxygen stream, as well as the degradation rate, as observed in the durability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Siracusano
- CNR-ITAE, Institute of Advanced Energy Technologies, National Research Council, Via Salita S. Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Fausta Giacobello
- CNR-ITAE, Institute of Advanced Energy Technologies, National Research Council, Via Salita S. Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Stefano Tonella
- Solvay Specialty Polymers, Viale Lombardia 20, 20021 Bollate (MI), Italy; (S.T.); (C.O.)
| | - Claudio Oldani
- Solvay Specialty Polymers, Viale Lombardia 20, 20021 Bollate (MI), Italy; (S.T.); (C.O.)
| | - Antonino S. Aricò
- CNR-ITAE, Institute of Advanced Energy Technologies, National Research Council, Via Salita S. Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (A.S.A.)
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6
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Perović K, Morović S, Jukić A, Košutić K. Alternative to Conventional Solutions in the Development of Membranes and Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Application in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6319. [PMID: 37763596 PMCID: PMC10534479 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) represents promising technology for the generation of high-purity hydrogen using electricity generated from renewable energy sources (solar and wind). Currently, benchmark catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions in PEMWE are highly dispersed carbon-supported Pt-based materials. In order for this technology to be used on a large scale and be market competitive, it is highly desirable to better understand its performance and reduce the production costs associated with the use of expensive noble metal cathodes. The development of non-noble metal cathodes poses a major challenge for scientists, as their electrocatalytic activity still does not exceed the performance of the benchmark carbon-supported Pt. Therefore, many published works deal with the use of platinum group materials, but in reduced quantities (below 0.5 mg cm-2). These Pd-, Ru-, and Rh-based electrodes are highly efficient in hydrogen production and have the potential for large-scale application. Nevertheless, great progress is needed in the field of water electrolysis to improve the activity and stability of the developed catalysts, especially in the context of industrial applications. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present all the process features related to the hydrogen evolution mechanism in water electrolysis, with a focus on PEMWE, and to provide an outlook on recently developed novel electrocatalysts that could be used as cathode materials in PEMWE in the future. Non-noble metal options consisting of transition metal sulfides, phosphides, and carbides, as well as alternatives with reduced noble metals content, will be presented in detail. In addition, the paper provides a brief overview of the application of PEMWE systems at the European level and related initiatives that promote green hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Perović
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.J.)
| | | | | | - Krešimir Košutić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.J.)
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7
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Liu RT, Xu ZL, Li FM, Chen FY, Yu JY, Yan Y, Chen Y, Xia BY. Recent advances in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5652-5683. [PMID: 37492961 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00681b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are an attractive technology for renewable energy conversion and storage. By using green electricity generated from renewable sources like wind or solar, high-purity hydrogen gas can be produced in PEMWE systems, which can be used in fuel cells and other industrial sectors. To date, significant advances have been achieved in improving the efficiency of PEMWEs through the design of stack components; however, challenges remain for their large-scale and long-term application due to high cost and durability issues in acidic conditions. In this review, we examine the latest developments in engineering PEMWE systems and assess the gap that still needs to be filled for their practical applications. We provide a comprehensive summary of the reaction mechanisms, the correlation among structure-composition-performance, manufacturing methods, system design strategies, and operation protocols of advanced PEMWEs. We also highlight the discrepancies between the critical parameters required for practical PEMWEs and those reported in the literature. Finally, we propose the potential solution to bridge the gap and enable the appreciable applications of PEMWEs. This review may provide valuable insights for research communities and industry practitioners working in these fields and facilitate the development of more cost-effective and durable PEMWE systems for a sustainable energy future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ting Liu
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zheng-Long Xu
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fu-Min Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Fei-Yang Chen
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jing-Ya Yu
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ya Yan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Bao Yu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430074, China.
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8
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Ferreira EB, Gibaldi M, Okada R, Kuroda Y, Mitsushima S, Jerkiewicz G. Tunable Method for the Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles and Mesoporous Mixed Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37236238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of high-performance and durable electrocatalysts for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis is a crucial step toward the broad implementation of this technology. Here, we present an easily tunable, one-step hydrothermal method for the preparation of Ni-based (NiX, X = Co, Fe) layered double hydroxide nanoparticles (LDHNPs) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris-NH2) for particle growth control. The LDHNPs are used as building blocks of mesoporous mixed metal oxides (MMOs) with a block copolymer template (Pluronic F127), followed by thermal treatment at 250 °C. NiX MMOs have a significantly larger surface area compared to the analogous LDHNPs. NiX LDHNPs and MMOs exhibit excellent performance and long-term cycling stability, making them promising OER catalysts. Moreover, this versatile method can be easily tailored and scaled up for the preparation of platinum group metal-free electrocatalysts for other reactions of interest, which highlights the relevance of this work to the field of electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo B Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Marco Gibaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ryuki Okada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shigenori Mitsushima
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Gregory Jerkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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9
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Vinodh R, Kalanur SS, Natarajan SK, Pollet BG. Recent Advancements of Polymeric Membranes in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer (AEMWE): A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2144. [PMID: 37177289 PMCID: PMC10181302 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Water electrolysis coupled with renewable energy is one of the principal methods for producing green hydrogen (or renewable hydrogen). Among the different electrolysis technologies, the evolving anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) shows the utmost promise for the manufacture of green hydrogen in an inexpensive way. In the present review, we highlight the most current and noteworthy achievements of AEMWE, which include the advancements in increasing the polymer anionic conductivity, understanding the mechanism of degradation of AEM, and the design of the electrocatalyst. The important issues affecting the AEMWE behaviour are highlighted, and future constraints and openings are also discussed. Furthermore, this review provides strategies for producing dynamic and robust AEMWE electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajangam Vinodh
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (S.S.K.); (S.K.N.)
| | | | | | - Bruno G. Pollet
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (S.S.K.); (S.K.N.)
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10
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Devadas B, Prokop M, Duraisamy S, Bouzek K. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-protected Pt nanoparticles as a catalyst with ultra-low Pt loading for PEM water electrolysis. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Trogisch N, Koch M, El Sawy EN, El-Sayed HA. Microscopic Bubble Accumulation: The Missing Factor in Evaluating Oxygen Evolution Catalyst Stability during Accelerated Stress Tests. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Trogisch
- Chair of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Max Koch
- Group for Synthesis and Characterization of Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ehab N. El Sawy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany A. El-Sayed
- Chair of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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12
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Studying the Effect of Electrode Material and Magnetic Field on Hydrogen Production Efficiency. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8050053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water electrolysis is one of the most common methods to produce hydrogen gas with high purity, but its application is limited due to its low energy efficiency. It has been proved that an external magnetic field can reduce energy consumption and increase hydrogen production efficiency in water electrolysis. In this study, electrodes with different magnetism were subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field for use in hydrogen production by water electrolysis. Gas bubbles that evolve from the surface of a horizontal electrode detach faster than the bubbles from a vertical electrode. The locomotion of the bubbles is facilitated if the horizontal electrode faces a magnet, which induces the revolution of bubbles between the electrodes. However, the magnetic field does not increase the current density effectively if the electrodes are more than 5 cm apart. A paramagnetic (platinum) electrode has a more significant effect on bubble locomotion than a diamagnetic (graphite) material and is able to increase the efficiency of electrolysis more effectively when a perpendicular magnetic field is applied. The conductivity of platinum electrodes that face a magnet increases if the distance between the electrodes is less than 4 cm, but the conductivity of graphite electrodes does not increase until the inter-electrode distance is reduced to 2 cm. On the other hand, horizontal graphite electrodes that are subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field will generate a higher gas production rate than a platinum electrode without a magnetic field if the inter-electrode distance is less than 1 cm.
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13
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Baxter SJ, Rine M, Min B, Liu Y, Yao J. Near 100% CO2 conversion and CH4 selectivity in a solid oxide electrolysis cell with integrated catalyst operating at 450 °C. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Yin Y, Ying Y, Liu G, Chen H, Fan J, Li Z, Wang C, Guo Z, Zeng G. High Proton-Conductive and Temperature-Tolerant PVC-P4VP Membranes towards Medium-Temperature Water Electrolysis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040363. [PMID: 35448332 PMCID: PMC9027779 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Water electrolysis (WE) is a highly promising approach to producing clean hydrogen. Medium-temperature WE (100–350 °C) can improve the energy efficiency and utilize the low-grade water vapor. Therefore, a high-temperature proton-conductive membrane is desirable to realize the medium-temperature WE. Here, we present a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-poly(4vinylpyridine) (P4VP) hybrid membrane by a simple cross-linking of PVC and P4VP. The pyridine groups of P4VP promote the loading rate of phosphoric acid, which delivers the proton conductivity of the PVC-P4VP membrane. The optimized PVC-P4VP membrane with a 1:2 content ratio offers the maximum proton conductivity of 4.3 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 180 °C and a reliable conductivity stability in 200 h at 160 °C. The PVC-P4VP membrane electrode is covered by an IrO2 anode, and a Pt/C cathode delivers not only the high water electrolytic reactivity at 100–180 °C but also the stable WE stability at 180 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (G.L.); (H.C.); (J.F.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.G.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiming Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (G.L.); (H.C.); (J.F.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.G.)
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Guojuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (G.L.); (H.C.); (J.F.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.G.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiling Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (G.L.); (H.C.); (J.F.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.G.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingrui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (G.L.); (H.C.); (J.F.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.G.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (G.L.); (H.C.); (J.F.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.G.)
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chuhao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (G.L.); (H.C.); (J.F.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.G.)
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhuangyan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (G.L.); (H.C.); (J.F.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.G.)
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (G.L.); (H.C.); (J.F.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Z.G.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Performance and stability of a critical raw materials-free anion exchange membrane electrolysis cell. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Green H 2 Production by Water Electrolysis Using Cation Exchange Membrane: Insights on Activation and Ohmic Polarization Phenomena. MEMBRANES 2021; 12:membranes12010015. [PMID: 35054542 PMCID: PMC8778150 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature electrolysis by using polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) can play an important role in hydrogen energy transition. This work presents a study on the performance of a proton exchange membrane in the water electrolysis process at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In the perspective of applications that need a device with small volume and low weight, a miniaturized electrolysis cell with a 36 cm2 active area of PEM over a total surface area of 76 cm2 of the device was used. H2 and O2 production rates, electrical power, energy efficiency, Faradaic efficiency and polarization curves were determined for all experiments. The effects of different parameters such as clamping pressure and materials of the electrodes on polarization phenomena were studied. The PEM used was a catalyst-coated membrane (Ir-Pt-Nafion™ 117 CCM). The maximum H2 production was about 0.02 g min−1 with a current density of 1.1 A cm−2 and a current power about 280 W. Clamping pressure and the type of electrode materials strongly influence the activation and ohmic polarization phenomena. High clamping pressure and electrodes in titanium compared to carbon electrodes improve the cell performance, and this results in lower ohmic and activation resistances.
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Recent Developments on Hydrogen Production Technologies: State-of-the-Art Review with a Focus on Green-Electrolysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing human activity has led to a critical rise in global energy consumption; since the current main sources of energy production are still fossil fuels, this is an industry linked to the generation of harmful byproducts that contribute to environmental deterioration and climate change. One pivotal element with the potential to take over fossil fuels as a global energy vector is renewable hydrogen; but, for this to happen, reliable solutions must be developed for its carbon-free production. The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive review on several hydrogen production technologies, mainly focusing on water splitting by green-electrolysis, integrated on hydrogen’s value chain. The review further deepened into three leading electrolysis methods, depending on the type of electrolyzer used—alkaline, proton-exchange membrane, and solid oxide—assessing their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Based on the conclusions of this study, further developments in applications like the efficient production of renewable hydrogen will require the consideration of other types of electrolysis (like microbial cells), other sets of materials such as in anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis, and even the use of artificial intelligence and neural networks to help design, plan, and control the operation of these new types of systems.
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18
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Han SY, Yu DM, Mo YH, Ahn SM, Lee JY, Kim TH, Yoon SJ, Hong S, Hong YT, So S. Ion exchange capacity controlled biphenol-based sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers: Comparison of random and multi-block copolymers. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Li YH, Chen YJ. The effect of magnetic field on the dynamics of gas bubbles in water electrolysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9346. [PMID: 33931661 PMCID: PMC8087803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determines the effect of the configuration of the magnetic field on the movement of gas bubbles that evolve from platinum electrodes. Oxygen and hydrogen bubbles respectively evolve from the surface of the anode and cathode and behave differently in the presence of a magnetic field due to their paramagnetic and diamagnetic characteristics. A magnetic field perpendicular to the surface of the horizontal electrode causes the bubbles to revolve. Oxygen and hydrogen bubbles revolve in opposite directions to create a swirling flow and spread the bubbles between the electrodes, which increases conductivity and the effectiveness of electrolysis. For vertical electrodes under the influence of a parallel magnetic field, a horizontal Lorentz force effectively detaches the bubbles and increases the conductivity and the effectiveness of electrolysis. However, if the layout of the electrodes and magnetic field results in upward or downward Lorentz forces that counter the buoyancy force, a sluggish flow in the duct inhibits the movement of the bubbles and decreases the conductivity and the charging performance. The results in this study determine the optimal layout for an electrode and a magnetic field to increase the conductivity and the effectiveness of water electrolysis, which is applicable to various fields including energy conversion, biotechnology, and magnetohydrodynamic thruster used in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hom Li
- grid.440380.b0000 0004 1798 1669Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Chung-Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan, 33551 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017System Engineering and Technology Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010 Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- grid.440380.b0000 0004 1798 1669Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Chung-Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan, 33551 Taiwan
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20
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Li N, Araya SS, Kær SK. Investigating low and high load cycling tests as accelerated stress tests for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Spöri C, Falling LJ, Kroschel M, Brand C, Bonakdarpour A, Kühl S, Berger D, Gliech M, Jones TE, Wilkinson DP, Strasser P. Molecular Analysis of the Unusual Stability of an IrNbO x Catalyst for the Electrochemical Water Oxidation to Molecular Oxygen (OER). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3748-3761. [PMID: 33442973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adoption of proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis technology on a global level will demand a significant reduction of today's iridium loadings in the anode catalyst layers of PEM electrolyzers. However, new catalyst and electrode designs with reduced Ir content have been suffering from limited stability caused by (electro)chemical degradation. This has remained a serious impediment to a wider commercialization of larger-scale PEM electrolysis technology. In this combined DFT computational and experimental study, we investigate a novel family of iridium-niobium mixed metal oxide thin-film catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), some of which exhibit greatly enhanced stability, such as minimized voltage degradation and reduced Ir dissolution with respect to the industry benchmark IrOx catalyst. More specifically, we report an unusually durable IrNbOx electrocatalyst with improved catalytic performance compared to an IrOx benchmark catalyst prepared in-house and a commercial benchmark catalyst (Umicore Elyst Ir75 0480) at significantly reduced Ir catalyst cost. Catalyst stability was assessed by conventional and newly developed accelerated degradation tests, and the mechanistic origins were analyzed and are discussed. To achieve this, the IrNbOx mixed metal oxide catalyst and its water splitting kinetics were investigated by a host of techniques such as synchrotron-based NEXAFS analysis and XPS, electrochemistry, and ab initio DFT calculations as well as STEM-EDX cross-sectional analysis. These analyses highlight a number of important structural differences to other recently reported bimetallic OER catalysts in the literature. On the methodological side, we introduce, validate, and utilize a new, nondestructive XRF-based catalyst stability monitoring technique that will benefit future catalyst development. Furthermore, the present study identifies new specific catalysts and experimental strategies for stepwise reducing the Ir demand of PEM water electrolyzers on their long way toward adoption at a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Spöri
- Department of Chemistry, The Electrochemical Catalysis, Energy and Materials Science Laboratory, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz J Falling
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroschel
- Department of Chemistry, The Electrochemical Catalysis, Energy and Materials Science Laboratory, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Brand
- Department of Chemistry, The Electrochemical Catalysis, Energy and Materials Science Laboratory, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arman Bonakdarpour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Clean Energy Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stefanie Kühl
- Department of Chemistry, The Electrochemical Catalysis, Energy and Materials Science Laboratory, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Berger
- Zentraleinrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie (ZELMI), Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Gliech
- Department of Chemistry, The Electrochemical Catalysis, Energy and Materials Science Laboratory, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Travis E Jones
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David P Wilkinson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Clean Energy Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Peter Strasser
- Department of Chemistry, The Electrochemical Catalysis, Energy and Materials Science Laboratory, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Schweinar K, Gault B, Mouton I, Kasian O. Lattice Oxygen Exchange in Rutile IrO 2 during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5008-5014. [PMID: 32496784 PMCID: PMC7341534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient acidic water electrolyzers relies on understanding dynamic changes of the Ir-based catalytic surfaces during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Such changes include degradation, oxidation, and amorphization processes, each of which somehow affects the material's catalytic performance and durability. Some mechanisms involve the release of oxygen atoms from the oxide's lattice, the extent of which is determined by the structure of the catalyst. While the stability of hydrous Ir oxides suffers from the active participation of lattice oxygen atoms in the OER, rutile IrO2 is more stable and the lattice oxygen involvement is still under debate due to the insufficient sensitivity of commonly used online electrochemical mass spectrometry. Here, we revisit the case of rutile IrO2 at the atomic scale by a combination of isotope labeling and atom probe tomography and reveal the exchange of oxygen atoms between the oxide lattice and water. Our approach enables direct visualization of the electrochemically active volume of the catalysts and allows for the estimation of an oxygen exchange rate during the OER that is discussed in view of surface restructuring and subsequent degradation. Our work presents an unprecedented opportunity to quantitatively assess the exchange of surface species during an electrochemical reaction, relevant for the optimization of the long-term stability of catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schweinar
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung GmbH, Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung GmbH, Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal
School of Mines, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Isabelle Mouton
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung GmbH, Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- CEA
Saclay, DES/DMN/Service de Recherches Métallurgiques Appliquées
(SRMA), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olga Kasian
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung GmbH, Interface Chemistry and Surface Science, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin GmbH, Helmholtz Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Enhanced performance of a PtCo recombination catalyst for reducing the H2 concentration in the O2 stream of a PEM electrolysis cell in the presence of a thin membrane and a high differential pressure. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Silva GC, Venturini SI, Zhang S, Löffler M, Scheu C, Mayrhofer KJJ, Ticianelli EA, Cherevko S. Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Tin Oxides Supported Iridium Catalysts: Do We Need Dopants? ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C. Silva
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400 13560-970 São Carlos Brazil
- Federal Institute of Southeastern of Minas Gerais Rua Monsenhor José Augusto 204 36205-018 Barbacena Brazil
| | - Seiti I. Venturini
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400 13560-970 São Carlos Brazil
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Independent Research Group Nanoanalytics and Interfaces Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Mario Löffler
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Independent Research Group Nanoanalytics and Interfaces Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Edson A. Ticianelli
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400 13560-970 São Carlos Brazil
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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25
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Composite Polymers Development and Application for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Technologies-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071712. [PMID: 32276482 PMCID: PMC7180464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nafion membranes are still the dominating material used in the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technologies. They are widely used in several applications thanks to their excellent properties: high proton conductivity and high chemical stability in both oxidation and reduction environment. However, they have several technical challenges: reactants permeability, which results in reduced performance, dependence on water content to perform preventing the operation at higher temperatures or low humidity levels, and chemical degradation. This paper reviews novel composite membranes that have been developed for PEM applications, including direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), hydrogen PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs), and water electrolysers (PEMWEs), aiming at overcoming the drawbacks of the commercial Nafion membranes. It provides a broad overview of the Nafion-based membranes, with organic and inorganic fillers, and non-fluorinated membranes available in the literature for which various main properties (proton conductivity, crossover, maximum power density, and thermal stability) are reported. The studies on composite membranes demonstrate that they are suitable for PEM applications and can potentially compete with Nafion membranes in terms of performance and lifetime.
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26
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Huang B, He Y, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Cen K. Ru@Pt/C core-shell catalyst for SO2 electrocatalytic oxidation in electrochemical Bunsen reaction. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Scohy M, Montella C, Claudel F, Abbou S, Dubau L, Maillard F, Sibert E, Sunde S. Investigating the oxygen evolution reaction on Ir(111) electrode in acidic medium using conventional and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Scohy M, Abbou S, Martin V, Gilles B, Sibert E, Dubau L, Maillard F. Probing Surface Oxide Formation and Dissolution on/of Ir Single Crystals via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Scohy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sofyane Abbou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Gilles
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMAP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Sibert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laetitia Dubau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Maillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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29
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Chemically stabilised extruded and recast short side chain Aquivion® proton exchange membranes for high current density operation in water electrolysis. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Wang C, Lan F, He Z, Xie X, Zhao Y, Hou H, Guo L, Murugadoss V, Liu H, Shao Q, Gao Q, Ding T, Wei R, Guo Z. Iridium-Based Catalysts for Solid Polymer Electrolyte Electrocatalytic Water Splitting. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1576-1590. [PMID: 30656828 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical energy conversion/storage through water splitting for hydrogen production has been recognized as the ideal solution to the transient nature of renewable energy sources. Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) water electrolysis is one of the most practical ways to produce pure H2 . Electrocatalysts are key materials in the SPE water electrolysis. At the anode side, electrode materials catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) require specific properties. Among the reported materials, only iridium presents high activity and is more stable. In this Minireview, an application overview of single iridium metal and its oxide catalysts-binary, ternary, and multicomponent catalysts of iridium oxides and supported composite catalysts-for the OER in SPE water electrolysis is presented. Two main strategies to improve the activity of an electrocatalyst system, namely, increasing the number of active sites and the intrinsic activity of each active site, are reviewed with detailed examples. The challenges and perspectives in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Advanced Energy Materials and Systems Institute, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, PR China
| | - Feifei Lan
- Advanced Energy Materials and Systems Institute, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng He
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemical Engineering Comprehensive Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Advanced Energy Materials and Systems Institute, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, PR China
| | - Hua Hou
- Advanced Energy Materials and Systems Institute, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, PR China
| | - Li Guo
- Advanced Energy Materials and Systems Institute, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, PR China
| | - Vignesh Murugadoss
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Hu Liu
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center, for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Qian Shao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, PR China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Tao Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
| | - Renbo Wei
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Effect of Electronic Conductivities of Iridium Oxide/Doped SnO2 Oxygen-Evolving Catalysts on the Polarization Properties in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed IrOx/M-SnO2 (M = Nb, Ta, and Sb) anode catalysts, IrOx nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on M-SnO2 supports with fused-aggregate structures, which make it possible to evolve oxygen efficiently, even with a reduced amount of noble metal (Ir) in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Polarization properties of IrOx/M-SnO2 catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) were examined at 80 °C in both 0.1 M HClO4 solution (half cell) and a single cell with a Nafion® membrane (thickness = 50 μm). While all catalysts exhibited similar OER activities in the half cell, the cell potential (Ecell) of the single cell was found to decrease with the increasing apparent conductivities (σapp, catalyst) of these catalysts: an Ecell of 1.61 V (voltage efficiency of 92%) at 1 A cm−2 was achieved in a single cell by the use of an IrOx/Sb-SnO2 anode (highest σapp, catalyst) with a low Ir-metal loading of 0.11 mg cm−2 and Pt supported on graphitized carbon black (Pt/GCB) as the cathode with 0.35 mg cm−2 of Pt loading. In addition to the reduction of the ohmic loss in the anode catalyst layer, the increased electronic conductivity contributed to decreasing the OER overpotential due to the effective utilization of the IrOx nanocatalysts on the M-SnO2 supports, which is an essential factor in improving the performance with low noble metal loadings.
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Qiu L, Han X, Lu Q, Zhao J, Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhong C, Hu W, Deng Y. Co3O4 nanoparticles supported on N-doped electrospinning carbon nanofibers as an efficient and bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn–air batteries. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi01020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the controllable synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles supported on N-doped electrospun carbon nanofibers as an efficient and bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc–air batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhe Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Xiaopeng Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Qi Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Zelin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Cheng Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Wenbin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Yida Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
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33
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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Diagnostic Tool in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11081368. [PMID: 30087229 PMCID: PMC6119855 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane–electrode assemblies (MEAs) designed for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolyser based on a short-side chain (SSC) perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane, Aquivion®, and an advanced Ir-Ru oxide anode electro-catalyst, with various cathode and anode noble metal loadings, were investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in combination with performance and durability tests, provided useful information to identify rate-determining steps and to quantify the impact of the different phenomena on the electrolysis efficiency and stability characteristics as a function of the MEA properties. This technique appears to be a useful diagnostic tool to individuate different phenomena and to quantify their effect on the performance and degradation of PEM electrolysis cells.
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34
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Frensch SH, Olesen AC, Araya SS, Kær SK. Model-supported characterization of a PEM water electrolysis cell for the effect of compression. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Alegre C, Modica E, Aricò A, Baglio V. Bifunctional oxygen electrode based on a perovskite/carbon composite for electrochemical devices. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Yan L, Lin Y, Yu X, Xu W, Salas T, Smallidge H, Zhou M, Luo H. La 0.8Sr 0.2MnO 3-Based Perovskite Nanoparticles with the A-Site Deficiency as High Performance Bifunctional Oxygen Catalyst in Alkaline Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:23820-23827. [PMID: 28662333 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite (La0.8Sr0.2)1-xMn1-xIrxO3 (x = 0 (LSM) and 0.05 (LSMI)) nanoparticles with particle size of 20-50 nm are prepared by the polymer-assisted chemical solution method and demonstrated as high performance bifunctional oxygen catalyst in alkaline solution. As compared with LSM, LSMI with the A-site deficiency and the B-site iridium (Ir)-doping has a larger lattice, lower valence state of transition metal, and weaker metal-OH bonding; therefore, it increases the concentration of oxygen vacancy and enhances both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). LSMI exhibits superior ORR performance with only 30 mV onset potential difference from the commercial Pt/C catalyst and significant enhancement in electrocatalytic activity in the OER process, resulting in the best oxygen electrode material among all the reported perovskite oxides. LSMI also exhibits high durability for both ORR (only 18 mV negative shift for the half-wave potential compared with the initial ORR) and OER process with 10% decay. The electrochemical results indicate that the A-site deficiency and Ir-doping in perovskite oxides could be promising catalysts for the applications in fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and solar fuel synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Yan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Yue Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Weichuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Thomas Salas
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Hugh Smallidge
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
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37
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Daryaei A, Miller GC, Willey J, Roy Choudhury S, Vondrasek B, Kazerooni D, Burtner MR, Mittelsteadt C, Lesko JJ, Riffle JS, McGrath JE. Synthesis and Membrane Properties of Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Statistical Copolymers for Electrolysis of Water: Influence of Meta- and Para-Substituted Comonomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20067-20075. [PMID: 28530822 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two series of high molecular weight disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random copolymers were synthesized as proton exchange membranes for high-temperature water electrolyzers. These copolymers differ based on the position of the ether bonds on the aromatic rings. One series is comprised of fully para-substituted hydroquinone comonomer, and the other series incorporated 25 mol % of a meta-substituted comonomer resorcinol and 75 mol % hydroquinone. The influence of the substitution position on water uptake and electrochemical properties of the membranes were investigated and compared to that of the state-of-the-art membrane Nafion. The mechanical properties of the membranes were measured for the first time in fully hydrated conditions at ambient and elevated temperatures. Submerged in water, these hydrocarbon-based copolymers had moduli an order of magnitude higher than Nafion. Selected copolymers of each series showed dramatically increased proton conductivities at elevated temperature in fully hydrated conditions, while their H2 gas permeabilities were well controlled over a wide range of temperatures. These improved properties were attributed to the high glass transition temperatures of the disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Willey
- Giner Electrochemical Systems, Incorporated, Newton, Massachusettes, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Cortney Mittelsteadt
- Giner Electrochemical Systems, Incorporated, Newton, Massachusettes, United States
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38
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Spöri C, Kwan JTH, Bonakdarpour A, Wilkinson DP, Strasser P. Stabilitätsanforderungen von Elektrokatalysatoren für die Sauerstoffentwicklung: der Weg zu einem grundlegenden Verständnis und zur Minimierung der Katalysatordegradation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Spöri
- The Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis and Materials, Science Laboratory, Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jason Tai Hong Kwan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of British Columbia; 2360 East Mall Vancouver B.C V6T 1Z3 Kanada
| | - Arman Bonakdarpour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of British Columbia; 2360 East Mall Vancouver B.C V6T 1Z3 Kanada
| | - David P. Wilkinson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of British Columbia; 2360 East Mall Vancouver B.C V6T 1Z3 Kanada
| | - Peter Strasser
- The Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis and Materials, Science Laboratory, Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
- Ertl Center for Electrochemistry and Catalysis; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju 500-712 Südkorea
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39
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Spöri C, Kwan JTH, Bonakdarpour A, Wilkinson DP, Strasser P. The Stability Challenges of Oxygen Evolving Catalysts: Towards a Common Fundamental Understanding and Mitigation of Catalyst Degradation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5994-6021. [PMID: 27805788 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This Review addresses the technical challenges, scientific basis, recent progress, and outlook with respect to the stability and degradation of catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) operating at electrolyzer anodes in acidic environments with an emphasis on ion exchange membrane applications. First, the term "catalyst stability" is clarified, as well as current performance targets, major catalyst degradation mechanisms, and their mitigation strategies. Suitable in situ experimental methods are then evaluated to give insight into catalyst degradation and possible pathways to tune OER catalyst stability. Finally, the importance of identifying universal figures of merit for stability is highlighted, leading to a comprehensive accelerated lifetime test that could yield comparable performance data across different laboratories and catalyst types. The aim of this Review is to help disseminate and stress the important relationships between structure, composition, and stability of OER catalysts under different operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Spöri
- The Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis and Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason Tai Hong Kwan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Arman Bonakdarpour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - David P Wilkinson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Peter Strasser
- The Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis and Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,Ertl Center for Electrochemistry and Catalysis, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712, South Korea
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40
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Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Water Photo-Electrolysis. MEMBRANES 2017; 7:membranes7020025. [PMID: 28468242 PMCID: PMC5489859 DOI: 10.3390/membranes7020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Water-fed photo-electrolysis cells equipped with perfluorosulfonic acid (Nafion® 115) and quaternary ammonium-based (Fumatech® FAA3) ion exchange membranes as separator for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions were investigated. Protonic or anionic ionomer dispersions were deposited on the electrodes to extend the interface with the electrolyte. The photo-anode consisted of a large band-gap Ti-oxide semiconductor. The effect of membrane characteristics on the photo-electrochemical conversion of solar energy was investigated for photo-voltage-driven electrolysis cells. Photo-electrolysis cells were also studied for operation under electrical bias-assisted mode. The pH of the membrane/ionomer had a paramount effect on the photo-electrolytic conversion. The anionic membrane showed enhanced performance compared to the Nafion®-based cell when just TiO2 anatase was used as photo-anode. This was associated with better oxygen evolution kinetics in alkaline conditions compared to acidic environment. However, oxygen evolution kinetics in acidic conditions were significantly enhanced by using a Ti sub-oxide as surface promoter in order to facilitate the adsorption of OH species as precursors of oxygen evolution. However, the same surface promoter appeared to inhibit oxygen evolution in an alkaline environment probably as a consequence of the strong adsorption of OH species on the surface under such conditions. These results show that a proper combination of photo-anode and polymer electrolyte membrane is essential to maximize photo-electrolytic conversion.
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41
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Saleem MW, Jande YAC, Kim WS. Pure water and energy production through an integrated electrochemical process. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-017-1045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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TAKIMOTO D, AYATO Y, MOCHIZUKI D, SUGIMOTO W. Lateral Size Effects of Two-dimensional IrO 2 Nanosheets towards the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.85.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke TAKIMOTO
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | - Yusuke AYATO
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science, Shinshu University
| | - Dai MOCHIZUKI
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science, Shinshu University
| | - Wataru SUGIMOTO
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science, Shinshu University
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43
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Takimoto D, Fukuda K, Miyasaka S, Ishida T, Ayato Y, Mochizuki D, Shimizu W, Sugimoto W. Synthesis and Oxygen Electrocatalysis of Iridium Oxide Nanosheets. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-016-0348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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44
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Ha JW, Park S. Micro-porous patterning of the surface of a polymer electrolyte membrane by an accelerated plasma and its performance for direct methanol fuel cells. Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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46
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Albert A, Lochner T, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L. Stability and Degradation Mechanisms of Radiation-Grafted Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Water Electrolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15297-15306. [PMID: 27232886 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-grafted membranes are a promising alternative to commercial membranes for water electrolyzers, since they exhibit lower hydrogen crossover and area resistance, better mechanical properties, and are of potentially lower cost than perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid membranes, such as Nafion. Stability is an important factor in view of the expected lifetime of 40 000 h or more of an electrolyzer. In this study, combinations of styrene (St), α-methylstyrene (AMS), acrylonitrile (AN), and 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene (DiPB) are cografted into 50 μm preirradiated poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) base film, followed by sulfonation to produce radiation-grafted membranes. The stability of the membranes with different monomer combinations is compared under an accelerated stress test (AST), and the degradation mechanisms are investigated. To mimic the conditions in an electrolyzer, in which the membrane is always in contact with liquid water at elevated temperature, the membranes are immersed in water for 5 days at 90 °C, so-called thermal stress test (TST). In addition to testing in air atmosphere tests are also carried out under argon to investigate the effect of the absence of oxygen. The water is analyzed with UV-vis spectroscopy and ion chromatography. The ion exchange capacity (IEC), swelling degree, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the membranes are compared before and after the test. Furthermore, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopic analysis of the membrane cross-section is performed. Finally, the influence of the TST to the membrane area resistance and hydrogen crossover is measured. The stability increases along the sequence St/AN, St/AN/DiPB, AMS/AN, and AMS/AN/DiPB grafted membrane. The degradation at the weak-link, oxygen-induced degradation, and hydrothermal degradation are proposed in addition to the "swelling-induced detachment" reported in the literature. By mitigating the possible paths of degradation, the AMS/AN/DiPB grafted membrane is shown to be the most stable membrane and, therefore, it is a promising candidate for a membrane to be used in a water electrolyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Albert
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Tim Lochner
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L Gubler
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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47
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Albert A, Barnett AO, Thomassen MS, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L. Radiation-Grafted Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Water Electrolysis Cells: Evaluation of Key Membrane Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:22203-22212. [PMID: 26393461 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-grafted membranes can be considered an alternative to perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes, such as Nafion, in a solid polymer electrolyte electrolyzer. Styrene, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene monomers are cografted into preirradiated 50 μm ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) base film, followed by sulfonation to introduce proton exchange sites to the obtained grafted films. The incorporation of grafts throughout the thickness is demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) analysis of the membrane cross-sections. The membranes are analyzed in terms of grafting kinetics, ion-exchange capacity (IEC), and water uptake. The key properties of radiation-grafted membranes and Nafion, such as gas crossover, area resistance, and mechanical properties, are evaluated and compared. The plot of hydrogen crossover versus area resistance of the membranes results in a property map that indicates the target areas for membrane development for electrolyzer applications. Tensile tests are performed to assess the mechanical properties of the membranes. Finally, these three properties are combined to establish a figure of merit, which indicates that radiation-grafted membranes obtained in the present study are promising candidates with properties superior to those of Nafion membranes. A water electrolysis cell test is performed as proof of principle, including a comparison to a commercial membrane electrode assembly (MEA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Albert
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro O Barnett
- New Energy Solutions, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry , NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magnus S Thomassen
- New Energy Solutions, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry , NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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48
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Yu DM, Nam SW, Yoon S, Kim TH, Lee JY, Nam SY, Hong YT. Edge protection using polyacrylonitrile thin-films for hydrocarbon-based membrane electrode assemblies. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Audichon T, Morisset S, Napporn TW, Kokoh KB, Comminges C, Morais C. Effect of Adding CeO2to RuO2-IrO2Mixed Nanocatalysts: Activity towards the Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Stability in Acidic Media. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jalili J, Geppi M, Tricoli V. Organic protic ionics based on Nitrilo(trimethylenephosphonic acid) as water-free, proton-conducting materials. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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