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Zeng J, Xu Y. Family socioeconomic status and adolescent depression in urban and rural China: A trajectory analysis. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101627. [PMID: 38426030 PMCID: PMC10901906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is increasingly prevalent among Chinese adolescents, with socioeconomic status (SES) serving as a significant predictor. Understanding the link between family SES and depression is of paramount concern. This study aimed to delineate the developmental paths of depressive symptoms among urban and rural Chinese adolescents, focusing on the influence of family SES on these trajectories. Methods Data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) for 2012, 2016, and 2018 were used in this study. Participants were individuals aged 10 to 15 in the 2012 wave who also participated in the 2016 and 2018 waves (N = 1214). Family SES was measured by household income, parental education, and occupational status, while depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Employing the Growth Mix Model (GMM) unveiled depression trajectories, while logistic regression scrutinized the impact of family SES on these trajectories. Results The study identified three depression trajectories in urban adolescents: high-decreasing, low-stable, and low-rising levels of depressive symptoms, and two depression trajectories in rural adolescents: high-decreasing and low-stable levels of depressive symptoms. On average, rural adolescents reported higher depression levels than urban peers. In urban areas, adolescents with higher maternal education and parental occupation were more likely to be classified in the low-stable trajectory, while in rural areas only maternal education had predictive power for depression trajectories. Conclusions Depression trajectories differ between urban and rural in China. Maternal education is an important factor influencing rural sample grouping. Targeted interventions could be implemented to reduce depression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuebin Xu
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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Desch J, Mansuri F, Tran D, Schwartz SW, Bakour C. The association between adverse childhood experiences and depression trajectories in the Add Health study. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 137:106034. [PMID: 36706612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic experiences that occur before age 18. ACEs are linked to depression in adulthood, but little is known about the association between ACEs and depression trajectories across the lifespan. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between specific types of ACEs, cumulative ACE scores, and depression trajectories from adolescence to adulthood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Waves 1-4 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 12,888), spanning ages 12 years to 43 years. METHODS We constructed trajectories of depression scores using a modified 9-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-9). We used weighted logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals for each ACE and ACE score and depression trajectories after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS We found 75.3 % experienced at least one ACE and 14.7 % experienced 4+ ACEs. We identified three CES-D-9 trajectories: consistently low (Group 1), decreasing (Group 2), and increasing (Group 3) depression scores. All types of abuse, neglect, and community violence were significantly associated with trajectory Groups 2 and 3 vs 1 (p < .05). Foster home placement, poverty, and parental incarceration were associated with Group 2 vs 1. ACE scores showed a dose-response association with Group 3 vs 1 [aORs for 1ACE = 1.43 (0.93-2.20); 2-3ACEs = 1.97 (1.30-3.00); 4+ACEs = 3.08 (1.86-5.09)], and Group 2 vs 1 [aORs for 1ACE = 1.26 (0.87-1.83); 2-3ACEs = 1.93 (1.36-2.74); 4+ACES = 2.70 (1.90-3.84)]. CONCLUSIONS ACEs can have a lasting impact on depression through adulthood, highlighting the need to mitigate their impact to prevent depression-associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Desch
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Fahad Mansuri
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Dieu Tran
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Skai W Schwartz
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Chighaf Bakour
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Zheng H, Jia C. Gender differences in the association of depression trajectories with executive and memory functions: Evidence from the longitudinal study of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (2004-2017). J Psychiatr Res 2022; 149:177-84. [PMID: 35278782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences in depression trajectories and their effects on cognitive function are poorly understood. This article aims to identify depression trajectories in both genders and further explore the association of depression trajectories with executive and memory functions by gender. A total 3990 participants aged 50 years or older with repeated measurements from waves 1 to 7 (wave 3 excluded) of the Study of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were included. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) was conducted to identify the optimal number of depression trajectories. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to examine the relation of depression trajectories to cognitive function after stratification by gender. Three distinct depression trajectories were identified in both genders, but the patterns of trajectories among genders were nonidentical. The trajectories of depression in males were characterized by non-low, moderate, persistent-depressive symptoms but with an unstable trend, while in females, they were characterized by non-low, moderate, persistent-depressive symptoms and with a worsening trend. The prevalence of persistent high depression in women (20.08%) was higher than that in men (3.13%). Moderate and persistent high depression trajectories were negatively associated with episodic memory (β = -0.53 and -0.72, respectively, p < 0.001) and verbal fluency in females (β = -0.96 and -1.47, p=0.01 and < 0.001, respectively). Older women had a greater frequency of developing depression than older men. Gender differences in depression trajectories existed. Moderate and persistent high depression trajectories exerted a negative effect on some domains of cognitive impairment only in females.
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Lussier AA, Hawrilenko M, Wang MJ, Choi KW, Cerutti J, Zhu Y, Dunn EC. Genetic susceptibility for major depressive disorder associates with trajectories of depressive symptoms across childhood and adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:895-904. [PMID: 33125721 PMCID: PMC9886425 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset depression during childhood and adolescence is associated with a worse course of illness and outcome than adult onset. However, the genetic factors that influence risk for early-onset depression remain mostly unknown. Using data collected over 13 years, we examined whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) that capture genetic risk for depression were associated with depressive symptom trajectories assessed from childhood to adolescence. METHODS Data came from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective, longitudinal birth cohort (analytic sample = 7,308 youth). We analyzed the relationship between genetic susceptibility to depression and three time-dependent measures of depressive symptoms trajectories spanning 4-16.5 years of age (class, onset, and cumulative burden). Trajectories were constructed using a growth mixture model with structured residuals. PRS were generated from the summary statistics of a genome-wide association study of depression risk using data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, UK Biobank, and 23andMe, Inc. We used MAGMA to identify gene-level associations with these measures. RESULTS Youth were classified into six classes of depressive symptom trajectories: high/renitent (27.9% of youth), high/reversing (9.1%), childhood decrease (7.3%), late childhood peak (3.3%), adolescent spike (2.5%), and minimal symptoms (49.9%). PRS discriminated between youth in the late childhood peak, high/reversing, and high/renitent classes compared to the minimal symptoms and childhood decrease classes. No significant associations were detected at the gene level. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights differences in polygenic loading for depressive symptoms across childhood and adolescence, particularly among youths with high symptoms in early adolescence, regardless of age-independent patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matt Hawrilenko
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA,Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA
| | - Min-Jung Wang
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Karmel W. Choi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Yiwen Zhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Erin C. Dunn
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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Liang Y. Heterogeneity in the trajectories of depressive symptoms among elderly adults in rural China: The role of housing characteristics. Health Place 2020; 66:102449. [PMID: 33011488 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression among older adults in rural areas, a multiply disadvantaged group, has become a severe public health issue in China. Few studies, however, examine the role of rural living conditions as a potential risk factor for depression. This study uses panel data from CHARLS, a Chinese population-based longitudinal study, and employs growth mixture modeling to examine the association between rural housing characteristics and the heterogeneous pattern of depression trajectories among elderly adults in rural areas. The results suggest that there is heterogeneity in elderly people's depression and that stably living in multifloor and high-quality houses is associated with a higher probability of being in the stably low-depression trajectory class.
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Abstract
Depression in old age deserves special attention in view of the fact of progressive population ageing, because of the way in which depression and risk factors interact in this period of life and the particularly negative impact of late-life depression on health and quality of life. This editorial aims to provide some insight into longitudinal aspects of depression in old age. Depression may follow varying trajectories (e.g. episode emergence, recurrence) across the lifespan. Late-life depression is not an exception. A symptom-based approach is presented as an appropriate research method to study the predictors and course of affective syndromes in old age. Findings from our studies on depressive symptom trajectories in old age revealed that participants with a course of unremitting elevated symptoms showed the highest levels of loneliness across the trajectory groups and that participants with subclinical symptoms also showed higher levels of loneliness than their counterparts with a minimal-symptom course trajectory. This highlights the need to address loneliness as a way of dealing with depression in old age.
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Kim G, Kim M, Park S, Jimenez DE, Chiriboga DA. Limited English Proficiency and Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Among Mexican American Older Adults. Gerontologist 2020; 59:856-864. [PMID: 29688320 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gny032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study examined the effect of limited English proficiency (LEP) on trajectories of depressive symptoms among Mexican American older adults in the United States. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The sample was drawn from Waves 1 to 6 (1993-2007) of the Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiological Studies of the Elderly (H-EPESE). A total of 2,945 Mexican American older adults were included in the analyses. A latent growth curve modeling was conducted. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, results show that Mexican American older adults with LEP had higher levels of depressive symptoms than those with English proficiency (EP) at baseline as well as over a 14-year period. Differential trajectories were observed between those with LEP and EP over time, indicating that those with LEP had a significantly steeper curve of depressive symptom trajectories over time than those with EP. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that LEP is a risk factor not merely for greater depressive symptomatology at each time point, but for an accelerated trajectory of depressive symptoms over time among Mexican American older adults. Overall, the findings emphasize the need to assist not only the informal support system of Mexican American older adults with LEP, but also the formal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giyeon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Educational Studies, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Soohyun Park
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
| | - Daniel E Jimenez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida
| | - David A Chiriboga
- Department of Child and Family Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa
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Kiviruusu O, Pietikäinen JT, Kylliäinen A, Pölkki P, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Marttunen M, Paunio T, Paavonen EJ. Trajectories of mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms from pregnancy to 24 months postpartum. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:629-637. [PMID: 31542556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated trajectories of mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms from prenatal to 24 months postpartum. Prenatal correlates of the trajectories were also examined. METHODS Mothers (N = 1670) and fathers (N = 1604) from the Finnish CHILD-SLEEP birth cohort, reported depressive symptoms at 32nd pregnancy week and 3, 8, and 24 months postpartum using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D, 10-item). Profile analysis was used to group participants according to their longitudinal patterns of depressive symptoms. Prenatal predictors (sociodemographic, health, substance use, sleep, and stress related factors, family atmosphere) of depressive symptom trajectories as well as association between parents' trajectories were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS For both mothers and fathers, a solution with three stable depressive symptom trajectories (low: 63.1% mothers and 74.9% fathers; moderate: 28.1% and 22.6%; high: 8.8% and 2.6%) was considered the best fitting and most informative. Insomnia, earlier depression, anxiousness, stressfulness, and poor family atmosphere predicted the moderate and high (compared to low) depressive symptom trajectories among both mothers and fathers in multivariate analyses. Mother's higher depressive symptom trajectory was significantly associated with father's higher symptom trajectory (p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS Number of cases in the high depressive symptom trajectory group among fathers was low. CONCLUSIONS Maternal and paternal depressive symptom trajectories from prenatal period up to two years postpartum seem stable, indicating the chronic nature of perinatal depressive symptoms. Mothers' and fathers' trajectories are associated with each other and their strongest predictors are common to both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Kiviruusu
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Johanna T Pietikäinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anneli Kylliäinen
- Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirjo Pölkki
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Outi Saarenpää-Heikkilä
- Pediatric Clinics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mauri Marttunen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Juulia Paavonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Pediatric Research Center, Child Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Zhu Z, Galatzer-Levy IR, Bonanno GA. Heterogeneous depression responses to chronic pain onset among middle-aged adults: a prospective study. Psychiatry Res 2014; 217:60-6. [PMID: 24679514 PMCID: PMC4122231 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies on depression response to chronic pain are limited by lack of clarification of different forms of response patterns and cross-sectional measures. The current study examined heterogeneous long-term patterns of depression response to chronic pain onset prospectively using the mixture modeling technique. Depression symptoms prior to and following pain onset over a course of six years were charted in a nationally representative middle-aged sample. Four distinct depression symptom trajectories emerged. The resilience (72.0%) trajectory describes a pattern of no/minimal depression symptoms prior to and following pain onset. The post-pain depression trajectory (11.4%) describes a pattern of low depression at baseline and increasing symptoms following pain onset. The chronic depression (6.8%) trajectory is characterized by persistently high depression symptoms irrespective of pain onset. The prior depression improved (9.8%) trajectory describes a pattern of high depression at baseline and gradually declining symptoms following pain onset. Self-rated health at both baseline and following pain onset predicted the resilience trajectory. Baseline self-rated health distinguished the post-pain depression and chronic depression trajectories. Individuals in the prior depression improved trajectory were older and had more chronic illnesses at baseline but fewer illnesses following pain onset, compared to those in the resilience or post-pain depression trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoying Zhu
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th St, Box 102, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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García-Peña C, Wagner FA, Sánchez-García S, Espinel-Bermúdez C, Juárez-Cedillo T, Pérez-Zepeda M, Arango-Lopera V, Franco-Marina F, Ramírez-Aldana R, Gallo J. Late-life depressive symptoms: prediction models of change. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:886-94. [PMID: 23731940 PMCID: PMC3759587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a well-recognised problem in the elderly. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with predictors of change in depressive symptoms, both in subjects with and without baseline significant depressive symptoms. METHODS Longitudinal study of community-dwelling elderly people (>60 years or older), baseline evaluations, and two additional evaluations were reported. Depressive symptoms were measured using a 30-item geriatric depression scale, and a score of 11 was used as cut-off point for significant depressive symptoms in order to stratify the analyses in two groups: with significant depressive symptoms and without significant depressive symptoms. Sociodemographic data, social support, anxiety, cognition, positive affect, control locus, activities of daily living, recent traumatic life events, physical activity, comorbidities, and quality of life were evaluated. Multi-level generalised estimating equation model was used to assess the impact on the trajectory of depressive symptoms. RESULTS A number of 7882 subjects were assessed, with 29.42% attrition. At baseline assessment, mean age was 70.96 years, 61.15% were women. Trajectories of depressive symptoms had a decreasing trend. Stronger associations in those with significant depressive symptoms, were social support (OR.971, p<.001), chronic pain (OR 2.277, p<.001) and higher locus of control (OR.581, p<.001). In contrast for those without baseline significant depressive symptoms anxiety and a higher locus of control were the strongest associations. CONCLUSIONS New insights into late-life depression are provided, with special emphasis in differentiated factors influencing the trajectory when stratifying regarding basal status of significant depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS The study has not included clinical evaluations and nutritional assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen García-Peña
- Epidemiological and Health Research Unit, Ageing Area, Centro Médico Nacional XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
| | - Fernando A. Wagner
- Prevention Sciences Research Center and School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sergio Sánchez-García
- Epidemiological and Health Research Unit, Ageing Area, Centro Médico Nacional XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Claudia Espinel-Bermúdez
- Epidemiological and Health Research Unit, Ageing Area, Centro Médico Nacional XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Teresa Juárez-Cedillo
- Epidemiological and Health Research Unit, Ageing Area, Centro Médico Nacional XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Gallo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA
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