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Zhang J, Wang E, Zhang L, Chi X. Internet addiction and depressive symptoms in adolescents: joint trajectories and predictors. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1374762. [PMID: 38894983 PMCID: PMC11183533 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1374762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Internet addiction and depressive symptoms are common mental health problems in adolescents. Due to the comorbidity of Internet addiction and depressive symptoms, their mutual relationship influences their developmental trajectories over time. Thus, this study aimed to identify the joint trajectories of Internet addiction and depressive symptoms, and examined the individual, family, and school antecedents of these trajectories among Chinese adolescents. Methods Using a battery of self-report scales, three waves of data collection were conducted in a Chinese adolescent sample (N = 1,301). The co-developmental trajectories of Internet addiction and depressive symptoms were extracted by adopting parallel-process latent class growth modeling (PPLCGM). Multinomial logistic regression was performed to assess predictive factors. Results Four unique joint trajectory classes were detected: the Health Group (n = 912, 70.1%), Comorbidity-Worsening Group (n = 85, 6.5%), Asymptomatic-Comorbid Risk Group (n = 148, 11.4%), and Prominent Depressive Symptoms-Remission Group (n = 156, 12.0%). Individual, family, and school factors (e.g., gender, positive youth development, family function, academic performance) significantly predicted the membership in these distinct co-developmental trajectories. Conclusion Our findings illustrate that the joint development of Internet addiction and depressive symptoms among adolescents presents a heterogeneous distribution, which could better inform prevention and intervention strategies since each co-developmental trajectory may represent unique experience for adolescents who need targeted treatment. Various individual, family, and school factors are important predictors that play different roles in distinguishing the joint trajectories of Internet addiction and depressive symptoms during this critical developmental transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Enna Wang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, City University of Macau, Macau, China
- Mental Health Education Center, Yunnan College of Business Management, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinli Chi
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- The Shenzhen Humanities and Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Zhou HY, Liu JY, Deng C. Trajectories of Perceived Parental Psychological Control and the Longitudinal Associations with Chinese Adolescents' School Adjustment across High School Years. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-01995-8. [PMID: 38740644 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-01995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Past research supports the detrimental effects of parental psychological control on adolescent school adjustment in both emotional and academic domains. However, how psychological control changes during adolescence, and how such developmental course is related to adolescent psychological well-being and academic functioning are unclear. The direction of effects between parenting and child behaviors is also inconclusive. This 3-year longitudinal study addressed these research gaps by using five waves of survey data on 710 Chinese adolescents of high school ages (Mean age at T1 = 15.54 years, SD = 0.45, 50% males). Using latent growth curve models and latent class growth analysis, the majority of adolescents (about 63%) reported gradual increases of parental psychological control in the first 2 years of high school but a slight decline afterwards, while the other 37% perceived low and stable levels. Results from parallel latent growth modeling suggested that trajectories of psychological control were positively related to developmental trends of internalizing problems (i.e., depression and anxiety) and maladaptive academic functioning, but negatively associated with the trajectory of adaptive academic functioning, as indexed by intercept-intercept and slope-slope associations. The random-intercept cross-lagged models further revealed that psychological control was predictive of adolescent anxiety and lower adaptive academic functioning, and bidirectionally associated with maladaptive academic-related beliefs and behaviors at the within-person level. Taken together, these findings highlight the crucial role of parental psychological control on adolescent school adjustment in the Chinese cultural context and support the reciprocal model of parent-child interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yun Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ciping Deng
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Centre, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Zeng J, Xu Y. Family socioeconomic status and adolescent depression in urban and rural China: A trajectory analysis. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101627. [PMID: 38426030 PMCID: PMC10901906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is increasingly prevalent among Chinese adolescents, with socioeconomic status (SES) serving as a significant predictor. Understanding the link between family SES and depression is of paramount concern. This study aimed to delineate the developmental paths of depressive symptoms among urban and rural Chinese adolescents, focusing on the influence of family SES on these trajectories. Methods Data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) for 2012, 2016, and 2018 were used in this study. Participants were individuals aged 10 to 15 in the 2012 wave who also participated in the 2016 and 2018 waves (N = 1214). Family SES was measured by household income, parental education, and occupational status, while depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Employing the Growth Mix Model (GMM) unveiled depression trajectories, while logistic regression scrutinized the impact of family SES on these trajectories. Results The study identified three depression trajectories in urban adolescents: high-decreasing, low-stable, and low-rising levels of depressive symptoms, and two depression trajectories in rural adolescents: high-decreasing and low-stable levels of depressive symptoms. On average, rural adolescents reported higher depression levels than urban peers. In urban areas, adolescents with higher maternal education and parental occupation were more likely to be classified in the low-stable trajectory, while in rural areas only maternal education had predictive power for depression trajectories. Conclusions Depression trajectories differ between urban and rural in China. Maternal education is an important factor influencing rural sample grouping. Targeted interventions could be implemented to reduce depression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuebin Xu
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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Sun Y, Chen J. The Depressive Tendency Questionnaire for Chinese Middle School Students: Development and Initial Validation. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:63-77. [PMID: 38204565 PMCID: PMC10778135 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s444403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Depressive tendency refers to the early stage of the onset of depression disorder, which can also have a negative impact on individuals' quality of life. However, there are many numerous depression-related scales that are primarily used to evaluate depression disorders with relatively severe symptom severity. And considering the characteristics of the Chinese cultural background, relatively few corresponding scales are currently developed. This study aimed to develop and validate a depressive tendency questionnaire for Chinese middle school students, based on the psychological structure of depressive tendency in the context of Chinese culture. Methods The initial version of the questionnaire was developed through literature reviews, open surveys, and in-depth interviews. The questionnaire was revised based on the predictions made from 865 middle school students (M=15.84, SD=1.50). Finally, the formal questionnaire was developed through valid administration to 1205 students (M=15.63, SD=1.82), using confirmatory factor analysis, reliability, and validity testing, as well as measurement invariance analysis. Results The questionnaire consisted of 30 items, including negative self, cognitive function, personal reserve, and social support. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the questionnaire fitted the data with well construct validity. Measurement invariance indicates no gender and grade differences in the questionnaire scores. The questionnaire demonstrates good reliability and validity, meeting the requirements of psychometrics. Conclusion From a theoretical point of view, we clarified the psychological structure of depressive tendencies among Chinese middle school students, providing a theoretical and empirical basis for subsequent related research. From a practical point of view, the formal questionnaire plays a positive role in the smooth development of mental health counseling, education, and other work in middle schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
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Brittain H, Vaillancourt T. Longitudinal associations between academic achievement and depressive symptoms in adolescence: Methodological considerations and analytical approaches for identifying temporal priority. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 64:327-355. [PMID: 37080673 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Failure to meet educational expectations in adolescence can derail an individual's potential, leading to hardship in adulthood. Lower academic achievement is also associated with poorer mental health, and both share common pathways to adult functional outcomes like employment status and economic security. Although linked in adolescence, and predictive of similar outcomes in adulthood, methodological and analytical limitations of the literature do not permit the assessment of the temporal priority between academic achievement and mental health. This omission of directionality hampers intervention and prevention efforts. In this narrative review, we summarize the literature on the temporal ordering between academic achievement and depressive symptoms in adolescence, a particularly vulnerable developmental period. We propose methodological and analytical strategies to guide future research to disentangle the chronological ordering between academic achievement and depressive symptoms-recommendations that can be used to examine other sets of correlated variables over time. Specifically, we highlight methodological issues that require attention such as the need to understand reciprocal and cascading influences over time by attending to repeated measures and timing, measurement consistency, reporter effects, examination of processes and mechanisms, and missing data. Finally, we discuss the need to embrace analytical methods that separate within-person from between-person effects; account for heterogeneity in associations using person-centered approaches; and use the two approaches as complementary, rather than competing, for a more holistic examination of temporality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Brittain
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy Vaillancourt
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Dias P, Veríssimo L, Carneiro A, Figueiredo B. Academic achievement and emotional and behavioural problems: The moderating role of gender. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1184-1196. [PMID: 35114813 PMCID: PMC9574906 DOI: 10.1177/13591045211059410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the association between academic achievement and emotional and behavioural problems and the moderation role of gender in this association. 1350 Portuguese school-aged children and adolescents from first to ninth grade (6-15-year-old), part of a national representative sample, were assessed by teachers and parents with questionnaires from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA). Results show that academic achievement significantly predicts child and adolescent's internalizing, externalizing, and total problems. Gender moderates the association between academic achievement and child and adolescent's externalizing and total problems, both at school and in the family context. The results underscore the relevance of academic achievement in children and adolescent's emotional and behavioural problems, and particularly in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Dias
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Research Centre for Human Development, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Education and Psychology, 59207Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Veríssimo
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Research Centre for Human Development, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Education and Psychology, 59207Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Carneiro
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Research Centre for Human Development, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Education and Psychology, 59207Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Figueiredo
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, 56059University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Tong J, Zhang T, Chen F, Wang Q, Zhao X, Hu M. Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Childhood Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression Among Adolescents From Two-Child Families in China. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:782087. [PMID: 35370843 PMCID: PMC8971896 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.782087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-child policy has been implemented in China since 2016 and has attracted the attention of the world. Adolescents may face huge psychological challenges in the process of changing family structures and relationships. To date, no mental health survey of adolescents from two-child families has been conducted. We investigated the prevalence and risk factors for childhood trauma, anxiety, and depression in two-child families in a statistically representative sample of Chinese senior high school students from Shanghai. A total of 426 participants were randomly selected from 1,059 students of four senior high schools in different districts of Shanghai. The childhood trauma questionnaire-short form (CTQ-SF), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used as the screening tools. We found that the overall prevalence of childhood trauma, anxiety, and depression among senior high school students in two-child families was 46.70% (95% CI, 39.93-53.47%), 22.17% (95% CI, 16.53-27.81%), and 35.85% (95% CI, 29.34-42.36%), respectively. The two-child families was an important factor associated childhood trauma, emotional neglect, and physical neglect (χ2 = 5.984, p = 0.014; χ2 = 4.071, p = 0.044; χ2 = 4.202, p = 0.040). Ranking in two-child families was a risk factor for childhood trauma (β = -0.135, p = 0.048). Parental preference was a significantly correlated with physical abuse, physical neglect, anxiety, and depression (β = -1.581 to 0.088, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect of participants in the two groups were positively correlated with anxiety and depression (r = 0.195-0.478, p < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between sexual abuse and anxiety symptoms in the one-child family group (r = 0.161, p < 0.05). The findings suggest that the overall prevalence of childhood trauma, anxiety and depression among adolescents from two-child families in China was high. The two-child families and family ranking are important factors associated childhood trauma, while parental preference is related to anxiety and depression. These results highlight an urgent need to be addressed by adolescents' mental health service providers and policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tong
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fazhan Chen
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Manji Hu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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